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Cavernous SinusSphenoid BoneParanasal Sinus DiseasesCavernous Sinus ThrombosisCranial SinusesSphenoid SinusMaxillary SinusParanasal SinusesSinus of ValsalvaSinus Thrombosis, IntracranialCarotid-Cavernous Sinus FistulaCarotid SinusAbducens Nerve DiseasesCentral Nervous System Vascular MalformationsFrontal SinusCranial NervesOphthalmoplegiaCerebral VeinsCranial Fossa, MiddleParanasal Sinus NeoplasmsDura MaterCoronary SinusSella TurcicaOculomotor Nerve DiseasesArteriovenous FistulaSick Sinus SyndromeMaxillary Sinus NeoplasmsEthmoid SinusEmbolization, TherapeuticCerebral AngiographySkull Base NeoplasmsPituitary NeoplasmsNeurosurgical ProceduresExophthalmosTachycardia, SinusCranial Nerve DiseasesCarotid Artery, InternalTrochlear NerveOrbitMagnetic Resonance ImagingMeningeal ArteriesHemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous SystemSkull BaseOrbital DiseasesTrigeminal Nerve DiseasesCentral Nervous System CystsSphenoid SinusitisHemangioma, Cavernous

ThrombosisVenousCarotid-cavernoSigmoid sinusArteriovenous fistulaTransverse sinusesSphenoidPosteriorlyArterialBasilar plexusLesionsAnatomyAnatomicalOccipitalLateral wallVeinsFalx cerebriOpposite sideMedialTrigeminal nerveTentorium cerebelliInferiorStructuresTumorsBilateralAnteriorVeinSuperiorInternalSignsFrequentlyLies

Thrombosis6

• In patients with thrombophlebitis of the facial vein, pieces of the clot may break off and enter the cavernous sinus, forming a cavernous sinus thrombosis. (wikipedia.org)
• The early signs and symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) may not be specific. (medscape.com)
• Most cases of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) are due to an acute infection in an otherwise healthy individual. (medscape.com)
• Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus often results in the development of acute meningitis. (gov.gy)
• Misra UK, Kalita J, Bansal V. D-dimer is useful in the diagnosis of cortical venous sinus thrombosis. (medscape.com)
• The transverse sinuses exhibit highly variable anatomy , which at times makes imaging evaluation of them, in those with possible dural venous sinus thrombosis , very difficult. (radiopaedia.org)

Venous13

• The cavernous sinus within the human head is one of the dural venous sinuses creating a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica. (wikipedia.org)
• The cavernous sinus is one of the dural venous sinuses of the head. (wikipedia.org)
• Apart from the blood which passes through a venous sinus, several anatomical structures, including some cranial nerves and their branches, also pass through the sinus. (wikipedia.org)
• As a venous sinus, the cavernous sinus receives blood from the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins and from superficial cortical veins, and is connected to the basilar plexus of veins posteriorly. (wikipedia.org)
• From there the infection may spread to the dural venous sinuses. (wikipedia.org)
• Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the carotid arterial system and the venous cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
• however, MRI and angiography are superior in evaluating venous distention, the aneurysm lumen, and the increased flow to cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
• The clinical presentation is usually due to the venous obstruction as well as impairment of the cranial nerves that are near the cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
• A posterior condylar emissary vein may also be present, passing through the condylar canal, connecting the sigmoid sinus with the suboccipital venous plexus. (gov.gy)
• Because of these connections, an infection of the face may spread to the cavernous sinus and pterygoid venous plexus. (gov.gy)
• Because these venous channels are valveless, compression of the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis, as occurs during heavy coughing and straining, may force venous blood from these regions into the internal vertebral venous system and from it into the dural venous sinuses. (gov.gy)
• Arterial blood rushes into the cavernous sinus, enlarging it and forcing retrograde blood flow into its venous tributaries, especially the ophthalmic veins. (gov.gy)
• The paired left and right transverse sinuses , or lateral sinuses , are major dural venous sinuses and arise from the confluence of the superior sagittal , occipital and straight sinuses at the torcular herophili (confluence of sinuses) . (radiopaedia.org)

Carotid-caverno5

• If the internal carotid artery ruptures within the cavernous sinus, an arteriovenous fistula is created (more specifically, a carotid-cavernous fistula). (wikipedia.org)
• Orbital color Doppler ultrasound (OCDUS) may be used in the diagnosis of carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) with anterior drainage and particularly whether a negative OCDUS could avoid invasive diagnostic cerebral angiography. (medscape.com)
• Patient with a gunshot wound to the face in whom a left traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula developed. (medscape.com)
• An almost complete carotid-cavernous fistula demonstrates only minimal runoff to the ipsilateral intracavernous carotid artery territory. (medscape.com)
• In patients in whom absolutely no runoff is demonstrated, carotid sacrifice at the level of the carotid-cavernous fistula can be considered, if necessary, to close the fistula. (medscape.com)

Sigmoid sinus2

• The cavernous sinus drains by two larger channels, the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses, ultimately into the internal jugular vein via the sigmoid sinus, also draining with emissary vein to pterygoid plexus. (wikipedia.org)
• They terminate in the sigmoid sinus just as it receives the superior petrosal sinus from the cavernous sinus . (radiopaedia.org)

Arteriovenous fistula1

• The blood does not collect within a preexisting space, but rather creates a space at the Fractures of Cranial Base In fractures of the cranial base, the internal carotid artery may be torn, producing an arteriovenous fistula within the cavernous sinus. (gov.gy)

Transverse sinuses4

• In the specimen represented the superior sagittal sinus opened into both transverse sinuses and chiefly into the left. (co.ma)
• The straight sinus also opened into both transverse sinuses. (co.ma)
• Instead of passing to the right, it occasionally turns to the left, and ends in the left transverse sinus, and in some cases it bifurcates and ends in both transverse sinuses. (co.ma)
• 1. Alper F, Kantarci M, Dane S, Gumustekin K, Onbas O, Durur I. Importance of anatomical asymmetries of transverse sinuses: an MR venographic study. (radiopaedia.org)

Sphenoid2

• Anatomy of cross section of cavernous sinus showing close proximity to cranial nerves and sphenoid sinus. (medscape.com)
• Sphenoid sinus: hollow space filling body, immediately below hypophyseal fossa 2. (slideshare.net)

Posteriorly1

• It terminates posteriorly by joining with the great cerebral vein (Galen) to form the straight sinus. (co.ma)

Arterial1

• Direct CCFs are characterized by a direct connection between the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the cavernous sinus, whereas indirect CCFs result from an indirect connection involving cavernous arterial branches and the cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)

Basilar plexus1

• The posterior median vein is continuous below with the posterior median vein of the spinal medulla, from which it ascends to the lower end of the fourth ventricle, where it divides into two branches which join the inferior petrosal sinus or basilar plexus. (co.ma)

Lesions1

• Lesions affecting the cavernous sinus may affect isolated nerves or all the nerves traversing through it. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy2

• I find intraoperative CT-guided navigation helpful to identify variant sinus anatomy and critical landmarks, especially for avoiding inadvertent opening of the skull base. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
• Microsurgical anatomy and approaches to the cavernous sinus. (radiopaedia.org)

Anatomical1

• The most common signs of CST are related to the anatomical structures affected within the cavernous sinus, as depicted in the image below. (medscape.com)

Occipital4

• they end in the inferior petrosal and occipital sinuses or in the upper part of the internal jugular vein. (co.ma)
• at the level of the internal occipital protuberance, by becoming the right transverse sinus. (co.ma)
• When it ends wholly in the right or the left transverse sinus its termination is associated with a well-marked dilatation, the confluens sinuum, which is lodged in a depression at one side of the internal occipital protuberance. (co.ma)
• On each side, the transverse sinus then runs in the lateral border of the tentorium cerebelli and grooves the occipital and squamous temporal bones. (radiopaedia.org)

Lateral wall3

• Structures within the outer (lateral) wall of the compartment from superior to inferior: Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve Structures passing through the midline (medial) wall: Abducens nerve Internal carotid artery accompanied by the internal carotid plexus These nerves, with the exception of CN V2, pass through the cavernous sinus to enter the orbital apex through the superior orbital fissure. (wikipedia.org)
• The maxillary branch passes external to, but immediately adjacent to, the lateral wall of the sinus. (wikipedia.org)
• O TOM' are the first letters of components of the lateral wall of cavernous sinus considered vertically, from the top to the bottom. (radiopaedia.org)

Veins4

• The cavernous sinus receives blood from: Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins Sphenoparietal sinus Superficial middle cerebral veins Inferior cerebral veins Blood leaves the sinus via superior and inferior petrosal sinuses as well as via the emissary veins through the foramina of the skull (mostly through foramen ovale). (wikipedia.org)
• Without effective therapy, signs appear in the contralateral eye by spreading through the communicating veins to the contralateral cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
• The superior sagittal sinus commences in the anterior fossa of the cranium, at the crista galli, where it communicates, through the foramen cæcum, with the veins of the nasal cavity or with the angular vein. (co.ma)
• Opening into the superior sagittal sinus are the superior cerebral veins, and it communicates on each side by small openings with a series of spaces in the dura mater, the lacunæ laterales, into which the arachnoideal granulations project. (co.ma)

Falx cerebri2

• The inferior sagittal sinus lies, usually, in the posterior two-thirds of the lower free margin of the falx cerebri. (co.ma)
• The brain and part of the calvaria are removed to demonstrate the sinuses related to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli skin care nz buy benzac with american express. (gov.gy)

Opposite side2

• lateral sinus of the opposite side. (co.ma)
• The infection usually involves only one sinus initially, but it may spread to the opposite side through the intercavernous sinuses. (gov.gy)

Medial1

• The medial part of the left transverse sinus was divided by a horizontal septum into upper and lower parts. (co.ma)

Trigeminal nerve1

• The maxillary nerve, division V2 of the trigeminal nerve travels through the lower portion of the sinus and exits via the foramen rotundum. (wikipedia.org)

Tentorium cerebelli1

• Sensory endings are more numerous in the dura along each side of the superior sagittal sinus and in the tentorium cerebelli than they are in the floor of the cranium. (gov.gy)

Inferior2

• These are the superior sagittal, the inferior sagittal, the straight, the anterior and posterior intercavernous, and the basilar. (co.ma)
• Sinus Sagittalis Inferior. (co.ma)

Structures1

• CA are the first letters of the structures located within the sinus. (radiopaedia.org)

Tumors2

• Cavernous sinus syndrome may result from mass effect of these tumors and cause ophthalmoplegia (from compression of the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducens nerve), ophthalmic sensory loss (from compression of the ophthalmic nerve), and maxillary sensory loss (from compression of the maxillary nerve). (wikipedia.org)
• If a nasoseptal flap is required, it is typically harvested and then placed in the nasopharynx for most cases, or into the maxillary sinus for clival tumors. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

Bilateral1

• Bilateral and simultaneous petrosal sinus sampling is the gold standard method and is performed when the triad of initial tests is inconclusive, doubtful or conflicting. (scielo.br)

Anterior1

• The anterior intercavernous sinus is a small transverse channel which crosses from one cavernous sinus to the other in the anterior border of the diaphragma sellæ. (co.ma)

Vein3

• Because of its connections with the facial vein via the superior ophthalmic vein, it is possible to get infections in the cavernous sinus from an external facial injury within the danger area of the face. (wikipedia.org)
• Furthermore, CT and MRI scans depict peripheral pathologies associated with CCFs (eg, enlargement of cavernous sinus and the ophthalmic vein). (medscape.com)
• DISSECTION OF THE HEAD AND NECK, showing the cranial blood sinuses and the upper part of the internal jugular vein. (co.ma)

Superior2

• The optic nerve lies just above and outside the cavernous sinus, superior and lateral to the pituitary gland on each side, and enters the orbital apex via the optic canal. (wikipedia.org)
• Sinus Sagittalis Superior. (co.ma)

Internal1

• Anatomic features are shown: internal carotid artery (red) and cavernous sinus (purple). (medscape.com)

Signs1

• MRIs and CT scans are limited because precise filling of the cavernous sinus and other signs of abnormal blood flow are not readily seen. (medscape.com)

Frequently1

• Direct CCFs frequently are traumatic in origin and also may be caused by rupture of an ICA aneurysm within the cavernous sinus, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, or iatrogenic intervention. (medscape.com)

Lies3

• The cavernous sinus lies in between the inner and outer layers of dura mater. (wikipedia.org)
• The pituitary gland lies between the two paired cavernous sinuses. (wikipedia.org)
• Lateral gaze palsy (isolated cranial nerve VI) is usually seen first since CN VI lies freely within the sinus in contrast to CN III and IV, which lie within the lateral walls of the sinus. (medscape.com)