Injectable cephalosporin antimicrobial cephalosporin resistance. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cephalosporins are a broad class of bactericidal antibiotics that include the β-lactam ring and share a structural similarity and mechanism of action with other β-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, carbapenems and monobactams). (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Eli Lilly developed a method for producing 7-ACA based on cleaving the α-aminoadipoyl side chain of cephalosporin C. Further work by Robert Morin led to semisynthesis of 3-deacetoxy-7-ACA (7-ADCA) from penicillins which is convenient because penicillins can be fermented with more ease than cephalosporins. (wikipedia.org)
ESBLs are typically inhibitor-susceptible β-lactamases that hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam and are encoded by mobile genes. (asm.org)
Resistance to the penicillins was again widespread, and chromosomally mediated resistance was a significant factor. (health.gov.au)
A high proportion of strains classified as PPNG or else resistant by chromosomal mechanisms fail to respond to treatment with penicillins (penicillin, amoxycillin, ampicillin) and early generation cephalosporins. (health.gov.au)
When antibiotics are indicated, penicillins, macrolides and cephalosporins are all effective, with the suggested duration of treatment ranging from 5-10 days. (dontforgetthebubbles.com)
People who are allergic to the cephalosporin class of antibiotics, which are related to the penicillins , for example, cefaclor , cephalexin , and cefprozil , may or may not be allergic to penicillins. (lymetalk.net)
When everyone climbed the stairs, they said goodbye, strengthening the ultimate male ?Consider Alternatives: Alternative antimicrobials include penicillins, and cephalosporins. (cleverlend.ru)

Cephalosporins are widely used antibiotics because of their clinical efficiency and desirable safety profile. (wikipedia.org)
Modification of side chains on the relevant positions has been used to create a whole new class of cephalosporin antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
However, treatment has been compromised by the absence of routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinical care and evolution of antimicrobial resistance to the antibiotics used to treat gonorrhea. (cdc.gov)
The WHO, more specifically, reported widespread resistance to older and cheaper antibiotics. (outragemag.com)
We must use antibiotics responsibly to preserve their efficacy and minimise the development and spread of resistance. (vin.com)
The concordance between phenotypic and genotypic resistance was 92.38% overall for five antibiotics in four classes. (who.int)
N. gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to to front-line antibiotics triggered a global action plan from first-line antibiotics such as sulfonamides, penicil ins, WHO to control the spread and impact of gonococcal tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and early resistance and a call for international col aborative ac- cephalosporins. (who.int)
5,6 Additional risk factors include prolonged stay in a hospital or healthcare facility, presence of invasive devices such as bladder catheters, and exposure to certain antibiotics, such as vancomycin, third-generation cephalosporins, and antianaerobic agents. (uspharmacist.com)
Enterococci impart resistance to antibiotics in a variety of ways. (uspharmacist.com)
Development of antibiotic resistance, particularly in the case of bacterial infections, is one of the major reasons negatively affecting the global antibiotics market. (researchdive.com)
With significant increase in drug resistance in multiple bacteria, new antibiotics are essentially required worldwide. (researchdive.com)
Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Ceftriaxone for Injection or other antibacterial drugs in the future.Diarrhea is common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. (drugcentral.org)
Several oral or injectable antibiotics can be used, but drug resistance is an increasing problem. (msdmanuals.com)
However, prescribing unnecessary antibiotics increases the risk of antimicrobial resistance while exposing children to potential side effects. (dontforgetthebubbles.com)
Since most of these antibiotics are excreted primarily via glomerular filtration in kidneys, renal functions are critical factors affecting antimicrobial concentration [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The percentage of isolates resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, or all three antimicrobials, was greater in isolates from MSM than from MSW. (cdc.gov)
Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin that works by bacteriocidal, beta-lactam action-inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins, which prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan strands normally needed for the cell wall's integrity and leads to osmotic lysis of the bacterium. (crstoday.com)
Injectable benzathine penicillin is considered the drug of choice in treatment and prevention of streptococcal infections, including the prophylaxis of rheumatic fever. (guidelinecentral.com)
For injectable drugs , cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were more effective than penicillin. (lymetalk.net)

GISP is a CDC-supported sentinel surveillance system that has monitored N. gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibilities since 1986, and is the only source in the United States of national and regional N. gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility data. (cdc.gov)
During September-December 2011, CDC and five external GISP principal investigators, each with N. gonorrhoeae -specific expertise in surveillance, antimicrobial resistance, treatment, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, reviewed antimicrobial susceptibility trends in GISP through August 2011 to determine whether to update CDC's current recommendations ( 2 ) for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. (cdc.gov)
Each month, the first 25 gonococcal urethral isolates collected from men attending participating STD clinics (approximately 6,000 isolates each year) were submitted for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. (cdc.gov)
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the lowest antimicrobial concentration that inhibits visible bacterial growth in the laboratory, is used to assess antimicrobial susceptibility. (cdc.gov)
Isolates are tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using agar dilution at one of five regional laboratories. (cdc.gov)
This is the first report to present comprehensive surveillance data from GISP and summarize gonococcal susceptibility over time, as well as underscore the history and public health implications of emerging cephalosporin resistance. (cdc.gov)
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns vary by geographic region within the United States and by sex of sex partner. (cdc.gov)
Despite the MIC decrease (i.e., trend of improved cefixime susceptibility) during 2012-2013, the increase in the number of strains with Cfx-RS in 2014 underscores the potential threat of cephalosporin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae . (cdc.gov)
Because susceptibility tests may be unreliable, special tests are required to detect the resistance mechanisms involved. (asm.org)
ESBL producers are usually multiply drug resistant ( 5 , 30 ), but their cephalosporin and aztreonam resistance is not reliably detected by susceptibility tests ( 33 ). (asm.org)
This approach is controversial ( 19 ) but has been adopted in slightly different forms by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and the CLSI. (asm.org)
The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (WHO WPR GASP) is a multicentric long term programme of continuous surveillance of the antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae . (health.gov.au)
In 1997 the programme examined the susceptibility of 8,594 isolates of gonococci to various antimicrobials in 15 focal points. (health.gov.au)
NG has shown decreased susceptibility to "last line" treatment options, including oral and injectable cephalosporins. (roche.com)
Advances in molecular diagnostic test design can now provide information on antibiotic susceptibility or resistance. (roche.com)

Based on guidance and tools developed jointly by WHO, FAO and OIE, Member States have developed and started implementing national action plans for combating antimicrobial resistance. (who.int)

The WHO Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (WHO GASP), monitors trends in drug-resistant gonorrhoea. (outragemag.com)
According to the WHO Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme, which monitors trends in drug-resistant gonorrhea, data from 2009 to 2014 show widespread resistance to ciprofloxacin , with 97% of countries reporting drug-resistant strains, the authors state. (medscape.com)
This report published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 22, No 13, 24 December 1998 contains information on the the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme. (health.gov.au)
The WHO has sought to establish a global surveillance network to monitor antibiotic resistance in the gonococcus - the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP). (health.gov.au)

The antimicrobials most commonly indicated in Enterobacter infections include carbapenems, fourth-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and TMP-SMZ. (medscape.com)

In 2007, emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae in the United States prompted CDC to no longer recommend fluoroquinolones for treatment of gonorrhea, leaving cephalosporins as the only remaining recommended antimicrobial class ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Resistance to nalidixic acid is a surrogate marker which predicts fluoroquinolones failure and can be used to guide antibiotic therapy. (pediatriconcall.com)
2) The resistance to fluoroquinolones may be total or partial. (pediatriconcall.com)

In addition, 81% of countries report increasing resistance to azithromycin, and 66% report the emergence of resistance to the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) - oral cefixime or injectable ceftriaxone - which are currently the last-resort treatment options. (medscape.com)
N eisseria gonorrhoeae is a leading cause of for gonorrhoea is limited to one last effective class of an- sexually transmitted infections, with an estimated timicrobials, the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (e.g. (who.int)

Decreasing condom use, increased urbanization and travel, poor infection detection rates, and inadequate or failed treatment all contribute to the emergence of antibiotic-resistance gonorrhoea that is now much harder, and sometimes even impossible, to treat. (outragemag.com)
Antibiotic-resistance gonorrhoea - a common sexually-transmitted infection - is now much harder, and sometimes even impossible, to treat. (outragemag.com)
Antibiotic resistance is making gonorrhea much harder, and sometimes impossible, to treat, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned yesterday. (medscape.com)
Once Enterococcus species colonize the GI tract, the development of antibiotic resistance increases, as does the risk of transmission between patients and providers. (uspharmacist.com)
therefore, it has led to the spread of antibiotic resistance, one of the greatest threats to human health. (biomedcentral.com)
AMRmap: an online platform for monitoring antibiotic resistance. (cmac-journal.ru)

Chlamydia trachomatis ) and reflecting concern about emerging gonococcal resistance, CDC's 2010 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) treatment guidelines recommended combination therapy for gonorrhea with a cephalosporin (ceftriaxone 250 mg intramuscularly or cefixime 400 mg orally) plus either azithromycin orally or doxycycline orally, even if nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for C. trachomatis was negative at the time of treatment ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Criteria for resistance to cefixime and ceftriaxone have not been defined by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (cdc.gov)
Cefixime has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to that of ceftriaxone, but the 400 mg oral dose does not provide as high nor as sustained a bactericidal level as does 125 mg of ceftriaxone. (cdc.gov)
Because dual therapy with ceftriaxone plus azithromycin is the only recommended gonorrhea treatment, increases in azithromycin and cephalosporin MICs are cause for concern that resistance to these antimicrobial agents might be emerging. (cdc.gov)
The percentage of isolates with elevated cefixime MICs increased during 2009-2010, then decreased during 2012-2013 after treatment recommendations were changed in 2010 to recommend dual therapy (with a cephalosporin and a second antibiotic) and a higher dosage of ceftriaxone. (cdc.gov)
But resistance to cefixime - and more rarely to ceftriaxone - has now been reported in more than 50 countries. (outragemag.com)
Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveil ance Programme has antimicrobials representing four different classes, namely operated in the Western Pacific and South-East Asian penicil in (PEN), ciprofloxacin (CIP), tetracycline (TCY), regions since 1992, but surveil ance of gonococcal anti- ceftriaxone (CRO) and cefixime (CFX), by disc diffusion microbial resistance (AMR) remains limited in the Asia- and gradient diffusion (Etest, BioMerieux). (who.int)
Parenteral third generation cephalosporins include ceftriaxone 50-75mg/kg/day in one or two doses, cefotaxime 40-80 mg/kg/day in two or three doses and cefoperazone 50-100 mg/kg/per day in two doses. (pediatriconcall.com)
For complicated typhoid the choice of drug is parenteral third generation cephalosporin e.g. ceftriaxone (2). (pediatriconcall.com)
In vitro studies have shown that ceftriaxone, like some other cephalosporins, can displace bilirubin from serum albumin. (drugcentral.org)
cofactor role of Ceftriaxone for Injection-related biliary precipitation cannot be ruled out.As with other cephalosporins, anaphylactic shock cannot be ruled out even if thorough patient history is taken. (drugcentral.org)

The cephalosporins (and other β-lactams) have the ability to kill bacteria by inhibiting essential steps in the bacterial cell wall synthesis which in the end results in osmotic lysis and death of the bacterial cell. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing is not always necessary. (vin.com)
The potency of an antimicrobial is measured as the lowest concentration that inhibits visible bacterial growth, also known as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). (mhmedical.com)
The substituent present on oxacillin is thought to impart resistance to degradation via bacterial β-lactamases. (mdwiki.org)
Achieving the adequate concentration of any antibiotic at the site of infection and preventing bacterial resistance is crucial for good clinical practice. (encyclopedia.pub)

1,2) Of the third generation cephalosporins, oral cefixime has been widely used in children. (pediatriconcall.com)
In case of uncomplicated typhoid, oral third generation cephalosporin e.g. cefixime should be the drug of choice as empiric therapy. (pediatriconcall.com)

Binding to plasma proteins is significant in cephalosporins except for cefotaxime, ceftaroline, ceftolozane and cefepime. (encyclopedia.pub)

the World Health Organization considers this third-generation cephalosporin to be a highest priority critically important antimicrobial (HPCIA) ( 24 ). (cdc.gov)

Effective treatment is a cornerstone of U.S. gonorrhea control efforts, but treatment of gonorrhea has been complicated by the ability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to develop antimicrobial resistance. (cdc.gov)
Such a GASP network is useful not only for the individual contributing countries and the Regions, but also has wider application as an indicator of emerging global resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae . (health.gov.au)
Antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major threat to public health and is of particular concern in the Western Pacific Region, where the incidence of gonorrhoea is high. (who.int)

This large multicenter companion animal study demonstrates the potential of preventive healthcare and client engagement to encourage responsible antimicrobial drug use. (cdc.gov)

In human medicine, electronic health records (EHRs) and qualitative research techniques have been used extensively to identify practitioner- and patient-led factors associated with the likelihood of antimicrobial drug prescription ( 10 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)

1,2 The effective management and prevention of VRE requires appropriate antimicrobial selection and aggressive infection-control measures, and pharmacists across healthcare settings play a significant role in optimal patient care. (uspharmacist.com)
In order to select an appropriate antimicrobial agent, it is imperative to identify which organisms should be targeted. (crstoday.com)

The cephalosporins are diverse in their antibacterial spectrum, water solubility, acid tolerability, oral bioavailability, biological half-life and other properties. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, the cephalosporins can be further classified into generations depending on antibacterial activity, time of invention and structural basis. (wikipedia.org)
Ampicillin and Sulbactam for Injection, USP is an injectable antibacterial combination consisting of the semisynthetic antibacterial ampicillin sodium and the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam sodium for intravenous and intramuscular administration. (nih.gov)

The need for ESBL detection is under challenge on the supposition that it is possible to set breakpoints for injectable cephalosporins and aztreonam that accurately discriminate which ESBL-producing isolates can and cannot be reliably treated with these drugs. (asm.org)
All isolates were sensitive to the third generation cephalosporins and only a very few isolates in China were spectinomycin resistant. (health.gov.au)
When in vitro resistance to a recommended agent is demonstrated in 5 per cent or more of isolates from a general population, it is usual to remove that agent from the list of recommended treatment. (health.gov.au)
At present all laboratories also test isolates for the presence of high level (plasmid-mediated) resistance to the tetracyclines, known as TRNG. (health.gov.au)
The multilocus sequence type, multiantigen sequence type, presence of determinants of antimicrobial resistance and relatedness among the isolates were all derived from the sequence data. (who.int)

A programme-specific quality assurance programme is conducted annually and a series of reference strains pertinent to the regional patterns of resistance were made available. (health.gov.au)
The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) reference laboratories in the various States and Territories report data on sensitivity to an agreed 'core' group of antimicrobial agents quarterly. (health.gov.au)

In 1959 Abraham reported that his N-phenylacetyl derivative of cephalosporin C was much more potent against Staphylococcus aureus strains than the parent compound. (wikipedia.org)
Selection of a treatment regimen for N. gonorrhoeae infection requires consideration of the anatomic site of infection, resistance of N. gonorrhoeae strains to antimicrobials, the possibility of concurrent infection with C. trachomatis, and the side effects and costs of the various treatment regimens. (cdc.gov)
The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) was established in 1986 as a sentinel surveillance system to monitor trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae strains in the United States. (cdc.gov)

Cefalexin is a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. (msd-animal-health.ie)

Because the detection of such "hidden" resistance is so critical, this Commentary focuses on its detection in gram-negative pathogens. (asm.org)
The factors responsible for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance include the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in the human health sector, as well as in the food production and animal sectors, and a lack of adequate infection prevention and control programmes to reduce the incidence of infections and the transmission of resistant pathogens. (who.int)

We are already seeing resistance to the last-line treatment, which is a cephalosporin and azithromycin , so we need to be more vigilant now and support and collaborate actions to address issues of antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea," said Dr Wi. (medscape.com)
4 While men and women, 2 with higher rates of 7.7% and 10.8% resistance to azithromycin has also increased global y, 1 among men who have sex with men at two different sites resistance to the dual therapy remains low. (who.int)

e) while 123 countries have policies requiring a prescription for antibiotic use in humans, 64 have limited the use of critically important antimicrobials for human medicine for growth promotion in animal food production. (who.int)

There is a need for new molecular diagnostic methods that will allow clinicians to detect and monitor antimicrobial resistance in these multidrug-resistant organisms, enabling better treatment strategies. (roche.com)
As antimicrobial resistance continues to rise globally, multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms have posed a significant challenge for clinicians, owing to the dearth of effective therapeutic options to combat them. (uspharmacist.com)

Of these groups, the role of companion animals in the development ( 1 , 2 ), carriage, ( 6 ) and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among animal and human populations is being increasingly realized, partly because of the close proximity in which these animals reside with humans ( 5 , 7 , 8 ). (cdc.gov)
However, there are concerns that resistance or resistant bacteria could be transferred from animal to human health, and vice versa, and reduce the effectiveness of some antibiotic treatments. (msd-animal-health.ie)
Although some species are inherently resistant to vancomycin, they are far less common than species that acquire resistance through transfer of genetic material. (uspharmacist.com)

Antimicrobial stewardship is a cornerstone of efforts to curtail antimicrobial resistance. (cdc.gov)

Cephalothin, a first generation cephalosporin for parenteral use was the first cephalosporin to become available for patients in the US in 1964. (wikipedia.org)
The second cephalosporin for parenteral use became available little later and was marketed in the US under the name Cephaloridine. (wikipedia.org)

Indeed, companion animals are now included in recent global action plans aimed at tackling the global health threat of antimicrobial resistance ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
2. WHO has led the development of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, which serves as a blueprint for the response to the threat, and has urged Member States to develop and implement national action plans for antimicrobial resistance based on their local context. (who.int)

4. Antimicrobial resistance, the development of resistance to antimicrobials in microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites), has emerged as a major public health problem that threatens the advances of modern medicine. (who.int)

In the past, the 250 mg dose has been recommended on the supposition that the routine use of a higher dose may forestall the development of resistance. (cdc.gov)

Although previous studies have indicated divergence of veterinary opinion over when antimicrobial therapy is justified and which classes of antimicrobial drugs would be most appropriate ( 15 - 17 ), the reasons why such variation exists are unknown. (cdc.gov)
Treatments are taken only for short periods of time (unlike medicines for chronic diseases) and they become less effective as resistance develops, meaning that the supply of new drugs constantly needs to be replenished. (outragemag.com)
Over the years Salmonella typhi has developed resistance simultaneously to all the drugs used in first line treatment (chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin ). (pediatriconcall.com)
6. Antimicrobial drugs are commonly used to increase food production. (who.int)

Considerable interpractice ( 20 , 22 ), regional ( 21 ), and clinical presentation ( 22 , 25 , 26 ) variability in antimicrobial drug prescription frequency and choice has also been identified. (cdc.gov)
To identify factors potentially influencing antimicrobial prescribing in the clinical environment, we analyzed EHRs for a large, diverse population of dogs and cats, collected from a network of volunteer first-opinion (general) veterinary practices across Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales). (cdc.gov)
The clinical successes of these two cephalosporins urged researchers to improve the pharmacological properties and develop more agents. (wikipedia.org)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia: Risk Factors for Mortality and Influence of Delayed Receipt of Effective Antimicrobial Therapy on Clinical Outcome. (cmac-journal.ru)
In clinical trials, most children received a course of oral antimicrobials following initial treatment with intravenous UNASYN. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)

Third-generation cephalosporins frequently show good in vitro activity against these organisms, but, as explained above, a significant risk of developing full resistance during therapy exists. (medscape.com)

[6] Cross-allergenicity has been documented in individuals taking oxacillin that experienced a previous hypersensitivity reaction when given cephalosporins and cephamycins . (mdwiki.org)

Gonorrhea treatment has been complicated by the ability of N. gonorrhoeae to develop resistance to antimicrobials used for treatment. (cdc.gov)
Prevention of sequelae and of transmission to sexual partners relies largely on prompt detection and effective antimicrobial treatment. (cdc.gov)
Third-generation cephalosporins are not indicated for the treatment of severe Enterobacter infections, perhaps with the notable exception of uncomplicated infections. (medscape.com)
Any new treatment developed should be accessible to everyone who needs it, while ensuring it's used appropriately, so that drug resistance is slowed as much as possible. (outragemag.com)
Staphylococci have a relatively predictable pattern of antimicrobial sensitivity and empirical treatment is often successful. (vin.com)
These results support decision-making that drive Resistance Guided Therapy, helping to ensure that the appropriate treatment plan is created. (roche.com)
Third generation cephalosporins are used in the treatment of enteric fever. (pediatriconcall.com)
With increasing antimicrobial resistance and limited novel antimicrobials on the horizon, a resurgence of interest in optimizing currently available treatment options has occurred. (mhmedical.com)

Misuse and overuse of antimicrobial medicines, lack of awareness of the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance, absence of robust antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems, and inadequate infection prevention and control programmes are among the main factors contributing to the growth of antimicrobial resistance globally. (who.int)

It is imperative that antimicrobial resistance is a direct consequence of antimicrobial use. (pediatriconcall.com)

It is based on limited therapeutic outcome data ( 3 , 31 ), pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data ( 3 ), and the concept that the lower the cephalosporin MIC the greater the likelihood of successful therapy ( 3 , 19 , 31 ). (asm.org)
Influence of Multidrug Resistance and Appropriate Empirical Therapy on the 30-Day Mortality Rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia. (cmac-journal.ru)
Cancer stem cells play an essential role in resistance to therapy, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence. (fabad.org.tr)

There are three indications of antimicrobial use: for treating infections, for prophylaxis and empirical use. (pediatriconcall.com)

It is estimated that the cost of antimicrobial resistance could reach up to US$ 100 trillion globally if the growth of antimicrobial resistance is not slowed down today (1,2) . (who.int)

5. Antimicrobial resistance has a serious health and economic impact on populations and countries. (who.int)

Influence of carbapenem resistance on mortality and the dynamics of mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection. (cmac-journal.ru)

Cytology can be used to determine the most important bacteria if culture detects multiple species with differing antimicrobial sensitivities. (vin.com)

Low levels of awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance, and a lack of robust antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems to accurately measure the burden of resistance, hamper the capacity of countries to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance. (who.int)

Organisms19

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes19

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Penicillins8

Antibiotics15

Penicillin4

Susceptibility15

Plans for combating antimicrobial1

Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme4

Carbapenems1

Fluoroquinolones3

Extended-spectrum cephalosporins2

Antibiotic-resistance6

Ceftriaxone11

Bacterial5

Cefixime2

Cefotaxime1

Third-generation ce1

Neisseria3

Responsible antimicrobial1

Associated with the l1

Appropriate antimicrobial2

Antibacterial3

Isolates5

Programme2

Strains3

Spectrum1

Pathogens2

Azithromycin2

Critically important1

Multidrug-resistant2

Resistant3

Stewardship1

Parenteral2

Threat2

Microorganisms1

Development of resistance1

Drugs4

Clinical5

Vitro1

Hypersensitivity1

Treatment8

Overuse1

Imperative1

Therapy3

Empirical1

Globally1

Populations1

Infection1

Species1

Accurately1