Instability ring chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

The complex marker chromosome, der(14)t(14;16)(q11.2;p13.13), was initially identified by routine chromosomal analysis and subsequently characterized by array-comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) and confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). (biomedcentral.com)
Conclusion Mosaicism in the proband, his half-sister and half-cousin resulting from loss of chromosome 21 material from the der(8) appears to be a postzygotic event due to the genomic instability of ITS and associated with selective growth advantage of normal cells. (elsevierpure.com)
This study provides a broad list of candidate genes as potential biomarkers for genomic instability and novel therapeutic targets in cancer. (bmbreports.org)
Until recently, in clinical genetics, epigenetics was a minor field, of which two unusual genetic phenomena (genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation (XCI)) were the main aspects under investigation. (biomedcentral.com)
29 Moreover, a recent study in mice showed that loss of Bard1 results in early embryonic lethality and chromosomal instability, indicating a role of Bard1 in maintenance of genomic integrity. (bmj.com)
Parasites of the genus Leishmania show important genomic instability, which these pathogens use to adapt to their environment. (pasteur.fr)
We use a variety of human cell models to understand how the deregulation of normal replication control mechanisms leads to genomic instability and whether this plays a role in cancer biology. (crick.ac.uk)
It is well documented that telomere dysfunction plays a significant role in the initiation of genomic instability during carcinogenesis in human breast cancer. (metasystems-probes.com)
Owing to the genomic instability present in this disease, patients with Bloom syndrome show a much higher incidence of malignant neoplasms, which is the major cause of death in such patients. (medscape.com)
BML mutations thus result in defects in DNA repair and genomic instability in the somatic cells, predisposing the patients to cancer development. (medscape.com)
The overall result of the genomic instability in the proliferating cells is a high risk of malignancy, reduced fertility or infertility, B- and T-cell immunodeficiencies, and cutaneous manifestations, including photosensitivity, poikiloderma, and telangiectatic erythema. (medscape.com)
Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. (mathisfunforum.com)

Despite this, most neocentromeres are still able to carry out the functions of normal centromeres in regulating chromosome segregation and inheritance. (wikipedia.org)
In some cases, segregation of these chromosomes result in partial trisomy, and at other times, a partial tetrasomy. (wikipedia.org)
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional. (lookformedical.com)
Chromosome condensation is an essential prerequisite for the faithful segregation of genetic information, and is therefore crucial in maintaining genome integrity during mitosis and meiosis. (onnlab.org)
Our interests include initiation of replication , chromosome organization and segregation and replication fork collapse and repair . (ous-research.no)
SeqA also binds to newly replicated, hemimethylated GATC sites behind the replication forks and is involved in chromosome organization and/ or segregation. (ous-research.no)
Precise temporal control is essential to coordinate mitosis and cytokinesis in order that proper chromosome segregation could be completed. (kentlandsinitiative.org)
Although most restore bipolarity, spindles that exhibit this instability have a much higher chance of generating errors in chromosome segregation due to incorrect attachments to chromosomes. (jhunewsletter.com)
In eukaryotes, DNA replication is separated in time from chromosome segregation. (rupress.org)

Some have attributed this statistic to the possible mitotic instability of ring chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Mitotic chromosomes from uninfected and HCV infected human liver cells. (onnlab.org)
Cytokinetic failure leads to tetraploid cells, and there is certainly proof that tetraploidy can be an intermediate condition resulting in chromosomal instability, aneuploidy, and tumorigenesis (Ganem bypasses mitotic arrest generally in most Guys mutants, but cytokinesis flaws persist. (kentlandsinitiative.org)
the resulting mitotic configuration shows split centromeres and splayed chromatids in all or most of the chromosomes. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Effects of heat stress in the leaf mitotic cell cycle and chromosomes of four wine-producing grapevine varieties. (sciendo.com)
Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
In mitotic metaphase, typically the chromosomes (each with 2 sister chromatid that they developed due to replication in the S phase of interphase) arranged and sister chromatids split and distributed towards daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)

Ring chromosomes are structural aberrations commonly associated with birth defects, mental disabilities and growth retardation. (ca.gov)
Owing to the severity of these large aberrations that can affect multiple contiguous genes, no possible therapeutic strategies for ring chromosome disorders have been proposed. (ca.gov)
Our results suggest a fundamentally different function for cellular reprogramming as a means of 'chromosome therapy' to reverse combined loss-of-function across many genes in cells with large-scale aberrations involving ring structures. (ca.gov)
Chromosome 9pter aberrations, such as ring chromosome have been reported to cause 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD), due to involvement of DMRT1 gene located at the 9p24.3 region. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosome 9 aberrations involving the terminal end of p arm, such as terminal p deletions or ring chromosomes have been reported to cause 46,XY DSD. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS. (lookformedical.com)
or other CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE related aberrations. (lookformedical.com)
Usurping these processes to deregulate functional pathways is likely simpler than generating mutations or chromosomal aberrations (unless DNA repair is deficient and genetic instability is present). (aacrjournals.org)

Because of the instability of a ring Y chromosome during mitosis, a second monosomic cell line is often present in these patients [ 2 ]. (juniperpublishers.com)
It is well known that the products of chromosome replication are paired to ensure that the sisters segregate away from each other during mitosis. (rupress.org)
a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). (mathisfunforum.com)
In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle, in which, replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. (mathisfunforum.com)

Rings form after fusion of the long and short arms of a chromosome, and are sometimes associated with large terminal deletions. (ca.gov)
Here we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient fibroblasts containing ring chromosomes with large deletions and found that reprogrammed cells lost the abnormal chromosome and duplicated the wild-type homologue through the compensatory uniparental disomy (UPD) mechanism. (ca.gov)
Conclusion: Deletions on chromosome 6 are a very rare genetic alteration. (bvsalud.org)
A post-natal karyotype and chromosomal SNP microarray revealed deletions of both terminal regions of the Y chromosome, consistent with the prenatal diagnosis of the ring Y chromosome. (juniperpublishers.com)

It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR. (lookformedical.com)
[ 7 , 8 ] Sister chromatid exchanges are considered a sensitive indicator for cell genome instability, as they are thought to be the outcome of DNA double-strand breaks resulting from homologous recombination repair. (medscape.com)
Resisting cell death', 'genome instability and mutation' and 'deregulating cellular energetics' refine breast cancer classification with their predictive values. (jcancer.org)
The same authors have identified two emerging hallmarks, i.e., 'reprogramming of energy metabolism' and 'evading immune destruction', in 2011, and pointed out that all these hallmarks are enabled by two characteristics, i.e., 'genome instability and mutation' and 'tumor-promoting inflammation' [ 12 ]. (jcancer.org)

A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. (lookformedical.com)
Chromosome replication is initiated by an initiator protein which binds to the origin, forms an oligomeric complex, separates the two strands of the double helix, and recruits the helicase and the rest of the replication machinery. (ous-research.no)
Errors generated by the replication forks are the cause of many instability mechanisms. (ous-research.no)
Although most bacterial genomes are composed of a single chromosome, many unicellular organisms also harbour several chromosomes, giving the possibility to study coordinated replication of several chromosomes in simple systems. (ous-research.no)
Apparently the large chromosome governs the replication of the small chromosome. (ous-research.no)
We have reconstituted chromatin replication with purified proteins, which is providing unprecedented insights into chromosome biology. (crick.ac.uk)
We are using this to understand the mechanism of MCM helicase loading and activation, how the replisome is assembled and regulated by protein kinases and how the DNA replication machinery interfaces with other aspects of chromosome biology. (crick.ac.uk)
The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) binds to sites in chromosomes to specify the location of origins of DNA replication. (imperial.ac.uk)
For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)

We report a 4-year-old boy with a complex small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) who had non-syndromic Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). (biomedcentral.com)
We report a boy with non-syndromic PRS due to a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC). (biomedcentral.com)

People with ring chromosome 14 syndrome have one copy of this abnormal chromosome in some or all of their cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. (lookformedical.com)
In patients with unexplained anemia, thrombocytopenia, or neutropenia without dysplasia in the bone marrow but with abnormal chromosome activity in 5, 7 or 13 the diagnosis is consistent with MDS and occurs in less than 10% of patients with MDS. (standardofcare.com)

Genetic and cytogenetic studies have revealed the presence of several pairing homoeologous ( Ph ) loci that ensure wheat behaves as a diploid during meiosis, with only homologous chromosomes of the same sub-genome (AA, BB or DD) pairing and recombining. (nature.com)
Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division. (mathisfunforum.com)
In meiosis, typically in Meiosis-I the homologous chromosomes are paired and then separated and distributed into daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)

The sSMC was due to an unbalanced translocation between part of the long arm of chromosome 14 (14q11.2) and the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome 16 (16pter-p13.13), which led to duplications of these two chromosomal regions. (biomedcentral.com)
Objective: Report the case of a child with a terminal segment deletion of 8,9 Mb on the short arm of chromosome 6 (in 6p25.3p24.3) Methods: This case report was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the institution. (bvsalud.org)

The clinical presentation of the subject that mimics Turner syndrome highlights the importance of cytogenetic analysis to detect the possibility of ring chromosome 9. (biomedcentral.com)

Researchers believe that several critical genes near the end of the long (q) arm of chromosome 14 are lost when the ring chromosome forms. (medlineplus.gov)
The loss of these genes is likely responsible for several of the major features of ring chromosome 14 syndrome, including intellectual disability and delayed development. (medlineplus.gov)
Seizures may occur because certain genes on the ring chromosome 14 are less active than those on the normal chromosome 14. (medlineplus.gov)
This terminal region of chromosome 9p (9p24.3 region) contains 3 types of DMRT genes ( DMRT1 - 3 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Each chromosome harbors essential genes. (rupress.org)
By interrogating microarray data from neuronal cells treated with inhibitors of different specificity, we selected two genes encoding histone macroH2A ( H2AFY2 ) and Polycomb group ring finger 2 ( PCGF2 ) that were specifically down-regulated by the inhibitors targeting HDACs1 and 3 versus the more selective inhibitors for further investigation. (frontiersin.org)
Over 90% of all colorectal cancers in HNPCC patients demonstrate a high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), which means at least 2 or more genes have been mutated in HNPCC families or atypical HNPCC families. (medscape.com)

11- 13 The finding of breast cancer associated mutations within the RING finger domain of BRCA1 , disrupting BRCA1/BARD1 interaction, 11, 14 and the occurrence of BARD1 missense mutations in breast cancer patients, 15- 17 implies participation of BARD1 in BRCA1 mediated tumour suppression. (bmj.com)
We aim to understand how the 46 chromosomes in our cells are precisely duplicated in each cell cycle, how this process responds to DNA damage and how it is misregulated in cancer. (crick.ac.uk)
But it became clear in the past decade that genetic changes cannot fully explain cancer and, indeed, whole genome analyses are revealing surprisingly few shared mutational events in cases that lack genetic instability ( 5, 6 ). (aacrjournals.org)

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species. (lookformedical.com)

Epilepsy is a common feature of ring chromosome syndromes, including ring chromosome 14. (medlineplus.gov)
The typical presentation of neuroacanthocytosis syndromes involves tic-like orofacial movements and gait instability beginning in young adulthood. (medscape.com)

Methods We performed cytogenetics studies and breakpoint analyses on a family with transmission of mosaicism for a derivative chromosome 8 (der(8)), resulting from an unbalanced translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 8 and 21 over three generations. (elsevierpure.com)

In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1). (lookformedical.com)

During cell division, macromolecule structures known as spindles form to segregate chromosomes. (jhunewsletter.com)
An observation that surprised Wignall was that when chromosomes detached from microtubules, these microtubules would reorganize around the chromosomes and later segregate them, even in the absence of both KLP-18 and dynein. (jhunewsletter.com)

The reversion of the inherited der(8) to a normal chromosome 8 in this family resembles revertant mosaicism of point mutations. (elsevierpure.com)

CGH array revealed a deletion around 1.25 Mb at 9p24.3 loci [arr 9p24.3(204,193-1,457,665)× 1] and three duplications around 13 Mb [9p24.3p22.3(1,477,660-14,506,754)× 3] near the breakage point that formed the ring chromosome 9. (biomedcentral.com)
Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. (lookformedical.com)
The formation of a ring Y chromosome involves terminal breakage in both chromosomal arms (p and q arms) and fusion of the resulting ends with loss of the deleted distal material ( Figure 1 ). (juniperpublishers.com)

A chromosomal deletion occurs when seg-ments of genetic information are missing on a particular chromosome or more. (bvsalud.org)
Analysis of the irradiation-mutant ph2a in comparison to the syntenic region on rice chromosome 1 estimated the deletion to be at least 80 Mb in size 22 , but more likely to span a 120 to 125 Mb region 23 on the terminal portion of 3DS. (nature.com)

Background Mosaicism for chromosomal structural abnormalities, other than marker or ring chromosomes, is rarely inherited. (elsevierpure.com)
to furnish a straightforward scientific description that will help readers understand the various chromosome abnormalities encountered in clinical practice, and to provide practical advice that can be passed on to the people who have, or whose families have, these abnormalities. (knetbooks.com)
Copper abnormalities or Kayser-Fleisher rings noted in WD do not occur in NA. (medscape.com)

Each U.S. citizen above the age of 30 will be issued a number of vouchers entitling them to the commission of murders and/or mayhem, in denominations depending on past experience, geographic location, and number of X chromosomes as determined by the new FBI Cytogenetics and Nucleic Acid Laboratory Initiative (CANALI). (corbettreport.com)

The genetics of chromosome pairing and meiotic recombination is complicated by the allopolyploid nature of many crops, a widespread feature in the plant kingdom 3 . (nature.com)

As microtubules start to organize, their minus ends begin to come together and move outward away from the chromosomes, forming multiple spindle poles at the periphery of the array in what is called the multipolar stage. (jhunewsletter.com)
In spermatocytes, chromosomes have kinetochore proteins that make end-on attachments to the spindle. (jhunewsletter.com)
During animal cell cytokinesis, the spindle directs contractile ring assembly by activating RhoA in a narrow equatorial zone. (cipsm.de)

There is a general consensus that neocentromeres result from an attempt to fix chromosomes that lack a conventional centromere, through chromosome rearrangements. (wikipedia.org)
We also identify multiple cases of catastrophic chromosomal rearrangements known as chromoanagenesis, including somatic chromoanasynthesis, and extreme balanced germline chromothripsis events involving up to 65 breakpoints and 60.6 Mb across four chromosomes, further defining rare categories of extreme cxSV. (biomedcentral.com)
Possible approaches for cytogenomic assessment of couples with balanced chromosome rearrangements and problems like reproductive failures were considered and suggested as useful part of effective genetic counseling. (metasystems-probes.com)

There has been an assumption that centromeric heterochromatin is just as important as the kinetochore in segregating and stabilizing chromosomes, because heterochromatin is associated with protein recruitment and has the defining ability to silence gene expression. (wikipedia.org)

Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality known as a ring chromosome 14, sometimes written as r(14). (medlineplus.gov)

The Precise Breakpoint Mapping in Paracentric Inversion 10q22.2q23.3 by Comprehensive Cytogenomic Analysis, Multicolor Banding, and Single-Copy Chromosome Sequencing. (metasystems-probes.com)
Multicolor banding, chromosomal microarray analysis, chromosome microdissection with reverse painting, and single-copy sequencing of the rearranged chromosome were performed to determine the length and position of the inverted region as well as to rule out a genetic imbalance at the breakpoints. (metasystems-probes.com)

In addition, cohesin functions in chromosome condensation, meiotic chromosome structuring, post-replicative DNA repair, and in the regulation of gene expression. (onnlab.org)
The core complex of cohesin contains four subunits: Smc1, Smc3, Mcd1/Scc1/Rad21 and Scc3/Irr1/Sa/Stag that form a ring structure. (onnlab.org)
Similar to cohesin, condensin is composed of five subunits: Smc2, Smc4, Brn1/CAP-H, Ycg1/CAP-G1 and YCS4/CAP-D2, which are organized into a ring structure. (onnlab.org)
The ring formed by the cohesin complex is an important regulator of this. (pasteur.fr)
Although mature cohesin rings appear to be formed via Mcd1p bridging separated Smc1p and Smc3p head domains, more recent data complicates the story in that Smc1p and Smc3p appear to interact directly in the absence Mcd1p. (rupress.org)

According to the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, this category currently includes four adult subtypes: chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), BCR-ABL1 -negative atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML), MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T), MDS/MPN-unclassifiable (MDS/MPN-U), and one pediatric entity: juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Conditions associated with bone marrow failure such as aplastic anemia with hypocellular marrow, typical bone marrow findings of MDS are a hypercellular marrow for a persons age, dysplasia in 1 to 3 lineages manifested by pseudo Pelger-Huet nuclei, hypogranular neutrophils, micro megakaryocytes, and/or ringed sideroblasts, glass Siri glass, and increased myeloblasts in a subset of patients. (standardofcare.com)

The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. (lookformedical.com)

The karyotypically normal iPSCs with isodisomy for the corrected chromosome outgrew co-existing aneuploid populations, enabling rapid and efficient isolation of patient-derived iPSCs devoid of the original chromosomal aberration. (ca.gov)

Occupational hazards may alter telomere length homeostasis resulting in DNA damage, chromosome aberration, mutations, epigenetic alterations and inflammation. (cdc.gov)

In wheat, a complex allohexaploid that has a diploid-like behaviour, meiotic recombination between homoeologous or alien chromosomes is suppressed through the action of several loci. (nature.com)

Cytogenetic and FISH analyses of his chromosomes found three marker chromosomes: one was a bisatellited chromosome, and two were derived from chromosome 10. (wikipedia.org)
With this in mind, centromeric heterochromatin was found on the bisatellited and ring markers, but not on the mar del(10) marker. (wikipedia.org)
The most common type of rearrangement leading to a neocentromere is an inverted duplication, categorized as Class I. The resulting marker chromosome consists of two copies of the chromosome segment. (wikipedia.org)
In partial tetrasomy, the karyotype appears normal except for the marker chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

On karyotype, the presumptive ring Y chromosome was present in 29% of the cells and a single X chromosome was present in the other 71% of cells. (juniperpublishers.com)

During her postdoctoral fellowship, Wignall began studying meiosis - a type of cell division that produces reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes - occurring in female reproductive cells or oocytes. (jhunewsletter.com)

The mar del (10) and bisatellited chromosomes were present in every cell examined, but the ring chromosome was only present in 4-8% of the cells. (wikipedia.org)
Cell-autonomous correction of ring chromosomes in human induced pluripotent stem cells. (ca.gov)
During cell division, ring chromosomes can exhibit unstable behaviour leading to continuous production of aneuploid progeny with low viability and high cellular death rate. (ca.gov)
11 Both proteins possess an N-terminal RING finger motif and two BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domains present in numerous proteins involved in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. (bmj.com)
Maintaining the integrity of the genome requires the precise duplication of all of the cell's chromosomes in each cell cycle. (crick.ac.uk)
Be it for development, differentiation, stemness, or sex chromosome dosage compensation, stable, cell specific regulation of gene expression is essential for normal function ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. (mathisfunforum.com)
A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division. (mathisfunforum.com)
The ends of chromosomes shorten at each round of cell division, and this process is thought to be affected by occupational exposures. (cdc.gov)

11 The functionally important BARD1/BRCA1 heterodimer formation is mediated by the RING finger motifs and has also been shown to markedly increase the stability of both proteins. (bmj.com)

He has history of ring Y chromosome mosaicism diagnosed by amniocentesis performed due to advanced maternal age. (juniperpublishers.com)

Each of the two copies is a mirror image to the chromosome segment. (wikipedia.org)
We suggest that the duplicated chromosome segment 16p13.3 possibly may be responsible for the phenotypes of our case and also may be a candidate locus of non-syndromic PRS. (biomedcentral.com)
This tab displays a Circos diagram, a circular plot showing each chromosome of the genome as a segment, with each datatype shown as a separate track on the image. (sanger.ac.uk)

Neocentromeres are new centromeres that form at a place on the chromosome that is usually not centromeric. (wikipedia.org)

This mosaicism, due to the presence of the ring Y chromosome and depending upon on the presence or absence of the SRY gene can result in a wide spectrum of manifestations ranging from females with a Turner syndrome-like phenotype to phenotypic males. (juniperpublishers.com)

Sex reversal due to haploinsufficiency of DMRT1 gene in ring chromosome 9 structures is exceedingly rare with only a handful of cases ever reported. (biomedcentral.com)

During origin firing, the MCM helicase is activated, which involves a remodeling of the MCM ring to encircle single-stranded DNA, accompanied by assembly of a stable CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) complex. (crick.ac.uk)

A ring chromosome is an extremely rare chromosomal aberration, which can occur in autosomes and sex chromosomes. (juniperpublishers.com)

A decade after the initial observation of neocentromeres, 60 more cases of human neocentromeres from across the genome, not just chromosome 10, were documented by 2002. (wikipedia.org)
By 2012, more than 90 cases of human neocentromeres across 20 different chromosomes have been described. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy41

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Genomic12

Segregation9

Mitotic7

Aberrations8

Mitosis4

Deletions4

Genome instability4

Replication9

Small supernumer2

Abnormal3

Homologous chromosomes3

Short arm of chromosome2

Cytogenetic analysis1

Genes7

Cancer3

Somatic cells1

Syndromes2

Translocation1

Single chromosome1

Segregate2

Normal chromosome1

Breakage3

Deletion2

Abnormalities3

Cytogenetics1

Genetics1

Spindle3

Rearrangements3

Kinetochore1

Chromosomal abnormality1

Sequencing2

Cohesin5

Sideroblasts2

Fragments1

Isodisomy1

MUTATIONS1

Loci1

Marker4

Karyotype1

Reproductive1

Cell9

Proteins1

Maternal1

Segment3

Centromeric1

Absence1

Structures1

Complex1

Occur1

Human2