Innate immune cells animal mouse models disease models animal. Medical search. Frequent questions

Studies in both humans and animal models have implicated that high numbers of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment is indicative of a poor prognosis, and Treg cells are thought to suppress tumor immunity, thus hindering the body's innate ability to control the growth of cancerous cells. (wikipedia.org)
Here we investigated the role of innate immunity in a mouse model of ALS. (nih.gov)
ILCs are early effectors of immunity and provide a means to rapidly respond to infection or inflammation, and are distinguished from T and B cells of the adaptive immune response. (pasteur.fr)
Since the adaptive immunity plays a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance toward commensal organisms, such as commensal C. albicans , understanding its relationship with fungi is critical ( 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
In an adaptive immunity OPC rechallenge model using a derivate of the pathogenic C. albicans strain SC5314, CD4 + Th17 cells protect from mucosal Candida infection but can be compensated by other IL-17-producing cells in CD4-deficient hosts ( 15 , 16 ). (frontiersin.org)
While the role of innate immunity in this process has been extensively studied, the potential influence of adaptive immunity in AD remains unclear. (escholarship.org)
Yet growing evidence that cross-talk between adaptive and innate immunity occurs in both health and disease, led me to hypothesize that the peripheral adaptive immune system also plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. (escholarship.org)
To achieve these goals, we created a novel AD mouse model (Rag-5xfAD mice), that, exhibits many of the hallmark pathologies of AD yet lacks the principal components of the adaptive immune system, B- and T-cells, and also lacks NK cells, considered a component of both adaptive and innate immunity. (escholarship.org)
Taken together these results demonstrate that the adaptive immune system plays several critical roles in the pathogenesis of AD and suggests that further studies are needed to fully understand the complex interactions between innate and adaptive immunity that contribute to AD pathogenesis. (escholarship.org)
As an example, the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus produces a TGF- β mimic during its invasive stages causing the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice [ 9 ], a T cell subset that controls immunity in infection, allergy, and autoimmunity [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Parasitic helminths generally induce strong type 2 immunity that normally controls parasite infection and is characterized by production of type 2 cytokines like interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-5, and IL-13 by innate cells (group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages) and CD4 + T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
Type 2 cell-mediated immunity is a general feature of helminth infection regardless of the multivariate sites of colonization of the numerous helminth species [ 11 ] and is conserved from jawed fish to mammals [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Studies on mouse models of helminth infections have provided essential findings towards understanding type 2 immunity induction as well as its effector functions [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
In this review, we first discuss recent findings related to the interaction between gut microbiota and immune system, particularly key innate and adaptive immunity and signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
They discovered that combining the hypoxia signals with inflammatory signals stimulated the 'innate,' or rapidly responding immunity, and an immune cell type called an ILC2. (eurekalert.org)
Spatial distribution of LTi-like cells in intestinal mucosa regulates type 3 innate immunity. (stanford.edu)
The major focus of our lab is on innate immunity and inflammation, with projects ranging from molecular mechanisms of signal transduction to translational aspects of drug development. (utah.edu)
We explore how innate immune cells recognize and respond to pathogens, how genetic mutations in innate immunity contribute to inflammatory and auto-immune diseases, and how obtained information can be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies. (utah.edu)
Both papers--one published online July 28, 2005 in Science Express and one in the August issue of Infection and Immunity --focus on aspects of the type-III pathway, a molecular syringe that Yersinia pestis , the bacterium that may have killed more people throughout history than any other infectious disease, uses to disable its host's immune system. (uchicagomedicine.org)
It's critical to regulatory actions in the gut, as it relates to proliferation and differentiation, intestinal barrier function, innate immunity, and host response. (medscape.com)
Here, we established an unbiased blood-innate immunity multiomic and genetic loss-of-function pipeline to define the transcriptome and global phosphoproteome of blood-induced innate immune polarization and its role in microglia neurotoxicity. (nature.com)
We provide a transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic atlas of fibrin-, iC3b- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-selective activation of innate immunity and reveal ligand-selective pathways with differential functions in MS and AD mice. (nature.com)
To discover the molecular programs controlling microglial and macrophage polarization by blood proteins, we developed an unbiased blood-innate immunity multiomic and genetic loss-of-function pipeline consisting of deep sequencing of blood-induced transcriptomes, functional single-cell and oxidative stress transcriptomics, global phosphoproteomics and integration with innate immune signatures from AD and MS models (Extended Data Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)

Early and strong interferon type I (IFN-I) responses are usually associated with mild COVID-19 disease, whereas persistent or unregulated proinflammatory cytokine responses are associated with severe disease outcomes. (nature.com)
These findings suggest that a high infection rate by SARS-CoV-2 may lead to exaggerated cytokine responses, which may contribute to tissue damage and severe disease. (nature.com)
With every breath, microbes enter the lungs, and the body deploys nonspecific innate immune system responses via epithelial cells lining the airways. (mdanderson.org)
T regulatory cells are a component of the immune system that suppress immune responses of other cells. (wikipedia.org)
Regulatory T cells are involved in shutting down immune responses after they have successfully eliminated invading organisms, and also in preventing autoimmunity. (wikipedia.org)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease associated with neuronal cell death that is thought to involve aberrant immune responses. (nih.gov)
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical in innate immune responses to pathogens and lymphoid organ development. (nih.gov)
Therefore, we utilized C. albicans clinical isolates which are able to persist in the oral cavity without causing disease to analyze adaptive responses to oral fungal commensalism. (frontiersin.org)
Pathway analysis revealed an upregulation of adaptive host responses due to C. albicans oral persistence, including the upregulation of the immune network for IgA production. (frontiersin.org)
The human host evolved finely tuned innate and adaptive immune responses enabling to control fungal commensal organism ( 5 , 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
However, recent successful preclinical and clinical trials have advocated for the significance of B cell-dependent immunopathogenic responses and has led to the development of novel biologicals that target specific B cell phenotypes. (medsci.org)
IFN-I have potent direct antiviral activities, also mediate a multiplicity of immunoregulatory functions, which can either promote or dampen antiviral adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
Helminth infections induce strong type 2 cell-mediated immune responses, characterized among other things by production of high levels of interleukin- (IL-) 4 and IL-13. (hindawi.com)
Their exact activation state as well as the role of these cells and associated molecules in type 2 immune responses remains to be fully understood. (hindawi.com)
An important aspect about type 2 cell-mediated responses against parasitic helminths is that they are induced for controlling parasite infection but they also mediate the tolerance of parasite persistence [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Manifestation of was extremely induced notably in the pharynx and intestine weighed against specifically and consistently secretes poisons to overcome immune system responses. (exposed-skin-care.net)
The first signal in the pathway is IFN-g, a protein made by immune cells, which acts as a powerful master switch to turn on immune responses. (umassmed.edu)
The team of researchers led by Prof. Diefenbach found that cDCs are incapable of triggering immune responses in sterile conditions (i.e., in germ-free mice). (charite.de)
The goal of this review is to discuss the systemic and local immune responses - as learned from the studies employing various mouse model systems - that lead to the development of lupus. (biomedcentral.com)
My research focuses on the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, a unique population of CD4+ T cells with potent immunosuppressive functions in humans and mice. (rimuhc.ca)
Translational control of immune responses: from transcripts to translatomes. (rimuhc.ca)
As Dr. Meydani explained during the symposium, many factors contribute to the weakening of the innate and adaptive immune system as we age, including a decline in T cell-mediated function - the part of the immune system that fights microbial infections - and an increase in inflammatory responses. (dsm.com)
The Jensen laboratory is focused on antigen processing and presentation and the role of classical and nonclassical histocompatibility (MHC) molecules in regulating immune responses. (utah.edu)
What cell factors are required for innate immune responses? (utah.edu)
And how do our cells "tune" immune responses once they are engaged? (utah.edu)
Infections that activate immune responses also change hormone release and brain activity-modifying behavior. (unc.edu)
An cordance (i.e. lack of response or exposure to a given IARC Group 1 integral consideration for the devel- common responses between spe- human carcinogen (see Chapter 21, opment and use of these models is cies). (who.int)
Because alcohol blocks airway epithelial cell release of IL-6 in vitro , we hypothesized that alcohol exposure would alter mouse lung inflammatory responses to HDE. (cdc.gov)
In turn, the pulmonary system has developed innate inflammatory responses to defend against these foreign invaders. (cdc.gov)
A few of these inflammatory responses, such as inflammatory cell recruitment, can be modulated by alcohol exposure [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (cdc.gov)
The study looked at asthma prevalence and the clinical and immunologic characteristics of atopic disease of children in both groups, and assessed the human and mouse model responses to house dust. (medscape.com)
The study found differences in proportions and gene-expression profiles of peripheral blood immune cells and in the genes involved in innate immune responses to microbes. (medscape.com)
Grafts were quickly rejected, however, because of unknown forces later identified as immune responses. (medscape.com)

Recently, additional innate lymphocytes have been discovered named innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in both humans and mice ( 1-8 ). (pasteur.fr)
ILC1 consists of NK cells and other interferon-g producing innate lymphocytes characterized by expression of the transcription factors T-bet and/Eomes. (pasteur.fr)
Besides CD19 + CD138 − B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells were enriched in the tongue of mice colonized with C. albicans suggesting a potential role of B lymphocytes during oral fungal colonization. (frontiersin.org)
Evidence for CD4 + T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4 + T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight's main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. (frontiersin.org)
Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Selective AHR deletion in eosinophils depleted Clec4a4+ eosinophils, augmented innate lymphocytes producing type 2 cytokines, and enhanced helminth clearance. (stanford.edu)
Whole-genome profiling of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation identifies distinct regulatory programs among innate lymphocytes. (stanford.edu)
Innate lymphocytes encompass a diverse array of phenotypic identities with specialized functions. (stanford.edu)
The landscapes of these modifications are unknown in innate lymphocytes. (stanford.edu)
In addition, diabetic mice presented a reduced influx of TCD4+ cells, TCD8+ cells, B lymphocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells compared to control infected groups. (hindawi.com)
Insulin treatment restored the leukocyte number in PeLF and restored the presence of B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and NK cells in lungs of diabetic animals. (hindawi.com)
The data suggest that diabetic mice present impaired immunological response to Pb18 infection and insulin modulates inflammation by reducing IL-6 levels in lung and CINC-1 levels in spleen and liver homogenates, restoring leukocyte concentrations in PeLF and also restoring populations of dendritic cells and B lymphocytes in lungs of diabetic mice, permitting the host to better control the infection. (hindawi.com)
Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
The cells associated with this system, T Lymphocytes (T-cells), begin as the same stem cells as B-Lymphocytes (B-cells). (kemin.com)
T lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy against hematological cancer. (upstate.edu)
As response cells, the extracted principal spleen lymphocytes were laid in 12-very well plates (1106/very well) and 96-very well plates (2.5105/good) to create mixed lymphocyte reactions. (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Souyris et al reported that in both females and males with Klinefelter syndrome, substantial fractions of primary B lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells express TLR7 on both X chromosomes, leading to greater immunoglobulin secretion. (medscape.com)

CXCL10-mediates macrophage, but not other innate immune cells-associated inflammation in murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (mayo.edu)
New research from scientists at La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), shows that hypoxia can activate the same group of immune cells that cause inflammation during asthma attacks. (eurekalert.org)
Different subpopulations of immune cells interplay to directly or indirectly regulate other subpopulations by releasing different cytokines and other mediators of inflammation, thereby contributing to the progression of the systemic disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Both undernutrition and overnutrition can impair T cell-mediated response and increase uncontrolled inflammation, increasing susceptibility, morbidity and mortality from infections. (dsm.com)
Role of Myeloid Cell-Specific TLR9 in Mitochondrial DNA-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice. (nationaljewish.org)
Pathogenic activation of microglia contributes to oxidative stress, inflammation and neurodegeneration in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) 6 . (nature.com)
The most commonly used animal model is the imiquimod (IMQ)-induced skin lesion and skin inflammation, which phenotypically resembles human psoriasis. (biocytogen.com)
Psoriasis-like skin inflammation was induced in wild-type C57BL/6 mice by IMQ. (biocytogen.com)
While wild-type C57BL/6 mice treated with control cream did not show any sign of inflammation, phenotypic features of IMQ-induced skin inflammation was visible and increased in severity up to day 4. (biocytogen.com)
Compared to wild-type C57BL/6 mice treated with control cream, IMQ-treated mice showed significantly increased epidermal thickness, in addition to pathological observations that indicate IMQ resulted in psoriasis-like skin lesions and inflammation. (biocytogen.com)
Dexamethasone alleviated psoriasis-like injury and skin inflammation in IMQ-treated wild-type C57BL/6 mice in a dose-dependent manner. (biocytogen.com)

Immunology research to investigate the mechanisms of a new aerosol treatment, which induces an innate immune response to protect against pathogens that cause pneumonia, asthma, and other lung diseases, has earned major funding from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (mdanderson.org)
This award, $6.2 million over 7 years, will support Evans' immunology research program based on his previous studies in harnessing the immune system to control asthma, pneumonia and chronic lung disease. (mdanderson.org)
A team of researchers led by Prof. Dr. Andreas Diefenbach, Director of Charité's Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, have been studying the microbiome's role in the body's immune response against harmful pathogens and the resulting effects on signaling pathways. (charite.de)
We integrate cell biology, virology, immunology, biochemistry, and functional genomics approaches to tackle questions such as: How are viruses recognized during infection? (utah.edu)
Our data provide an interactive resource for investigation of the immunology of blood proteins that could support therapeutic targeting of microglia activation by immune and vascular signals. (nature.com)
Moreover, our study provides a resource for the investigation of the immunology of blood proteins in inflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. (nature.com)

With the success of COVID-19 vaccines, newly created mRNA vaccines against other infectious diseases are beginning to emerge. (mdpi.com)
1 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U980, Paris, France. (jci.org)
In Brazil, systemic mycoses are among the ten main causes of death due to infectious diseases [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Yersinia pestis is the nastiest thing alive," said study author Olaf Schneewind, MD, PhD, professor and chairman of microbiology at the University of Chicago and director of the Great Lakes Regional Center of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (GLRCE). (uchicagomedicine.org)

one organism can cause more than one syndrome, and diverse pathogens produce similar syndromes as pathways to disease converge ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Women's activities can also increase exposures to chronic disease pathogens (e.g., schistosomiasis attributable to chores or agriculture), and gender can affect transmission (e.g., increased male-to-female transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus-1). (cdc.gov)
This synthetic aerosol has demonstrated protection against numerous pneumonia-causing pathogens in mouse models and in other animals. (mdanderson.org)
For instance and grossly colonize and distend the worm intestinal lumen but usually do not persist inside the sponsor unlike additional pathogens such as for example (EPEC) Typhimurium Serratia marcescensand model program and proven that a medical isolate Human being R15 (known as R15 henceforth) could rapidly get rid of BALB/c mice and R15 interacts with to elicit great symptoms and loss of life Calcipotriol is not totally understood. (exposed-skin-care.net)
The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. (frontiersin.org)
Working alongside colleagues in Mainz, Bern, Hannover and Bonn, researchers from Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and the German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ) were able to show how the microbiome helps to render the immune system capable of responding to pathogens. (charite.de)
These form part of the body's innate immune system and carry a range of pattern recognition receptors, which enable them to quickly detect invading pathogens. (charite.de)
At the same time, these cells also use phagocytosis to engulf and digest invasive pathogens, after which they present individual particles as antigens on their cell surface.This, in turn, leads to the activation of T cells (which form part of the adaptive immune system) and results in a targeted immune response. (charite.de)
It exerts this control by bringing the immune system to a state of 'readiness' in order to speed up its response to pathogens. (charite.de)
Microglial activation in response to injury and pathogens can lead to neuroinflammation, which, in turn, is known to contribute to worsening of neuropathology in animal models of PD [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our major research interests include the role of respiratory pathogens (viruses and bacteria) in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. (nationaljewish.org)

All T cells begin as CD4-CD8-TCR- cells at the DN (double-negative) stage, where an individual cell will rearrange its T cell receptor genes to form a unique, functional molecule, which they, in turn, test against cells in the thymic cortex for a minimal level of interaction with self-MHC. (wikipedia.org)
LPS exposure led to a strong activation of microglial cells (as determined by microglia morphology, cytokine production and an upregulation in genes involved in the inflammatory response in the LPS-injected mice by RNA sequencing analysis). (biomedcentral.com)
with the genes upregulated in tissue from mice injected with LPS including several of those involved in an inflammatory response. (biomedcentral.com)
Figure 1: Mechanisms of Alcohol Induction of Brain Innate Immune Genes. (unc.edu)
Cytokine-chemokines act on cellular receptors to further increase NFkB transcription of innate immune genes in additional brain cells. (unc.edu)
I think, we've seen several hints that the cellular machinery of life is far more powerful and versatile than most believed, it certainly doesn't seem like something that would just decay, Multi-celled organisms seem quite capable of faithfully preserving their genes(even after going through aging several times, third gen clones) and seems to have vast innate regeneration potential. (fightaging.org)
Innate immune cells integrate environmental signals to rapidly activate target genes and perform specialized cellular functions 5 . (nature.com)
Recent advances have been made in the of host factors, polymorphisms, and candidate genes associated characterization of the immune response to low-molecular- with occupational asthma may improve our understanding of weight agents. (cdc.gov)
Genes associated with innate immune pathways seem to have been turned on by the microbes in the Amish environment. (medscape.com)
[ 10 ] The protein products of the HLA genes are critical components of cell-to-cell communication in the immune system. (medscape.com)
Indeed, in some cases, HLA genes are more highly related to lupus-associated autoantibodies than to the disease itself. (medscape.com)
A genome-wide study in a northern European population replicated the association of SLE with susceptibility genes related to B-cell receptor pathway signaling, as well as confirmed the association of SLE with genes at the interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5)-TNPO3 locus. (medscape.com)

ILC3 includes several phenotypically distinct cells that express and require the transcription factor RORgt in order to produce notably the cytokines IL-17 and IL-22. (pasteur.fr)
Similar to CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell subsets, ILC subsets positive for interleukin-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) produce distinct sets of effector cytokines. (nih.gov)
Genome-wide gene expression analyses indicated that GATA3 regulated a similar set of cytokines and receptors in Th2 cells and ILC2s, but not in ILC3s. (nih.gov)
Targeting the IFN-g-chemokine axis for treatment of vitiligo: We are using our newly developed mouse model and human tissues from patients with vitiligo to identify the cytokines and chemokines that are expressed within the depigmenting skin and which skin cells produce them. (umassmed.edu)
An ILC2's job is to make signaling molecules (called cytokines) that quickly alert other immune cells to react to a pathogen. (eurekalert.org)
The cells' initial response involves the release of cytokines, signaling proteins which attract immune cells to the site of infection. (charite.de)
In this study, we were able to show that, in their basal state, these specialist immune cells are subject to the uninterrupted microbiome-controlled signaling of type I interferons (IFN-I)." Interferons are cytokines, i.e. special signaling molecules which are known to play a role in antiviral activity. (charite.de)
Using mice lacking the DNA hydroxymethylase TET2, we showed the requirement for TET2 in optimal production of hallmark cytokines by ILC3s and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by inflammatory ILC2s. (stanford.edu)
As the ability to proliferate and produce key cytokines is impaired with ageing - combined with a higher level of inflammatory cytokines - older adults are more susceptible to infections and autoimmune diseases, as we have seen throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. (dsm.com)
Dr. Meydani highlighted one animal model study that demonstrated how obesity can impair T cell-mediated function and result in a much higher level of inflammatory cytokines compared to non-obese mice. (dsm.com)
In an animal model of binge alcohol drinking, Crews' group found that alcohol activated microglia and increased brain levels of the proinflammatory chemokines-cytokines, TNFa, IL-1 b , and MCP-1(CCL2), as well as oxidases and proteases involved in innate immune activation. (unc.edu)
These foam cells in turn produce more inflammatory cytokines and growth factors to promote the migration of the quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the medial layer to intima and activate VSMC proliferation and increased synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in the thickening of intima and occlusion of the blood vessel [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Previously, we have shown in a mouse model that exposure to hog dust extract (HDE) collected from a CAFO results in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), elevated lavage fluid cytokines/chemokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the development of significant lung pathology. (cdc.gov)

This kind of pDC activation was dependent on direct integrin-mediated cell‒cell contacts and involved stimulation of the TLR7 and STING signaling pathways. (nature.com)
In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
Using these systems, we have identified one of the critical pathways used by T cells to crawl into the skin and find melanocytes . (umassmed.edu)
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is expressed in B cells and innate immune cells, acting as an essential signaling element in multiple immune cell pathways. (aai.org)
Selective BTK inhibition has the potential to target multiple immune-mediated disease pathways. (aai.org)
Our prior research shows which the BTLA pathways had been mixed up in pathogenesis of AR in biopsy-proven recipients pursuing kidney transplantation, and BTLA overexpression can suppress TCMR by regulating T cell receptor downstream indicators (25, 26). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)

We also found a decrease in resident microglia in the spinal cord with disease progression. (nih.gov)
As disease onset neared, microglia expressed increased CCL2 and other chemotaxis-associated molecules, which led to the recruitment of monocytes to the CNS by spinal cord-derived microglia. (nih.gov)
Fibrinogen cleavage by thrombin exposes a cryptic epitope termed P2 which can bind CD11b and CD11c on microglia, macrophages and dendritic cells and trigger an inflammatory response toxic to neurons. (bvsalud.org)
An additional pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of reactive microglia that surround plaques, contributing to a chronic proinflammatory state within the brain which exacerbates many of the other pathologies and cognitive symptoms that occur in AD. (escholarship.org)
Further, deficiency of Hv1 directly influenced microglia activation as noted by decrease in microglia numbers, soma size and reduced outward rectifier K + current density in Hv1 -/- mice compared to WT mice at 7d following SCI. (researchsquare.com)
However, it is unclear how microglia influence α-syn cell-to-cell transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
First, we compared α-syn cell-to-cell transfer between host mice with a normal number of microglia to mice in which we had pharmacologically ablated 80% of the microglia from the grafted striatum. (biomedcentral.com)
While this prion-like spread of pathology has been reproduced in many PD models [ 7 , 8 ], little is known regarding how microglia influence this process. (biomedcentral.com)
Microglia represent the innate immune system in the brain and help to maintain homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Under resting conditions, microglia are dynamic cells that constantly survey their surroundings for infection and cellular distress [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the brain, cells known as microglia sense their surroundings, producing innate immune-signaling molecules. (unc.edu)
However, how microglia integrate extracellular signals at sites of cerebrovascular damage and the specificity of blood proteins controlling innate immune cell polarization in disease remain poorly understood. (nature.com)
We report a blood-induced microglia gene network and show that blood proteins elicit distinct receptor-mediated transcriptional changes and signaling programs in innate immune cells. (nature.com)

Importantly, activated MDMs in turn mediate strong activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), leading to the secretion of high levels of IFN-α and TNF. (nature.com)
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional producers of IFN-I in response to many viruses, including all of the herpesviruses tested. (mdpi.com)
Microbiota-induced type I interferons control the functionality of dendritic cells. (charite.de)
A key role in this process is played by 'conventional dendritic cells' (cDCs). (charite.de)
In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells ( e.g ., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC. (wjgnet.com)
Once inhaled by the host, the fungus interacts with alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells present in the lungs, where it can form a pulmonary focus or spread through the blood and lymphatic vessels [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
In the Hanley lab, we use a multidisciplinary approach to study the interactions between HIV-1 and myeloid cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells. (utah.edu)
Although the overwhelming majority of immune cells in the spleen are B cells or T cells, nearly all of the infected cells were macrophages, neutrophils, or dendritic cells. (uchicagomedicine.org)
We utilized rat GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF- (Prospec-Tany, ISR) to stimulate dendritic cells (DC). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)

In autoimmunity, the immune system may attack or damage self-tissues with autoantibodies and autoreactive T and B cells. (cdc.gov)
Toll-like receptors and the innate immune system, critical components of the normal human response to infection, are essential to naturally and experimentally induced autoimmunity. (cdc.gov)
The regulatory T cells (Tregs /ˈtiːrɛɡ/ or Treg cells), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease. (wikipedia.org)
This is an important "self-check" built into the immune system to prevent excessive reactions. (wikipedia.org)
The immune system, and notably the innate compartment, plays an essential role in the regulation of host-microbe interactions, but several aspects of this immunological relationship remain unclear. (pasteur.fr)
One possible cognate receptor for BAFF includes the Nogo receptor (NgR) and its homologs, previously established as potent inhibitors of axonal regeneration during central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease. (medsci.org)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with hallmarks of myelin degeneration and axonopathy [ 1 ]. (medsci.org)
The goal of my dissertation is to therefore determine the contributions of the adaptive immune system to the pathogenesis of AD. (escholarship.org)
Helminths have evolved to adapt to the host they infect and developed immune evasion strategies that have in return shaped the immune system of the infected host. (hindawi.com)
Helminths must also ensure that their offspring will find their way out without being stopped by the host immune system [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
These often-complex life cycles have lead helminths to develop mechanisms to invade and migrate through the host while modulating the immune system and ensure their long-lasting persistence in their host [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, immune modulatory mechanisms like induction of Tregs highlight the fact that these parasites are shaping the host immune system to reach a well-balanced tradeoff between immune evasion for parasite persistence and the modulation of host tissue damage to reduce as much as possible deleterious effects of worm persistence. (hindawi.com)
At this young age, retinal ganglion cells shed synapses as a normal part of visual system development. (alzforum.org)
Unlike wild-type cells, astrocytes in the MEGF10- and MERTK-deficient mice ingested no synaptic components and the visual system of these animals failed to mature, suggesting that phagocytosis of synapses contributes to development of the retina. (alzforum.org)
The role of microbiota in various physiological activities, including in immune system, has been well established previously [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The human immune system has evolved to maintain a symbiotic relationship between host and microbiota, and its disruption in dynamic immune-microbial interaction leads to profound effects on human health [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
First , we study how abnormal, "stressed" melanocytes alert the immune system to their presence. (umassmed.edu)
The benefit of this system is the powerful tools available to study diseases in mice. (umassmed.edu)
The benefit of this system is the ability to study human T cells and skin, and it has the potential to test new treatments on human tissues before attempting clinical trials. (umassmed.edu)
image: To treat and prevent these diseases, researchers need to understand why a lack of oxygen would affect the immune system. (eurekalert.org)
We're finding that many molecules with no previously known role in the immune system can also be important for immune function,' says Kronenberg. (eurekalert.org)
A dysregulated immune system (including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. (wjgnet.com)
Alterations in either the innate or adaptive arm of the immune system and cross-talk between them make the immune system tolerant to tumors, leading to disease progression. (wjgnet.com)
However, research using various mouse strains of spontaneous and inducible lupus in the last two decades has provided insights into the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of this disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Aberrations in the innate as well as adaptive arms of the immune system both play an important role in the genesis and progression of lupus. (biomedcentral.com)
Systemic mycoses are infections caused by pathogenic fungi or fungi whose pathogenicity increases due to immune system impairment. (hindawi.com)
IVIG acts at various levels of autoimmune response such as initiation, amplification and effector phase by targeting various soluble and cellular compartments of the immune system. (academie-medecine.fr)
The avian immune system consists of two types of immune mechanisms - nonspecific and specific. (kemin.com)
This is an acquired immune system, which has two components -- non-cellular (humoral) and cellular components. (kemin.com)
p>The immune system in the intestines plays a major role in maintaining gut health. (kemin.com)
p>An immunomodulator may be defined as any biological or synthetic substance that can stimulate/suppress either innate, adaptive, or both arms of the immune system. (kemin.com)
In this system, we depleted or activated microglial cells and determined the effects on the transfer of huα-syn from host nigrostriatal neurons into the implanted dopaminergic neurons, using the presence of huα-syn within the grafted cells as a readout. (biomedcentral.com)
Optimal nutritional management plays an important, but often undervalued role in elder care in helping to build a more resilient immune system, improve vaccine response and influence positive recovery outcomes. (dsm.com)
Here, we share the top five takeaways for medical directors, portfolio managers, R&D and innovation managers, featuring expert insights into how the immune system weakens with age and the impact this has on overall health and quality of life, which nutrients can support immune health in the elderly, and why nutritional management is key to preventing over- and undernutrition to reduce the risk of infection and improve recovery. (dsm.com)
The focus of our research is to understand the functional role of the HLA system in the setting of transplantation and susceptibility to disease. (utah.edu)
Several lines of evidence suggest that dynamic interactions between the host's enteric microbiota and innate immune system modulate the intestinal response to radiation. (uclahealth.org)
Neural-immune communication involves the central and peripheral nervous systems, the endocrine system and innate immune signaling first discovered in white blood cells, particularly monocyte-like cells. (unc.edu)
Siglecs are a family of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like receptors predominantly expressed on cells of immune system to regulate their functions through recognizing their glycan ligands [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Two studies by researchers at the University of Chicago show how the bacteria that cause the plague manage to outsmart the immune system and how, by slightly altering one of the microbe's tools, the researchers produced what may be the first safe and effective vaccine. (uchicagomedicine.org)
In the Science Express paper, Schneewind and colleagues show how Y. pestis annihilates the first line of defense in the host's immune system before it can generate a full response. (uchicagomedicine.org)
These cells make up what immunologists call the "innate" immune system. (uchicagomedicine.org)
Their role is to rush to the infection site, engulf the bacteria, chew them up into smaller pieces and present those pieces to the T and B cells--the "adaptive" immune system--which enter the fray more slowly but bring powerful and very specific weapons targeted at those individual pieces. (uchicagomedicine.org)
We use human biological samples, cell culture and animal models coupled with cutting-edge technologies (e.g. conditional gene knockout, CRISPR/Cas9, single cell RNA-sequencing) to determine host-pathogen interactions, and the mechanisms by which infections reshape the innate immune system and contribute to asthma and COPD pathobiology. (nationaljewish.org)
This is incredibly important because vitamin D has a profound effect on the immune system and the intestinal barrier function. (medscape.com)
The degree of imiquimod-induced skin injury in this murine psoriasis model, with symptoms of skin rashes and peeling in mice, can be monitored through a standard clinical score system. (biocytogen.com)
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the American Community Survey in 2016 were used to examine state-level social determinants of health and the number of self-reported mentally unhealthy days in the last 30 days using Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) regression models. (cdc.gov)
Blue-green algae might cause the immune system to become more active, and this could increase the symptoms of auto-immune diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
Blue-green algae can increase the activity of the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
Some medications, such as those used after a transplant, decrease the activity of the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
Those in turn act on the innate immune system. (medscape.com)
It is characterized by loss of tolerance to self-antigens, formation of immune complexes, and an activated type I interferon system. (medscape.com)
The clinical interest in xenotransplants waned following the series of disappointing results and the realization that transplant failure was attributable to powerful unknown forces that would eventually be identified as the body's immune system. (medscape.com)
The aim of the course is that the student should have acquired knowledge, proficiencies and abilities on completion of the course concerning both pathogenic microorganisms and the function of the immune system at the molecular and cellular level, and understand host-pathogen interactions and infection processes from both a mechanistic and an evolutionary perspective. (lu.se)
The course covers pathogenic microorganisms, the function of the immune system, host-pathogen interactions and infection processes from a mechanistic and an evolutionary perspective. (lu.se)

Transcriptional regulation of innate lymphoid cell fate. (pasteur.fr)
Here, we characterized the whole-genome distribution of methyl-CpG and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in mouse innate lymphoid cell 3 (ILC3), ILC2 and natural killer (NK) cells. (stanford.edu)

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is an early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease. (bvsalud.org)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world, affecting over 35 million people. (escholarship.org)
Other scientists outlined new approaches to promote a kind of glial cell activation that might help mice tackle Alzheimer's-like pathology in the brain (see part two of this series). (alzforum.org)
What about in mice modeling Alzheimer's disease (AD)? (alzforum.org)
We then discuss the contribution of microbiota in CNS and pathogenesis of CNS disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
Neuroinflammation is a specific type of innate immune response that occurs in the brain during many, perhaps all, neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and various motor neuron diseases). (utoledo.edu)
For instance, amyloid peptides trigger a neuroinflammatory reaction in the Alzheimer's disease-afflicted brain. (utoledo.edu)
Hensley K , Kursula P. Collapsin Response Mediator Protein-2 (CRMP2) is a Plausible Etiological Factor and Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease: Comparison and Contrast with Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau. (utoledo.edu)
Although neurodegeneration is most often associated with Alzheimer's Disease, dementia and neurodegeneration also occur with chronic alcoholism. (unc.edu)
Genetic elimination of the fibrinogen-binding motif to CD11b in Alzheimer's disease mice reduced microglial lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative signatures that were shared with autoimmune-driven neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis mice. (nature.com)

In addition to potent and selective BTK enzyme and cellular activity, rilzabrutinib inhibited activation and inflammatory activities of B cells and innate cells such as macrophages, basophils, mast cells, and neutrophils, without cell death (in human and rodent assay systems). (aai.org)
Some features typical of CLL neutrophils, e.g., the B-cell-supportive secretion profile, have already been described. (biomedcentral.com)
Since regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in CLL progression and influence the activity of neutrophils, we investigated the crosstalk between Treg and neutrophils in the spleen using a murine model of CLL. (biomedcentral.com)
We analyzed both the phenotype and activity of neutrophils isolated from the spleens of TCL1 leukemia-bearing mice. (biomedcentral.com)
To investigate the interrelation between Treg and neutrophils in the leukemia microenvironment, we performed experiments using TCL1-injected DEREG mice with Treg depletion or RAG2KO mice with adoptively transferred TCL1 cells alone or together with Treg. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, Treg affect the expression of CD62L and IL-4 receptor in neutrophils, both of which are crucial for the function of these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Altogether, the results indicate that the crosstalk between Treg and neutrophils in CLL may play an important role in CLL progression by interfering with the immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
Remarkably, depending on the type of neoplastic disease, the phenotype and functions of neutrophils appear different. (biomedcentral.com)
The commonly used division into N1 and N2 neutrophils does not fully define the changes that occur in these cells during the neoplastic process. (biomedcentral.com)
Indeed, neutrophils are able to support leukemia progression through mechanisms that mimic the cooperation of neutrophils with healthy regulatory B cells [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Mucosal homeostasis requires a delicate equilibrium between immune mechanisms and commensal microorganisms that impacts on the development and maintenance of critical physiological processes including digestion, metabolism or host defense. (pasteur.fr)
We can take advantage of a variety of helminth models available, each of which have their own feature including life cycle, site of infection, or pathological mechanisms influencing macrophage biology. (hindawi.com)
A deep understanding of molecular mechanisms relevant to gene-environment interactions is needed to deliver etiology-based autoimmune disease prevention and treatment strategies. (frontiersin.org)
A deep understanding of disease mechanisms will be needed to deliver etiology-based strategies to reverse this vexing trend. (frontiersin.org)
Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, unanswered questions relating to vitamin D mechanisms in CD4 + T cells are highlighted to promote further research that may lead to a deeper understanding of autoimmune disease molecular etiology. (frontiersin.org)
We drew mainly on MS and T1D research because intensive investigation has generated detailed insights into vitamin D mechanisms in these diseases and provided valuable guidance for research on other autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
A recent chapter ( 6 ) and a review ( 7 ) have summarized vitamin D mechanisms in autoimmune diseases more generally. (frontiersin.org)
Our understanding of the pathogenesis mechanisms leading to lupus has been augmented by the analysis of several different murine models over the past four decades. (biomedcentral.com)
Various mouse models of spontaneous lupus have been employed in an effort to understand the cellular and genetic mechanisms behind induction of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (biomedcentral.com)
In autoantibody-mediated diseases, Fc-mediated mechanisms have been highlighted. (academie-medecine.fr)
Non-specific immune mechanisms consist of natural ways with which a bird tries to resist a disease. (kemin.com)
The focus of our research is to understand how autoimmune T cells evade tolerogenic mechanisms and why regulatory T cells fail in autoimmunity. (utah.edu)
Our goals are to 1) uncover novel mechanisms of tumorigenesis and metastasis, 2) identify biomarkers that prognosticate disease progression or predict treatment response and 3) collaborate with industry to develop new therapies for the prevention and treatment of cancer progression. (utah.edu)
Neuro-immune communication improves survival through multiple complex mechanisms that are poorly understood. (unc.edu)
The goal of our lab research is to perform basic and translational research to understand the mechanisms of airway diseases, and discover new therapeutic targets. (nationaljewish.org)

In this section, we discuss the interplay between resident microbiota and key immunological signaling, and implications of their relationship in CNS development and neurological diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
My laboratory studies T cells and their role in the generation of immunological memory in response to viral infection and immunization. (utah.edu)
We have numerous syngeneic and xenogeneic tumor models, immunological models, and radiobiological partial and whole body, transplantation and tumor models. (uclahealth.org)

FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)

These findings suggest that, while infection may trigger autoimmunity, evidence suggests that immune processes drive disease progression. (cdc.gov)
Identifying triggers, including infection, and early markers of autoimmunity are important goals for preventing onset of or disrupting progression to autoimmune disease. (cdc.gov)
Thus, the profile of monocytes in ALS patients may serve as a biomarker for disease stage or progression. (nih.gov)
Our results suggest that recruitment of inflammatory monocytes plays an important role in disease progression and that modulation of these cells is a potential therapeutic approach. (nih.gov)
He has delineated the function of these molecules in diverse set of biological processes including: 1) gut and kidney formation, 2) vascular permeability, 3) mucosal inflammatory disease, 4) stem cell homing and migration, and 5) epithelial tumor progression. (ubc.ca)
It is apparent that macrophage-derived foam cells play a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
For our in vivo and ex vivo experiments, we inoculated wild-type mice with TCL1 leukemic cells isolated from Eµ-TCL1 transgenic mice and then monitored disease progression by detecting leukemic cells in peripheral blood. (biomedcentral.com)
The progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is strongly associated with the modification of diverse immune cell populations to create a niche appropriate for the proliferation and survival of leukemic B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The immunosuppressive CLL microenvironment supports disease progression, contributes to CLL escape from immune surveillance and significantly destabilizes the whole immune response of a CLL patient [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Overall, the present study describes a novel and potent pathway of pDC activation that is linked to the macrophage-mediated clearance of infected cells. (nature.com)
Prior to disease onset, splenic Ly6Chi monocytes expressed a polarized macrophage phenotype (M1 signature), which included increased levels of chemokine receptor CCR2. (nih.gov)
Here, we reviewed the recent advances from the laboratory mouse about macrophage origin, polarization, activation, and effector functions during parasitic helminth infection. (hindawi.com)

In fact, in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, massive infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells, including activated macrophages, was detected in infected lung tissue. (nature.com)
The ILC subsets have been implicated in a wide range of physiological processes including tissue homeostasis and repair, immune defense or development of lymphoid organs. (pasteur.fr)
Besides, appropriate immune response is needed to repair tissue damage linked to parasite migration or to avoid damage caused by excessive immune activation. (hindawi.com)
Neurodegenerative disease researchers have caught on that glia do more than supply energy to neurons or respond to emergencies such as amyloid accumulation or tissue damage. (alzforum.org)
Following contusion SCI, wild-type (WT) mice showed significant tissue damage, white matter damage and impaired motor recovery. (researchsquare.com)
Dr Tamara Jamaspishvili is a research pathologist, translational research scientist focusing on developing, evaluating, validating, and applying tissue-based prognostic and predictive biomarkers and models for improved disease prognostication and management of cancer patients. (upstate.edu)
lymphoid tissue, and digestive tract), which the animal model captures the It can be difficult to parse out concordance has often been ob- range of potential human response reasons for lack of tumour site con- served among different species after to the particular agent tested. (who.int)
TNFα levels were also inhibited in the alcohol and HDE-exposed mouse lung tissue as compared to the HDE only exposed group. (cdc.gov)
HDE-induced lung inflammatory aggregates clearly present in the tissue from HDE only exposed animals were not visually detectable in the HDE/alcohol co-exposure group. (cdc.gov)
The motivation for using animal sources for organ or tissue transplantation is driven by supply and demand. (medscape.com)

There his work focused on transcriptional control of hematopoietic stem cell maturation and cell fate. (ubc.ca)
We identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DHMRs) between ILC and NK cell subsets and correlated them with transcriptional signatures. (stanford.edu)

Earlier work in the lab had revealed that the star-shaped cells express high levels of phagocytic receptors. (alzforum.org)
To test whether astrocyte phagocytosis is responsible for this synaptic pruning, Chung turned to mice lacking multiple EGF-like-domains 10 (MEGF10) and C-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MERTK), two phagocytic receptors that are highly expressed in astrocytes (see Jan 2008 news story ). (alzforum.org)
Using sequencing technology, the researchers were able to compare the epigenomes and transcriptomes of cDCs from germ-free animals with those of control animals and animals deficient in IFN-I receptors. (charite.de)

Genetic and other factors affect susceptibility to both infection and autoimmune disease. (cdc.gov)
data), which is perhaps consistent with women's predisposition to autoimmune disease. (cdc.gov)
Mouse models have suggested that modulation of Treg cells can treat autoimmune disease and cancer and can facilitate organ transplantation and wound healing. (wikipedia.org)
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that results in the appearance of white spots on the skin. (umassmed.edu)
This review summarizes and integrates research on vitamin D and CD4 + T-lymphocyte biology to develop new mechanistic insights into the molecular etiology of autoimmune disease. (frontiersin.org)
Evidence linking sunlight, vitamin D, and the risk of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes is summarized to develop the thesis that vitamin D is the environmental factor that most strongly influences autoimmune disease development. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, unanswered questions and potentially informative future research directions are highlighted to speed delivery of etiology-based strategies to reduce autoimmune disease. (frontiersin.org)

Estrogen amplifies the immune response to coxsackievirus B3 in susceptible mice, increasing TNF- α and IL-4 levels (unpub. (cdc.gov)
Co-exposure with Pseudomonas fluorescens caused a greater degree of lung innate immune response and granuloma formation but a diminished adaptive (Th1) immune response (IFN-y) in the lung and spleen. (cdc.gov)
Thus, oral fungal challenge generates an acute immune response in a naive host. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, oral fungal challenge with the commonly used laboratory C. albicans strain SC5314 generates an acute immune response in a naive host ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages are highly plastic innate immune cells that adopt an important diversity of phenotypes in response to environmental cues. (hindawi.com)
Inflammasome is an innate immune signaling complex, which is activated in response to diverse microbial and endogenous danger signals. (biomedcentral.com)
The challenge is to find a balance between dampening the harmful immune response without leaving the body vulnerable to infections. (eurekalert.org)
According to the researchers' report, which has been published in Cell*, this leaves the relevant cells without the necessary fuel to mount an immune response. (charite.de)
Presence of an infection triggers the body's immune response. (charite.de)
In contrast, when T cell activation is triggered by cDCs presenting endogenous antigens, this leads to a faulty and undesirable immune response and results in autoimmune diseases. (charite.de)
Neuroinflammation is manifest by activation of microglial cells in response to dysregulated cytokine networks and may be triggered by deposits of toxic protein or dead cell debris. (utoledo.edu)
The awareness of the dysregulation of the immune and inflammatory response - known as immunosenescence and inflammaging - has become particularly heightened during the global COVID-19 pandemic. (dsm.com)
Supplementing obese mice with fruit and vegetables has been shown to improve the dysregulation of immune response and reverse trend lower T cell-mediated proliferation that is linked with obesity. (dsm.com)
IL-4 and immuno-modulation are hallmarks of parasitic infections, my laboratory broadly focuses on using the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni as a tool to understand both, the consequences of IL-4 induced immuno-modulation, and the complex interplay between B, T, and stromal cells necessary to develop an optimal T and B cell memory response. (utah.edu)
The alcohol-induced innate immune response was associated with cortical brain regions that show binge drinking-induced brain damage in rats. (unc.edu)
One of this microbe's enduring mysteries has been how it gains a foothold in the host without triggering a protective immune response. (uchicagomedicine.org)
Impaired neutrophil activity is an important issue in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), as it contributes to a dysfunctional immune response leading to life-threatening infections in patients. (biomedcentral.com)
I've also used supplementation in patients with diverticulitis , which we know to occur more frequently in patients with lower vitamin D. When you get into some of the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D on proliferation, differentiation, barrier function, and immune response, it makes sense to start looking at this in inflammatory/infectious disease as well. (medscape.com)
Similarly, alcohol-fed mice demonstrated significantly less IL-6 in lung lavage in response to dust than that observed in control mice instilled with HDE. (cdc.gov)
It blocks a receptor, CD14, which plays a key role in detecting bacterial substances and initiating the immune response. (lu.se)

Remarkably, Clec4a4+ eosinophils were instructed by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that imprints many gut immune cells. (stanford.edu)

In fact, commensal fungi, such as C. albicans , are required for microbial community structure, metabolic function, and immune priming ( 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Abundant and diverse microbial communities coexist in humans and mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Most are exceptionally "clean" mice that have a defined microbial flora (which means they are gnotobiotic) consisting of 3 organisms: one Bacillus and two Clostridial species and are free of aerobic and Gram-negative bacteria. (uclahealth.org)

Murine models of PCM have been used to study the several aspects of Pb infection, the outcomes varying from cure to a progressive granulomatous disease, according to the susceptibility of the strain of mice [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)

If they receive these signals, they proliferate and express both CD4 and CD8, becoming double-positive cells. (wikipedia.org)
We believe that, once stressed, melanocytes produce signals that recruit T cells to the skin, which then find the melanocytes and kill them. (umassmed.edu)
Second , we study how the T cells detect these signals, enter the skin, find the melanocytes, and kill them. (umassmed.edu)
Kronenberg and his colleagues worked with a genetically altered mouse model to mimic the signals of hypoxia in the airway's epithelial cells, which line the paths to the lungs. (eurekalert.org)
Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)
Dr. Fulton Crews, John Andrews Distinguished Professor, Professor of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, and Director of UNC's Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, has advanced the understanding of the role of innate immune signaling in the brain including the discovery that ethanol induction of innate immune signals contributes to the neurobiology of addiction. (unc.edu)

Through gene knockout studies he has shown that these molecules act as a type of molecular "Teflon" to make cells more mobile and invasive and also facilitate chemotaxis. (ubc.ca)
As a person with gasps for breath, these cells flood the airways with molecules that damage the lungs. (eurekalert.org)
It is thought to be mediated by cells and molecules of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, as a result of a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences. (biocytogen.com)

Liver diseases in the perinatal period: Interactions between mother and infant. (mayo.edu)
As described on their poster-and reported 24 November in Nature-they first examined neuronal-glial interactions in mice less than a week old. (alzforum.org)
With the explosive growth of scientific knowledge that gut microbiota have a pivotal role in the maintenance of host physiology, it is clear that methodical manipulation of the microbiota will contribute to understanding the interactions among the bacteria and the host in disease and health. (uclahealth.org)

Infection with MI live cells induced a more severe phenotype than MI cell lysate. (cdc.gov)
Conditionally Gata3-deficient mice had no lymph nodes and were susceptible to Citrobactor rodentium infection. (nih.gov)
Immunosuppressed persons, such as stem cell transplant or organ transplant recipients, may require CT scanning to clarify upper respiratory versus lower respiratory infection. (medscape.com)
Although its actual cause remains still unknown, various environmental factors such as vitamin D deficiency, smoking, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and genetic factors have been accused as risk factors of the disease [ 1 ]. (medsci.org)
The researchers concluded that cDCs must receive information while the cell is in its 'basal state' (which is characterized by the absence of infection) and that this information must derive from the microbiome. (charite.de)
We work on malaria, a disease caused by infection with parasites of the genus Plasmodium. (utah.edu)
Plasmodium parasites invade the body's red blood cells and can cause a harmful systemic infection. (utah.edu)

Male C57BL/6j (lean) and ob/ob mice (leptin-deficient mice exhibiting obese phenotype) were subjected to SF or control conditions for 24 h using an automated SF chamber. (peerj.com)
Diabetic C57BL-6 mice and controls were infected with Pb18 and treated with insulin for 12 days prior to experiments. (hindawi.com)
A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, (B) epidermal thickness measurement, and (C) histology score on a scale from 0 to 11 of the dorsal skin from wild-type C57BL/6 mice treated with either control or IMQ cream. (biocytogen.com)
Dose-dependent effects of dexamethasone (DXM) in IMQ-induced wild-type C57BL/6 psoriasis mice. (biocytogen.com)
A) Body weight, (B,C) daily dorsal scoring for erythema and scaling on a scale from 0 to 4, and (D) cumulative score (erythema and scaling) were measured in wild-type C57BL/6 mice exposed to control cream (G1), IMQ cream (G2), or IMQ in combination with increasing concentrations of dexamethasone (G3-G5). (biocytogen.com)
A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, (B) epidermal thickness measurement, and (C) histology score on a scale from 0 to 11 of the dorsal skin from wild-type C57BL/6 mice exposed to control cream (G1), IMQ cream (G2), or IMQ in combination with increasing concentrations of dexamethasone (G3-G5). (biocytogen.com)
To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice were fed 20% alcohol or water ad libitum for 6 weeks and treated with 12.5% HDE by intranasal inhalation method daily during the final three weeks. (cdc.gov)

Due to local or systemic immunosuppression, this commensal fungus is able to proliferate resulting in oral disease, called oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). (frontiersin.org)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease characterized by the appearance of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens and the involvement of multiple organ systems, including the kidneys. (biomedcentral.com)
The hyperactivated leukocytes as well as the pathogenic autoantibodies and immune complexes resulting from the systemic disease ultimately play an important role in local autoimmunity and end organ disease within target organs like the kidneys. (biomedcentral.com)
We evaluated the role of insulin in inflammatory parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic mice using a systemic mycosis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) model. (hindawi.com)

For example, transfer of disease by autoantibodies and immune cells from affected animals indicates the immune-mediated nature of these syndromes ( 4 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)

To explore the chance of toxin-mediated eliminating we analyzed the transcription from the ABC transporter gene disease from the preporter stress. (exposed-skin-care.net)
The proposed Th1-Tr1 switch appears to bridge two stable, self-reinforcing immune states, pro- and anti-inflammatory, each with a characteristic gene regulatory network. (frontiersin.org)
Ob/ob mice exhibited elevated cytokine gene expression in liver (TNF-α, TGF-β1), heart (TGF-β1), fat (TNF-α), and brain (hippocampus, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex: IL-1β, TNF-α) compared with wild-type mice. (peerj.com)
SF significantly increased IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression in fat and TGF-β1 expression in spleen relative to controls, but only in wild-type mice. (peerj.com)
Our main tool for studying neuroinflammation is the SOD1 G93A transgenic mouse, which carries the human gene mutation responsible for hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease). (utoledo.edu)
Crews hypothesized that the innate immune gene induction was not due to the brain damage, but rather, it was the cause of the binge drinking-induced brain damage. (unc.edu)
The results suggest a crucial role of NF-kB in alcohol-induced brain damage and support the hypothesis that innate immune gene induction contributes to alcohol-induced frontal cortical damage that could underlie the loss of behavioral control associated with alcohol addiction (Fig. 2). (unc.edu)
Our innovative gene-editing technology increases gene-editing efficiency by 10 to 20 fold, making our custom model development process faster and more affordable for your research. (biocytogen.com)
In particular, we generated B-hIL17A mice where the human IL-17A gene is knocked-in and replaces the mouse IL-17A gene. (biocytogen.com)
This rate is patterns, gene sequencing, immuno- Centre for Disease Prevention and higher than that of severe acute respira- genicity and the animal-human and hu- Control (ECDC) and the National In- tory syndrome coronavirus (SARS), man-human interfaces. (who.int)

Treg cells are immunosuppressive and generally suppress or downregulate induction and proliferation of effector T cells. (wikipedia.org)
IMQ application induces keratinocyte proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration. (biocytogen.com)
Predicated on these results, we speculated that Belatacept combined with BTLA pathway can ameliorate the incident of severe rejection pursuing kidney transplantation, inhibit T cell proliferation and activation in recipients, improve kidney graft features and prolong graft success. (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)

Numerous clinical trials conducted in participants living with relapsing MS and PPMS have contributed to the understanding of MS pathogenesis allowing for development and management of this heterogeneous disease through targeted disease modifying therapies (DMTs) as the stochastic nature of symptoms evolve [ 4 ]. (medsci.org)
We have developed a model for ALS pathogenesis in which a cytokine called TNFa drives the neuroinflammatory reaction. (utoledo.edu)
Here, we will review the present understanding - as garnered from studying mouse models - about the roles of various immune cells in lupus pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell-to-cell propagation of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and underlie the spread of α-syn neuropathology. (biomedcentral.com)
α-Syn is believed to play key roles in the pathogenesis of both idiopathic PD and some genetic forms of the disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

For example, coxsackievirus B3 induces viral myocarditis in susceptible mice. (cdc.gov)

Preventing maternal infections may further minimize chronic disease and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. (cdc.gov)
Differential immunogenicity and lung disease-inducing potential of Mycobacterium immunogenum genotypes and impact of co-exposure with pseudomonas: optimizing a mouse model of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (cdc.gov)
To test this hypothesis, we optimized a chronic HP mouse model in terms of MI antigen dose, timepoint of sacrifice, and form of antigen (cell lysates vs. live cells) and compared six different field-isolated MI strains. (cdc.gov)
The improved chronic MI-HP mouse model and the identified polar pair of MI strains will facilitate future diagnostic and therapeutic research on this poorly understood environmental lung disease. (cdc.gov)
During my studies, I have uncovered that loss of the adaptive immune results in both a dramatic increase in amyloid pathology and a worsening of the chronic inflammatory state of the CNS compared to immune-intact AD mice. (escholarship.org)
Experiencing hypoxia is a known trigger for developing and worsening lung conditions such as severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and fibrosis. (eurekalert.org)
Occupational workers exposed to dusts from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are at risk for developing chronic inflammatory lung diseases. (cdc.gov)
An emerging hazard is respiratory disease, including: occupation-related chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and exacerbation of asthma due to the inhalation of dust associated with swine husbandry [ 13 ]. (cdc.gov)

B cell deficiency increased the oral fungal load without causing severe OPC. (frontiersin.org)
We breed and house many strains of immunocompromised mice with varying degrees of deficiency, including with NSG, Scid, and Nude mice of varying genotype, including humanized strains. (uclahealth.org)
Siglec-E deficiency promotes foam cell formation by enhancing acetylated and oxidized LDL uptake without affecting cholesterol efflux in macrophages in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)

Research has found that the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is essential for Treg cells to differentiate from naïve CD4+ cells and is important in maintaining Treg cell homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
We are using genetically modified mouse strains (knockouts, conditional knockouts, fluorescent reporter strains), and cytokine and chemokine neutralizing antibodies to identify the key proteins required for disease. (umassmed.edu)
IL-17 cytokine level is elevated in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis model. (biocytogen.com)

However, most of these studies were performed on cells isolated from peripheral blood. (biomedcentral.com)

The next step was to figure out exactly how epithelial cells activate ILC2 during hypoxia. (eurekalert.org)
The researchers showed that human lung epithelial cells exposed to hypoxia also produced ADM. (eurekalert.org)

We carry over 140 strains of immune competent, immune deficient, and transgenic mice. (uclahealth.org)

The empirical difference between programed and nonprogramed senescence becomes evident when comparing the stereotypical steps leading to death in salmon contrasted with the lack of such stereotypy in most organisms such as humans and mice. (fightaging.org)

In addition to basic science investigations in such areas as tumor cell invasion, oncogenes, immunotherapy and genetic inheritance, our scientists and physicians participate in national cancer trials. (upstate.edu)
Xenogeneic and syngeneic transplant models include tumor and normal cells and biobanked samples. (uclahealth.org)
Spontaneous" tumor animal models, which simulate the occurrence of tumors in the general human population, are readily available as are many other transgenic strains. (uclahealth.org)
As with immunocompetent animal models, these mice can also be used for both heterotopic and orthotopic tumor models. (uclahealth.org)

If absent, relevant mediators are not released, resulting in a failure to activate metabolic processes in certain immune cells. (charite.de)

Ibrahim SH, Gores GJ, Hirsova P, Kirby M, Miles L, Jaeschke A, Kohli R. Mixed lineage kinase 3 deficient mice are protected against the high fat high carbohydrate diet-induced steatohepatitis. (mayo.edu)
ApoE-deficient (apoE −/− ) and apoE/Siglec-E-double deficient (apoE −/− /Siglec-E −/− ) mice were placed on high fat diet for 3 months and their lipid profiles and severities of atherosclerosis were assessed. (biomedcentral.com)

Multiple sclerosis and T1D have distinct target organs, genetic risk factors, onset ages, and female to male ratios, but target organ-specific T cells as initiators unite these diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Here we show that genetic deletion of Siglec-E accelerated atherosclerosis without affecting lipid profile in apoE −/− mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Succesful cloning from a cancer cell, succesful cloning from old adult organisms, repeated cloning of old adult organisms without compromising health(that is clones from clones from clones, second and third generation clones), and the like have shown, unless I missed some news, that IMHO it seems no permanent or at least significantly impairing damage at a genetic level seems to be occuring with aging. (fightaging.org)
Even some cancers seem to be unable to significantly do damage that permanently impairs genetic function given the healthy clone obtained out of a cancer cell. (fightaging.org)
Competing causes of mortali- or all of the animal species tested genetic variation, health status, life ty may prevent the development of experimentally. (who.int)
These studies, however, generally do not identify the actual genetic polymorphism that actually imparts the increased risk of disease. (medscape.com)

Immunotherapy research is studying how regulation of T cells could possibly be utilized in the treatment of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
These findings provide a powerful resource for studying innate lymphocyte epigenetic regulation and decode the regulatory logic governing their identity. (stanford.edu)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was identified in late 2019 as the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused an unprecedented pandemic and global health crisis [ 1 ]. (nature.com)
IMPORTANCE: Racial and ethnic minority groups, such as Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander persons, often experience higher rates of severe influenza disease. (cdc.gov)

The neurodegenerative process is believed to occur sub-clinically before the disease is typically diagnosed in the third decade of life. (frontiersin.org)
In Parkinson's disease (PD), misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) assembles into intraneuronal Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, the pathological hallmarks of this progressive neurodegenerative disorder. (biomedcentral.com)

Because effector T cells also express CD4 and CD25, Treg cells are very difficult to effectively discern from effector CD4+, making them difficult to study. (wikipedia.org)
Tregs have a larger TCR diversity than effector T cells, biased towards self-peptides. (wikipedia.org)

Conceived initially for antibody replacement therapy in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, IVIG is now used in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. (academie-medecine.fr)
IVIG is used in (i) low dose or ''substitution'' therapy in immunodeficient patients up to 300-500 mg/kg body weight every 3-4 weeks and [3] (ii) in high dose '' immunomodulatory '' therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases employing 1-2 g/kg body weight in single injection or five daily doses of 400 mg/kg with additional maintenance dose at 4-6 week intervals [4, 5]. (academie-medecine.fr)
Augmentation of the platelet counts in the immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) as first demonstrated by Imbach and co-workers, opened the way for the application of IVIG in other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases [1, 9]. (academie-medecine.fr)

The cellular component of the specific immune mechanism includes all the cells that react with specificity to antigens, except those associated with antibody production. (kemin.com)
The Evavold Lab is focused on studying how T cells interact with their antigens. (utah.edu)

Accumulating evidence suggests that microbiota are involved in the physiology and pathology of cellular organisms, and hence has implications in both health and disease [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Continuous selection programs over generations help breeders to develop chickens that have high resistance power against certain disease organisms. (kemin.com)
Chickens have a high body temperature, which ranges between 40.5°C - 41.5°C/105°F-107°F. This prevents a number of common mammalian disease organisms from affecting them. (kemin.com)
These microflorae help prevent disease organisms from invading and establishing themselves. (kemin.com)
Cilia play an important role in removing disease-causing organisms and debris. (kemin.com)

for example, targeted BTLA therapy can inhibit rejection within a mouse center transplantation model (24) but much less therefore in kidney transplantation. (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Kidney Transplantation Model Rat kidney transplantations had been carried out regarding to a previously defined method (26). (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
Additionally, organs from animal sources could be transplanted into patients currently excluded from the human organ transplantation list. (medscape.com)

4] Porcine skin has been grafted onto burn patients,[5] and pig neuronal cells have been transplanted into patients with Parkinson (Parkinson's) disease and Huntington (Huntington's) disease. (medscape.com)

Anatomy44

Organisms13

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs73

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Immunity23

Responses33

Lymphocytes18

Inflammation11

Immunology6

Infectious diseases4

Pathogens11

Genes12

Cytokines13

Pathways6

Microglia13

Dendritic9

System54

Lymphoid cell2

Alzheimer's10

Neutrophils10

Mechanisms16

Immunological3

Intestinal1

Progression9

Macrophage3

Tissue10

Transcriptional2

Receptors3

Autoimmune disease7

Response20

Eosinophils1

Microbial3

Murine1

Signals6

Molecules3

Interactions3

Infection7

C57BL7

Systemic4

Autoantibodies and immune1

Gene10

Proliferation3

Pathogenesis5

Induces1

Chronic8

Deficiency3

Cytokine3

Peripheral1

Epithelial cells2

Transgenic mice1

Humans and mice1

Tumor4

Activate1

Deficient2

Genetic6

Regulation2

Severe2

Neurodegenerative2

Effector T cel2

Inflammatory Diseases3

Antigens2

Organisms5

Transplantation3

Parkinson's1