Interfere antibodies. Medical search. Frequent questions

C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line was stained with Mouse Notch-2 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB5196, filled histogram) or isotype control antibody (Catalog # MAB005 , open histogram), followed by Phycoerythrin-conjugated Anti-Rat IgG F(ab') 2 Secondary Antibody (Catalog # F0105B ). (rndsystems.com)
A041501, A Phase III Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of the Addition of Inotuzumab Ozogamicin (a Conjugated Anti-CD22 Monoclonal Antibody) to Frontline Therapy in Young Adults (Ages 18-39 Years) With Newly Diagnosed Precursor B-Cell ALL Rochester, Minn. (mayo.edu)
Human monoclonal antibody combination against SARS coronavirus: synergy and coverage of escape mutants. (invivogen.com)
, 2020. Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody. (invivogen.com)
The reason for the difference between bococizumab and the other two agents is probably due to the fact that bococizumab is a partially murine monoclonal antibody, whereas alirocumab and evolocumab are both fully humanized, the reports note. (medscape.com)

After immunization, serum anti-CENP-A antibody was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (biomedcentral.com)
Positive ACAs were successfully induced by immunization with CENP-A and CFA, and results showed that the serum level of anti-CENP-A antibody was significantly higher in the HA + CFA group compared with the control groups. (biomedcentral.com)
Naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B are the only RBC antibodies in normal human serum or plasma. (medscape.com)
The antibody screening test performed in a clinical laboratory and/or blood bank is designed to detect the presence of unexpected antibodies, especially alloantibodies in the serum to antigens of the non-ABO blood group system: Duffy, Kell, Kidd, MNS, P, and certain Rh types that are considered clinically significant. (medscape.com)
It is also used in antenatal screening to detect the presence of antibodies in a pregnant woman's serum that could result in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn . (medscape.com)
Serum immunoglobulins and anti-tetanus antibody titers were determined by Nephelometry and ELISA. (nih.gov)
Serum-IgG antibodies against N and S antigens of SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed. (lu.se)
Immunogenicity for all serogroups was assessed for non-inferiority between MPV-4 and MCV-4 30 days post immunization by serum bactericidal antibody assay using baby rabbit complement (rSBA). (bvsalud.org)
New combination vaccines should induce similar or superior levels of neutralizing antibody in serum for individual protection against paralytic disease and mucosal immunity that effectively decreases viral replication in the intestine and pharynx for population protection against transmission of poliovirus. (who.int)

If a person is exposed to blood with different antigens than his or her own, he or she may form antibodies that can result in extravascular and/or intravascular hemolysis when the recipient is reintroduced to the same antigens in a future transfusion. (medscape.com)
As you can probably tell from the figure, each antibody has 2 antigen binding sites, which allows the antibody to bind to specific antigens in a lock-and-key-like mechanism. (aacc.org)
Most patients with primary Sjogren syndrome have two specific antibodies: against Ro (SS-A) and La (SSB) antigens. (medscape.com)
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced proteins that target specific antigens on the cancer cell's surface to interfere with the cell's function and destroy it. (lls.org)

But typically, when we talk about heterophile antibodies interfering with immunoassays, most people tend to think about nonspecific binding to capture and or signaling antibodies in an assay. (aacc.org)
The lower limit of reliable quantification of the assay was 0.18 pg/ml and the antibody pairs recognized Aβ multimers comprised of either synthetic standards, or endogenous oligomers isolated from confirmed human AD and healthy control brain. (jneurosci.org)
The 'gold standard' method to assess humoral antibody responses fol owing vaccination is the neutralization assay. (who.int)

TotalSeq™-A antibodies are compatible with 10x Genomics Single Cell Gene Expression Solutions . (biolegend.com)
TotalSeq™-C antibodies are compatible with 10x Genomics Chromium Single Cell Immune Profiling Solution . (biolegend.com)

These antibodies can be either immunoglobulin (Ig) M or IgG. (medscape.com)
AHG is an animal antibody that binds to the F c portion of human immunoglobulin. (medscape.com)
The underlying pathology is the autoimmune production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies directed toward receptors on the postsynaptic membrane at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). (medscape.com)

therefore, IgM antibody detec- based patients with confirmed COVID-19 were tested using tion by ELISA becomes the primary option for diagnosing the DENV Detect IgM Capture enzyme-linked immuno- recent DENV-1-4 infections ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
The Phospho-GSK-3β (Ser9) Matched Antibody Pair is ideal for use with immunoassay technologies and high-throughput ELISA platforms requiring antibody pairs with specialized or custom antibody labeling. (cellsignal.com)

Furthermore, the production of heterophile antibodies has been associated with patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. (aacc.org)
Among these diverse features, it should be acknowledged that auto-antibodies toward glutamate receptors, GABA receptors, and K + channel-related proteins are preferentially found in autoimmune limbic encephalitis but not in IMCAs [ 10 ] (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
In autoimmune limbic encephalitis, it is assumed that these auto-antibodies diffusely interfere with basal synaptic transmission or neural excitability and weaken overall functions of the temporal lobe [ 18 ]. (springer.com)
therefore, autoimmune attack by anti-MuSK antibodies is another mechanism through which interaction with acetylcholine on the postsynaptic surface is reduced. (medscape.com)

In studies with few COVID-19 cases, posi- because of antibody cross-reactivity. (cdc.gov)

Maternal antibody from colostrum (passive immunity) protects calves against disease until they develop their own antibodies in response to vaccination or infection (active immunity). (cornell.edu)
This product contains a CPV 2b strain which has been demonstrated to aid in the prevention of disease caused by CPV 2c in puppies with CPV maternal antibody. (entirelypets.com)
The presence of maternal antibody is known to interfere with the development of active immunity. (entirelypets.com)

Plasma cells are mature lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that help fight infection by producing special proteins known as antibodies or immunoglobulins. (leukaemia.org.au)
The presence of auto-antibodies that target synaptic machinery proteins was documented recently in immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias. (springer.com)
No BSA or other carrier proteins that could interfere with conjugation. (rndsystems.com)
The replicase proteins p33 and p92 of Cymbidium ringspot virus (CymRSV) were found to support the replication of defective interfering (DI) RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Zika virus IgM, and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies indicated 98% have detectable levels of antibodies against the other. (cdc.gov)
When 120 µg (600 IU) of Rh o (D) IGIV is administered to pregnant women, passive anti-Rh o (D) antibodies are not detectable in the circulation for more than six weeks and therefore a dose of 300 µg (1,500 IU) should be used for antenatal administration. (theodora.com)
Any detectable titer of neutralizing antibody against poliovirus is considered protective against clinical paralytic diseases. (who.int)

Colostral immunity also can potentially interfere with a calf's immune response to vaccination. (cornell.edu)
Duration of colostral immunity varies with the immune status of the dam, the amount of colostrum ingested and longevity of the specific type of antibody. (cornell.edu)
School age onset and immunosuppressive therapy does not seem to interfere with development of consistent immunity to tetanus vaccine in young SLE patients. (nih.gov)
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are on lifelong immunosuppression, which may interfere with adaptive immunity to COVID-19. (lu.se)

A 3-fold serial dilution of the Anti-Spike-RBD hIgG1 (red curve) or of the Anti-βGal hIgG1 control antibody (grey curve) was performed for the capture step. (invivogen.com)

These chemically related drugs interfere with the replication cycle of type A (but not type B) influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
The rule of six, a basic feature for efficient replication of Sendai virus defective interfering RNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The replication of cymbidium ringspot tombusvirus defective interfering-satellite RNA hybrid molecules. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The two antibodies function as a capture-target-detection sandwich (#46835 and #79774, respectively) to detect endogenous protein expression in positive and negative controls (with or without phosphatase inhibitors). (cellsignal.com)
Development of antibodies to FIX treatment products (inhibitors) is rare and related to the type of causative variant present. (cdc.gov)

Antibody 19.3 was compared in one-site and competitive ELISAs for oligomer binding specificity. (jneurosci.org)

Abcam is leading the way in addressing this with our range of recombinant monoclonal antibodies and knockout edited cell lines for gold-standard validation. (abcam.com)

More recently, we found that embryos cultured with anti-CENP-A (centromere protein-A) antibody had significant growth impairment and/or high mortality [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here's the basic structure of an antibody (Ab), which is defined as a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. (aacc.org)
Such antibodies could be first-in-class therapeutics that reverse protein crystals and treat asthma and other chronic inflammatory diseases of the airways. (sciencedaily.com)
Vaccination with RTS,S induces antibodies against circumsporozoite protein (CSP), which is expressed by sporozoites, the infective form of Plasmodium that mosquitos transmit. (jci.org)
The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)
[ 1 ] The membrane protein muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) has been identified as the target of antibody attack in approximately 40% of patients with seronegative myasthenia gravis. (medscape.com)
Substitution of Val 113 in Sendai virus (SeV) M protein generates non-functional polypeptides, characterized by their exclusion from virus particles and by their ability to interfere with virus particle production. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Sendai virus M protein is found in two distinct isoforms defined by monoclonal antibodies. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Dr Roth explained to heart wire that antidrug antibodies are those generated against any part of the foreign protein, which don't necessarily interfere with the binding to its target. (medscape.com)

DENV antibodies can cross-react with other flaviviruses, (NS1) antigen tests in blood specimens. (cdc.gov)
All others are unexpected and can be divided into alloantibodies (an antibody to an antigen that an individual lacks) and autoantibodies (an antibody to an antigen a person has). (medscape.com)
The tubes are then spun for 15 seconds at room temperature to facilitate antigen-antibody interaction. (medscape.com)
LISS is usually added to reduce clustering by Na + and Cl - ions and speed antigen-antibody attraction. (medscape.com)
The presence of agglutination with the addition of AHG indicates antibody binding to a specific red cell antigen. (medscape.com)
In many cases, heterophile antibodies can arise naturally in the body as the result of antigen diversity. (aacc.org)
Rh o (D) Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) (Rh o (D) IGIV) - WinRho® SDF - is a sterile, freeze-dried gamma globulin (IgG) fraction containing antibodies to the Rh o (D) antigen (D antigen). (theodora.com)

GAD65 is involved in the synthesis, packaging, and release of GABA, whereas the other three play important roles in the induction of long-term depression (LTD). Thus, the auto-antibodies toward these synaptic molecules likely impair fundamental synaptic machineries involved in unique functions of the cerebellum, potentially leading to the development of cerebellar ataxias (CAs). (springer.com)
Anti-GAD65 antibody (Ab) acts on the terminals of inhibitory neurons that suppress GABA release, whereas anti-VGCC, anti-mGluR1, and anti-GluR Abs impair LTD induction. (springer.com)
Second, these antibodies impair the induction of synaptic plasticity, rebound potentiation, and LTD, on Purkinje cells, resulting in loss of restoration and compensation of the distorted "internal models. (springer.com)

Matched Antibody Pairs include capture and detection antibodies to non-overlapping epitopes. (cellsignal.com)
After immediate spin, the tubes are incubated at 37°C. To promote the detection of warm reactive antibodies, especially of the IgG class, additional enhancement techniques such as low ionic strength saline (LISS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are often used. (medscape.com)
[ 1 , 2 ] PEG, a water-soluble linear polymer, appears to accelerate antibody-RBC binding by steric exclusion of water molecules in the diluents and to promote antibody detection. (medscape.com)
They can also bind to antibodies in the immunoassay, such as the capture or the signal antibodies, as well as other components of an immunoassay, such as the conjugate and other parts of a detection system. (aacc.org)
A HRP-labelled anti-hIgG1 antibody (1/1000 dilution) and the HRP substrate OPD (o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride) were used for the detection step. (invivogen.com)

The passive transfer of antibodies may confound the results of serological testing (7). (nih.gov)
The passive transfer of antibodies may interfere with the response to live viral vaccines (7). (nih.gov)

The AHG detects bound RBC antibodies that do not produce direct agglutination (sensitizing antibody). (medscape.com)

To maximize performance, it is strongly recommended that the reagent be titrated for each application, and that you centrifuge the antibody dilution before adding to the cells at 14,000xg at 2 - 8°C for 10 minutes. (biolegend.com)

For highly sensitive assays, we recommend Ultra-LEAF™ purified antibody (Cat. (biolegend.com)
The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) introduced a revised guideline for CD in children based on the optimisation of antibody assays. (gdx.net)

The antibody was purified by chromatography and conjugated with TotalSeq™-A oligomer under optimal conditions. (biolegend.com)
Each lot of this antibody is quality control tested by immunofluorescent staining with flow cytometric analysis and the oligomer sequence is confirmed by sequencing. (biolegend.com)

TotalSeq™ anti-mouse Hashtag reagent is a mixture of two monoclonal antibodies conjugated to the same oligonucleotide. (biolegend.com)
The TotalSeq™-A Hashtag reagents require different primers than regular TotalSeq™ antibodies. (biolegend.com)
performing TotalSeq™ antibody titrations, etc. (biolegend.com)

Blinatumomab is a Bi-specific T-Cell Engager ('BiTE') that may interfere with the ability of cancer cells to grow and spread. (mayo.edu)

Goitrogen - Any substance that interferes with iodine uptake in the thyroid gland, thereby decreasing production of thyroid hormones. (medscape.com)
This mucosal injury will eventually reduce the intestinal absorptive area and interfere with uptake of micronutrients. (gdx.net)

It's been estimated that up to 40% of the general population have antibodies with affinity to animal antibodies, but not all of them will be problematic for laboratory testing. (aacc.org)
One important thing to note is that there are papers in the literature that draw a distinction between heterophile antibodies and human anti-animal antibodies such as HAMA, largely because of differences in their origin and binding affinity. (aacc.org)

The induced IgG and IgM antibodies were able to stimulate various Fc-mediated effector mechanisms associated with protection against malaria, including phagocytosis, release of reactive oxygen species, production of IFN-γ as well as complement activation and fixation. (nature.com)

Auto-antibodies induced neurological diseases show various clinical phenotypes (see details in Table 1 ). (springer.com)

For the purpose of this presentation, we'll use "heterophile Ab" as an overarching term to describe Abs that can interfere with clinical immunoassays. (aacc.org)
1) Monoclonal antibodies directed against amyloid that are approved by FDA for the treatment of AD based upon evidence of efficacy from a change in a surrogate endpoint (e.g., amyloid reduction) considered as reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit may be covered in a randomized controlled trial conducted under an investigational new drug (IND) application. (cms.gov)
2) Monoclonal antibodies directed against amyloid that are approved by FDA for the treatment of AD based upon evidence of efficacy from a direct measure of clinical benefit may be covered in CMS approved prospective comparative studies. (cms.gov)
Results of the clinical-trial program with the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor bococizumab (Pfizer), including final data from the major outcome trials SPIRE 1 and 2 , show that antidrug antibodies developed in a large proportion of patients and significantly attenuated the LDL -lowering effect [ 1 , 2 ] . (medscape.com)

A Phase 2 Single Arm, Multicenter Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of the BiTE Antibody Blinatumomab in Adult Subjects With Relapsed/Refractory Philadelphia Positive B-precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Alcantara Study) Rochester, Minn. This study seeks adult subjects with R/R Ph+ B-precursor ALL. (mayo.edu)

Overall, it's been estimated that these endogenous heterophile antibodies can be found in more than 10% of patients. (aacc.org)
IgA deficient patients with antibodies against IgA are at greater risk of developing severe hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions Epinephrine should be available immediately to treat any acute severe hypersensitivity reactions. (nih.gov)
Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies are detected in approximately 85% of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis, who are categorized as seropositive. (medscape.com)
There is lack of information regarding the specific antibody formation in response to vaccines in young SLE patients. (nih.gov)
To determine the efficacy of anti-tetanus antibody response in young patients with SLE. (nih.gov)
Data on antibody formation and LDL-cholesterol-lowering effects from six trials of bococizumab in a total of 4300 patients, as well as final outcome results from the SPIRE 1 and 2 trials, were presented today at the American College of Cardiology (ACC) 2017 Scientific Sessions and simultaneously published online in the New England Journal of Medicine . (medscape.com)
New data on alirocumab [ 3 ] , also published today in the New England Journal of Medicine , show that antidrug antibodies develop in just 5% of patients and neutralizing antibodies in 1.3%, with evolocumab said to show even lower rates of immunogenicity. (medscape.com)
They also point out that there was wide variability in the LDL lowering achieved with bococizumab even among patients who did not develop antibodies. (medscape.com)
He and his colleagues report data from 10 trials with alirocumab in a total of 4747 patients (3039 who received active drug), in which antidrug antibodies were observed in 5.1% of alirocumab patients vs 1.0% of control patients. (medscape.com)
Persistent antidrug antibodies (two or more consecutive samples over 12 weeks) were found in 1.4% of alirocumab patients and 0.2% of controls. (medscape.com)
And neutralizing antibodies were detected in 1.3% of alirocumab patients. (medscape.com)

Learn how Matched Antibody Pairs move your projects forward, faster at cst-science.com/matched-antibody-pairs . (cellsignal.com)

The addition of interfering substances without extraction before derivatization resulted in interference of OPT/histamine fluorescence when measured with a fluorometer, but some positive interference could be filtered out by using a sharp cutoff filter. (cdc.gov)

The antibodies are specific against mouse CD45 and MHC class I (of a, b, d, j, k, s, and u haplotypes) and can be used to label hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells in most commonly used mouse strains for multiplex single cell sequencing analysis. (biolegend.com)
Isolation of monoclonal antibodies specific for human c- myc proto-oncogene product. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This longitudinal study examined the longevity of both anti-spike (S)- and anti-nucleocapsid (N)-specific IgG antibodies after COVID-19 in SOTRs compared to matched immunocompetent persons. (lu.se)
SOTRs mount comparable S-specific, but not N-specific, antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to immunocompetent controls. (lu.se)

The multifunctional activity of the humoral immune response remained for at least 6 months after vaccination and was comparable to that of naturally acquired anti-MSP1 antibodies from semi-immune adults from Kenya. (nature.com)
Antibodies to CSP following RTS,S vaccination immobilize the sporozoites, thereby preventing infection of hepatocytes. (jci.org)

Flexible ordering allows for choosing a targeted Coeliac, IgG, or IgE Antibody panel or bundling several antibody profiles to give a more complete picture of the patient's immune-mediated response. (gdx.net)
There was no association between SLEDAI score and anti-tetanus antibody response. (nih.gov)
The data on dynamics and duration of antibody response in SOTRs are limited. (lu.se)
A mixed-model analysis confirmed these findings except for anti-S-IgG at 1 month (p =.005) and identified severity score as the most important predictor of antibody response. (lu.se)
He added: "Importantly, we also found in our data that there was wide individual variation in LDL response among those without antidrug antibodies. (medscape.com)

Then we'll quickly review immunoassay and look at some examples of how heterophile antibodies can interfere with immunoassays. (aacc.org)
Heterophile antibodies can interfere with both competitive immunoassay and sandwich immunoassay. (aacc.org)

RTS,S-induced immune responses do not interfere with the infectivity of Plasmodium gametocytes to mosquitoes. (jci.org)

Some symp- the Americas during the current COVID-19 pandemic, caus- toms of DENV infection, such as nonspecific fever, are similar ing concerns about persons with COVID-19 antibodies being to those caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that misdiagnosed based on results from a flavivirus antibody test causes COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
RTS,S-induced protection from infection and severe disease wanes over time and correlates with the level of anti-CSP antibodies. (jci.org)

Periodontopathogen antibodies in the bloodstream indicate exposure to periodontal pathogens. (dentistrytoday.com)

HA-M 30 is shown (i) to bind mainly to membrane fractions, (ii) not to co-precipitate M wt , as HA-M wt does, (iii) to interfere with the binding of nucleocapsids to membranes and (iv) to accumulate in perinuclear regions, in contrast to HA-M wt , which is also found at the cell periphery. (microbiologyresearch.org)
But neutralizing antibodies bind to the drug at the point at which it interacts with its target and so have a higher likelihood of prevent its action. (medscape.com)

The most promising Ags were submitted to a more in-depth biophysical investigation of their structure and conformation stability, and for their capacity to interact with neutralising antibodies (Abs) and peptides. (europa.eu)
[ 9 , 10 ] Anti-AChR antibodies reduce the number of available AChR sites with which acetylcholine can interact to induce local depolarization and subsequent muscle fiber contraction. (medscape.com)

The mechanism of action is not completely understood, but is thought to be due to the formation of anti-Rh o (D) (anti-D)-coated RBC complexes resulting in Fc receptor blockade, thus sparing antibody-coated platelets. (theodora.com)

The term "heterophile" antibodies is also often used to refer to human anti-animal antibodies, such as human-anti-mouse antibodies, or HAMA. (aacc.org)
InvivoGen provides a family of Anti-Spike RBD CR3022 -derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in multiple human and mouse isotypes. (invivogen.com)
The Anti-Spike RBD clone CR3022 is a SARS-CoV neutralizing antibody that was obtained from the screening of an antibody-phage library and converted to a human IgG1 format [1]. (invivogen.com)
DOTA antibody reporter 1 (DAbR1) comprises a single-chain fragment of the antilanthanoid-DOTA antibody 2D12.5/G54C fused to the human CD4-transmembrane domain and binds irreversibly to lanthanoid ( S )-2-(4-acrylamidobenzyl)-DOTA (AABD). (snmjournals.org)

Lead investigator of the SPIRE 1 and 2 studies and lead author of both papers on bococizumab, Dr Paul Ridker (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA) commented to heart wire from Medscape: "Despite antidrug antibody development, bococizumab nonetheless significantly reduced vascular events by 21% among those with higher risk and higher LDL levels. (medscape.com)

Despite their immune diversity, the majority of IMCAs is commonly associated with auto-antibodies against cerebellar autoantigens. (springer.com)

The clone number has been updated from S57-46 to L57/46, both clone numbers name the same antibody clone. (abcam.com)

Heterophile antibody can also be found in healthy individuals, but typically to a lesser extent. (aacc.org)

Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell and are responsible for recognizing foreign infections and making antibodies to fight them. (healthline.com)
Fewer antibodies in your blood make fighting infections more difficult. (healthline.com)

METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Sauver avec l'Azithromycine en Traitant les Femmes Enceintes et les Enfants (SANTE) is a 2×2 factorial, individually randomised, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial in rural Mali. (bvsalud.org)

Antibody screening is routinely used in conjunction with typing and crossmatch before the administration of blood products, especially RBCs, to avoid transfusion reactions and to prevent notably decreased survival of transfused RBCs. (medscape.com)

Hypomethylating (demethylating) agents interfere with cancer cell duplication by slowing or reversing hypermethylation. (lls.org)
Antineoplastic agents interfere with cell reproduction. (medscape.com)

Myeloma cells can also interfere with the production of normal antibodies. (leukaemia.org.au)

The antibody screening test, as part of pretransfusion compatibility testing (see Special Considerations ), along with the type and crossmatch, prevents transfusion reactions such as hemolysis from occurring. (medscape.com)

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