Intermediates reductive oxidation reduction. Medical search. Frequent questions

General example of a reductive quenching catalytic cycle. (beilstein-journals.org)
The use of photosensitive C 70 for the catalytic oxidation of benzylamines to the corresponding imines enables faster reaction rates, lower catalyst loadings, and clean reactions with simple workup without chromatography, compared to C 60 or other commonly used photosensitizers such as tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP). (organic-chemistry.org)
The catalytic step that initiates formation of the ferric oxy-hydroxide mineral core in the central cavity of H-type ferritin involves rapid oxidation of ferrous ion by molecular oxygen (ferroxidase reaction) at a binuclear site (ferroxidase site) found in each of the 24 subunits. (unl.pt)
Cytochromes P450 represent a superfamily of heme enzymes with a common fold and mechanism that requires an atmospheric dioxygen molecule, two electrons from NAD(P)H, and one or two protons available from solvent water to form an active catalytic ferryl-oxo intermediate (1). (schoolbag.info)
The iron serves as a sole redox center in the catalytic cycle, which accepts two electrons sequentially and channels them to coordinated dioxygen to form a (hydro)peroxo-ferric intermediate. (schoolbag.info)
Substrate binding at the distal site of the heme brings the target chemical group into the close proximity of the reactive iron-oxygen catalytic intermediate, often in the regiospecific and stereospecific mode, to provide the selectivity of the chemical transformation. (schoolbag.info)
Despite the unprecedented variability of chemical reactions catalyzed by cytochromes P450, all the important features of their mechanism can be attributed to the oxidative transformations driven by the main catalytic intermediate, which is a ferryl-oxo heme complex with the porphyrin pi-cation radical, or Compound I (3, 4, 8). (schoolbag.info)

Therefore, the ion centers act as active sites of the metallo-gallate complex that can donate electrons from the gallate ligands to ambient free oxygen molecules for the oxygen reduction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation 3 , after which the ligand field around iron center attenuates due to the electron loss from gallate 12 . (nature.com)
These processes rely on a catalyst's ability to absorb visible light and convert it into chemical energy via single electron transfer to generate the necessitated reactive intermediates. (beilstein-journals.org)
Activated persulfate produces sulfate radical, hydroxyl radicals, and other reactive intermediates. (serdp-estcp.org)
Nathan, C., Shiloh, M.U., Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens (2000) Proc. (uba.ar)
Shiloh, M.U., Nathan, C.F., Reactive nitrogen intermediates and the pathogenesis of Salmonella and mycobacteria (2000) Curr. (uba.ar)

Since oxidative addition and reductive elimination are reverse reactions, the same mechanisms apply for both processes, and the product equilibrium depends on the thermodynamics of both directions. (wikipedia.org)
As with oxidative addition, several mechanisms are possible with reductive elimination. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, because reductive elimination and oxidative addition are reverse reactions, any sterics or electronics that enhance the rate of reductive elimination must thermodynamically hinder the rate of oxidative addition. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, the resultant two-electron oxidation form of GA-Fe is an excellent Fenton-like agent that can catalyze hydrogen peroxide decomposition into hydroxyl radical, finally triggering severe oxidative damage to tumors. (nature.com)
Fqo can be hypothesized to be operative during sulfate reduction with CO. The Fqo complex receives electrons from the reduced coenzyme F 420 (F 420 H 2 ), generated from the oxidative acetyl-CoA pathway, and transfers electrons to the membrane-bound respiratory chain by the reduction of menaquinone [ 16 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Reductive dearomatization of 2 failed, so oxidative dearomatization was employed to convert 2 to 7 . (organic-chemistry.org)
Biological and chemical oxidative/reductive processes have been demonstrated to effectively treat a wide range of organic chemicals. (epoc.org)
In this study, H 2 O 2 and dithiothreitol (DTT) were used to change the oxidoreduction potential for investigating the effects of oxidative or reductive substances on Monascus yellow pigment production by Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910. (biomedcentral.com)
Both cell growth and extracellular water-soluble yellow pigment production were enhanced under H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative (HIO) conditions and were inhibited under dithiothreitol-induced reductive conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

Reductive cleavage of the ether led to a hemiketal, that was reduced to the triol, then oxidized to the axial aldehyde 14 . (organic-chemistry.org)
The last stage was reductive cleavage of the cyclopentanone . (organic-chemistry.org)
The physiological effects of ROS include amino acid chain cleavage, DNA degradation and lipid oxidation, among others. (unl.pt)

Carbo-Iron® particles accumulated the pollutants and promoted their reductive dechlorination via a combination of chemical and microbial degradation processes. (hazmatmag.com)
Consequently, the formation of carcinogenic degradation intermediate vinyl chloride was avoided due to the sequential reduction and oxidation processes. (hazmatmag.com)

Kinetics for reductive elimination are hard to predict, but reactions that involve hydrides are particularly fast due to effects of orbital overlap in the transition state. (wikipedia.org)
The nanocomplex with a highly reductive ligand field can promote oxygen reduction reactions generating hydrogen peroxide. (nature.com)
Multiple CODHs are often present in carboxidotrophs potentially facilitating separate, CO oxidation and CO 2 -assimilation reactions [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Reductive or oxidizing components in the measuring solution also lead to undesired side reactions and therefore to errors in measurement. (ysi.com)
I should add that the enzyme reactions written here also run from right to left in vitro using pure enzymes, if one starts with pentose phosphate and dihydronicotinamide, so there can be no doubt that the reduction of the carbonic acid during photosynthesis is caused by the reverse reaction of the respiration processes written here. (lindau-nobel.org)
Signals assignable to aniline derivatives and condensation products were identified, indicating that the anaerobic/aerobic treatment caused a reduction of nitro groups followed by condensation reactions with the soil organic material. (idexlab.com)
Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides, other chemical species can serve the same function. (wikipedia.org)
The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Most reactions performed by cytochromes P450 can be catalyzed effectively by Compound I, which is formally the same high-valent intermediate in all isozymes (5, 6). (schoolbag.info)
Nonclassic reactions catalyzed by some cytochromes P450, which do not use oxygen, and thus deviate from the main P450 mechanism, include direct reductive processes driven by the heme iron (conversion of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide by CYP55, reductive dehalogenation, reduction of azo compounds and quinines, etc. (schoolbag.info)

Through this sensible mechanism, organisms manage to complete the oxidation of the six carbon atoms in glucose with two enzymes, while without the regeneration of glucose, six times two = twelve oxidation enzymes would have been necessary. (lindau-nobel.org)
For example, in the rusting of iron , the oxidation state of iron atoms increases as the iron converts to an oxide , and simultaneously the oxidation state of oxygen decreases as it accepts electrons released by the iron. (wikipedia.org)

While biologically mediated reductive dechlorination continues to be a significant focus of chlorinated solvent remediation, there has been an increased interest in abiotic reductive processes for the remediation of chlorinated solvents. (epoc.org)
[6] The processes of oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and cannot occur independently. (wikipedia.org)
Ultimately, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving the loss of electrons or the increase in the oxidation state of a chemical species. (wikipedia.org)

For a nondissociative pathway, reductive elimination occurs from the four-coordinate system to afford a two-coordinate complex. (wikipedia.org)
The CdhAB-2 combines with acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) [ 10 ] and operates in the acetyl-CoA pathway for complete oxidation of lactate to CO 2 [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
This process represents a reaction pathway from the peroxy intermediate after it accepts one electron from the nearby type-1 Cu site to the experimentally-observed native intermediate, which is the only fully oxidised catalytically relevant state in MCOs. (lu.se)
What is the β-oxidation pathway? (flashcardmachine.com)

Reductive coupling between electron-deficient arenes and the carbonyl groups of aldehydes or ketones occurs at the cathode to yield diaryl alcohols. (bvsalud.org)
At the anode, the trivalent phosphine reagent may undergo single-electron oxidation to generate its radical cation, which reacts with the diaryl alcohols to form dehydroxylated products. (bvsalud.org)
The use of low loadings of a silver NHC catalysts enables a mild, selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic acids in the presence of BnMe 3 NOH or KOH under dry air in excellent yield. (organic-chemistry.org)
In combination with polymer-supported cyanoborohydride (PSCBH), a one-pot oxidation-imine formation-reduction sequence enables alcohols to be converted directly into both secondary and tertiary amines. (organic-chemistry.org)
Among various CO 2 electrocatalysts, copper-based catalysts have attracted significant attention and have been extensively investigated, since they exhibit good selectivity and efficiency for the reduction of CO 2 to hydrocarbons and alcohols. (pku.edu.cn)
Stanforth, Stephen P. Oxidation of Alcohols by Modified Oxochromium(VI)-Amine Complexes: Luzzio, Frederick A. Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction. (dl-mirror-art-design.de)

Objective I was a comprehensive perspective of the kinetics of oxidation of groundwater contaminants by ISCO oxidants (mainly permanganate anion, hydroxyl radical, and sulfate radical), while Objective II was an assessment of how aquifer matrix properties (e.g., soil mineralogy, natural carbon content) affect subsurface oxidant mobility and stability leading to the development of a standardized natural oxidant demand (NOD) measurement protocol. (serdp-estcp.org)

The main difference is that reduction of aldehydes or ketones generally requires a much higher pressure of hydrogen gas. (organicchemistrytutor.com)

Important coenzyme used by cells for reductive biosynthesis - 5. (studylib.net)

Previous investigators have shown that the first detectable reaction intermediate of the ferroxidase reaction is a diferric-peroxo intermediate, F(peroxo), formed within 25 ms, which then leads to the release of H(2)O(2) and formation of ferric mineral precursors. (unl.pt)
Horecker says, however, that this is not the case and instead that pentose phosphate is divided into smaller fragments by a cleaving enzyme after it has been formed by the oxidation reaction written here, and that the fragments are then condensed again into glucose phosphate, so that the oxidation always only takes place with formations of six carbons. (lindau-nobel.org)
It is therefore a reduction of carbonic acid by photosynthesis, not just as a net outcome, but rather within the mechanism as well, the reverse reaction of a respiration process, a known respiration process. (lindau-nobel.org)
however, ES capabilities of meta -dihydroxyl substituents can be evidently repressed due to lack of resonance effect in the structure for intermediate radical(s) during redox reaction. (biomedcentral.com)
2003. The effects of reaction-product formation on the reductive dissolution of MnO2 by Fe(II). (nih.gov)
The reaction starts with the fully reduced form of the enzyme, presumably with a water molecule weakly coordinated to the type-2 copper (Cu-T2) ion and no bridging moiety between the two type-3 copper (Cu-T3) ions.17,22 The incoming di- oxygen is immediately reduced, yielding a peroxide-level intermediate (PI),12 with a peroxide ion bound in the centre of the TNC. (lu.se)
Oxidation originally implied a reaction with oxygen to form an oxide. (wikipedia.org)

In octahedral complexes, reductive elimination can be very slow from the coordinatively saturated center, and often, reductive elimination only proceeds via a dissociative mechanism, where a ligand must initially dissociate to make a five-coordinate complex. (wikipedia.org)
Similar to octahedral complexes, a dissociative mechanism for square planar complexes initiates with loss of a ligand, generating a three-coordinate intermediate that undergoes reductive elimination to produce a one-coordinate metal complex. (wikipedia.org)
In an associative mechanism, a ligand must initially associate with the four-coordinate metal complex to generate a five-coordinate complex that undergoes reductive elimination synonymous to the dissociation mechanism for octahedral complexes. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, wide ligand bite angles generally accelerate reductive elimination because the sterics force the eliminating groups closer together, which allows for more orbital overlap. (wikipedia.org)

Overall, the moderate and slow change of environmental conditions mediated by Carbo-Iron® not only supported organohalide-respiring bacteria, but also created the basis for a subsequent microbial oxidation step. (hazmatmag.com)

Biological oxidations are often dehydrogenations. (studylib.net)
This review aims to describe the structural characteristics of superoxide reductases (SORs) and mechanistic aspects of biological superoxide anion reduction. (unl.pt)

A modular aerobic oxidation of amines to imines has been achieved using an ortho -naphthoquinone ( o -NQ) catalyst. (organic-chemistry.org)
Summary The recently discovered comammox process encompasses both nitrification steps, the aerobic oxidation of ammonia and nitrite, in a single organism. (osti.gov)

Cytochromes P450 monooxygenases represent a large superfamily of heme enzymes, which require a dioxygen molecule and two electrons supplied by a NAD(P)H-dependent protein redox partner to form catalytically active high-valent ferryl-oxo intermediate. (schoolbag.info)

The oxidation of secondary amines to imines or ketimines is facilitated with the help of Ag 2 CO 3 as cocatalyst. (organic-chemistry.org)

The (chloro)hydroboryl anion reduction intermediate was successfully isolated using a crown ether. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Genomic comparison revealed high conservation of key metabolic features in sublineage II Nitrospira , including respiratory complexes I-V and the machineries for nitrite oxidation and carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. (osti.gov)
It can moreover be said that a further, very rare sugar appears as an intermediate product during the recombination of the pentose fragments into the glucose phosphate: the phosphate of sedoheptulose, a ketose with a seven-carbon chain. (lindau-nobel.org)
Li, Copper as a single metal atom based photo-, electro-, and photoelectrochemical catalyst decorated on carbon nitride surface for efficient CO2 reduction: a review, Nano Res. (dntb.gov.ua)

When these electrons are lost, vitamin C is oxidized, and another compound is reduced, thereby forestalling oxidation of the reduced compound. (basicmedicalkey.com)
[4] Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. (wikipedia.org)
Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances (cause them to gain electrons) are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as reducing agents , reductants, or reducers. (wikipedia.org)

Reductive elimination is often seen in higher oxidation states, and can involve a two-electron change at a single metal center (mononuclear) or a one-electron change at each of two metal centers (binuclear, dinuclear, or bimetallic). (wikipedia.org)
For mononuclear reductive elimination, the oxidation state of the metal decreases by two, while the d-electron count of the metal increases by two. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, mononuclear reductive elimination requires that the groups being eliminated must be cis to one another on the metal center. (wikipedia.org)

Synthesis of g-C 3 N 4 by thermal heating of urea and application to photocatalytic CO 2 reduction with. (beilstein-journals.org)
The photocatalytic reduction of amino acids to produce the corresponding free or protected amines. (beilstein-journals.org)

Taking advantage of the oxophilicity of triphenylphosphine, the electrochemical deoxygenation proceeds smoothly to give reductive homo-coupling products. (bvsalud.org)
Electrochemical CO 2 reduction under ambient conditions is a proton-coupled electron transfer process. (pku.edu.cn)
The key to promote the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 is to develop highly selective and active catalysts with high stability. (pku.edu.cn)

Oxidation of 9 followed by enol ether formation led to lactone 10 , that was reduced to the corresponding diol, then oxidized to the keto aldehyde. (organic-chemistry.org)
An intermolecular reductive Schiff base formation from nitroarenes and benzaldehydes to yield diarylimines is carried out in the presence of iron powder and dilute acid. (organic-chemistry.org)
Second protonation of the distal oxygen atom and transient formation of the iron coordinated oxo-water, Fe-OOH 2 , results in the heterolytic scission of O-O bond and formation of the ferryl oxo porphyrin-cation radical, which is termed Compound I, by analogy to the same active intermediate first documented in peroxidases and catalases (2). (schoolbag.info)

The use of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has dramatically increased at Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Energy (DOE), and defense contractor sites as responsible parties attempt to aggressively destroy chlorinated solvent and dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source areas with the goal of reducing the duration and cost of site remediation. (serdp-estcp.org)

In addition, an SN2 mechanism, which proceeds with inversion of stereochemistry, or a radical mechanism, which proceeds with obliteration of stereochemistry, are other possible pathways for reductive elimination. (wikipedia.org)
It can also be said of this mechanism that the pentose phosphate formed through oxidation is not arabinose phosphate as one should have expected, but instead is ribulose phosphate, the phosphate of a ketopentose, one which has been very rarely found in nature until now. (lindau-nobel.org)

First-row metal complexes tend to undergo reductive elimination faster than second-row metal complexes, which tend to be faster than third-row metal complexes. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, electron-poor metal centers undergo reductive elimination faster than electron-rich metal centers since the resulting metal would gain electron density upon reductive elimination. (wikipedia.org)

We shall first examine a process that is the opposite of photosynthesis, a process of respiration, indeed the oxidation of glucose phosphate to pentose phosphate by means of nicotinamide in the equation written here. (lindau-nobel.org)
These rare sugars, ribulose and sedoheptulose, are thus intermediate products of burning glucose through nicotinamide. (lindau-nobel.org)
Now you will ask what these very specialised facts about glucose oxidation have to do at all with photosynthesis. (lindau-nobel.org)

Reductive elimination is an elementary step in organometallic chemistry in which the oxidation state of the metal center decreases while forming a new covalent bond between two ligands. (wikipedia.org)
For binuclear reductive elimination, the oxidation state of each metal decreases by one, while the d-electron count of each metal increases by one. (wikipedia.org)

Furthermore, the Krebs cycle intermediates are replenished by uptake of glutamine, which leads to increased production of amino acid precursors [ 8 ]. (degruyter.com)

It functions solely as an intermediate: depending on the direction of the current, hydrogen can be deposited as metal or converted to ions. (ysi.com)

During iron sufficiency, SreA represses iron uptake, including reductive iron assimilation and siderophore-mediated iron uptake, to avoid toxic effects. (frontiersin.org)

Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation states (e.g. (wikipedia.org)

Remember your reduction of alkenes or alkynes with H 2 on Pd or Pt catalysts? (organicchemistrytutor.com)

Radical cyclization of the iodo hemiacetal derived from combining 8 with 7 also failed, but selective conjugate addition of thiophenol at low temperature led to an intermediate that could be converted cleanly to 9 , establishing the second cyclic quaternary center of 3 . (organic-chemistry.org)

Reductive elimination of square planar complexes can progress through a variety of mechanisms: dissociative, nondissociative, and associative. (wikipedia.org)
Examination of topics including non-innocent ligands, proton-coupled electron transfer, and multi-nuclear complexes provide essential background information, while areas such as kinetic lability and lifetimes of intermediates reflect current research and shifting trends in the field. (wiley-vch.de)

Complex hydrides like lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride are a perfect choice for the reduction of polar π-bonds like C=O. (organicchemistrytutor.com)

In contrast, reductive conditions induced by dithiothreitol inhibited yellow pigment accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Despite its high abundance in the Earth's crust, the bioavailability of iron is low owing to its oxidation into sparingly soluble ferric (Fe 3+ ) hydroxides by atmospheric oxygen. (frontiersin.org)

Sun, Recent advances in nature-inspired nanocatalytic reduction of organic molecules with water, Nano Res. (dntb.gov.ua)

Some measurement solutions also contain chemical bonds which destroy the color indicators through oxidation or reduction and produce incorrect results. (ysi.com)

This is a two-step process where you'll make an intermediate imine compound which then goes through a cascade of acid-base steps, eventually yielding a completely reduced product. (organicchemistrytutor.com)

In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology . (wikipedia.org)

For example, the oxidation or reduction of antimony (Sb), which depends on hydrogen ion activity, can be used as a measurement of pH. (ysi.com)

The rate of reductive elimination is greatly influenced by the geometry of the metal complex. (wikipedia.org)

This type of reactivity is generally seen with first row metals, which prefer a one-unit change in oxidation state, but has been observed in both second and third row metals. (wikipedia.org)
Here, after exciting a vibrational level (ν = 0, 1, 2) of the intermediate N 1sâ πg* core-excited state in N2 molecules, we separate the resonant Auger decay channels that lead to the lowest dissociation limit in the two-dimensional energy correlation maps. (bvsalud.org)
The solid-state 15N NMR Spectrum from this sample revealed that some peptide structures were able to resist UV photo-oxidation, probably physically protected within the core of microaggregates. (idexlab.com)

The protocol allows the homo-coupling of aldehydes to occur after single-electron-reduction at the cathode. (bvsalud.org)

Chemicals and Drugs1

Phenomena and Processes3

Health Care1

Catalytic7

Reactive5

Oxidative9

Cleavage3

Degradation2

Reactions10

Atoms2

Processes3

Pathway4

Alcohols6

Kinetics1

Ketones1

Biosynthesis1

Reaction7

Ligand4

Microbial1

Biological2

Aerobic2

Redox1

Imines1

Anion reduction1

Carbon3

Electrons3

Mononuclear3

Photocatalytic2

Electrochemical3

Formation3

Situ1

Mechanism2

Undergo2

Glucose3

Decreases2

Krebs1

Ions1

Uptake1

Substances1

Catalysts1

Radical1

Complexes2

Sodium1

Accumulation1

Oxygen1

Organic1

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Steps1

Chemistry1

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Occur1