Initiating tumor specific anti tumor immunity tumor escape. Medical search. Frequent questions

To investigate the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) around Cancer S tem C ells (CSCs) we developed a new technique to achieve single cell RNA-seq with spatial resolution. (dana-farber.org)
We aim to understand how these cells escape immune recognition outside the immune suppressive microenvironment of the primary tumor. (dana-farber.org)
The fatty acid cargo of tumour EVPs-particularly palmitic acid-induced secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by Kupffer cells, generating a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, suppressing fatty acid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, and promoting fatty liver formation. (nature.com)
However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)
γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
Therefore, an in-depth understanding of γδ T cells that play conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment is necessary. (explorationpub.com)
In accordance, attempts have been made to establish a link between the immune system and the tumor microenvironment, to comprehend tumor progression and achieve effective therapeutic approaches. (fortunejournals.com)
Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) are critical components of the microenvironment of the majority of malignant tumors, associated with poor prognostic notably through various factors secreting. (ommegaonline.org)
Carcinoma cells that undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and display a predominantly mesenchymal phenotype (hereafter EMT tumor cells) are associated with immune exclusion and immune deviation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). (encyclopedia.pub)
I studied the tumor microenvironment of liver cancer during my graduate training in Hong Kong. (stanford.edu)
Tumors exhibit significant myeloid cell infiltrates, which are actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
Finally, we will comment on the mechanisms regulating myeloid cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and on the potential of myeloid cells as new targets for cancer therapy. (hindawi.com)
However, increasing data has indicated that the clinical potential of most immunotherapies is usually hampered by immunosuppressive status of the tumor microenvironment (TME) [ 7 ]. (thno.org)
Targeting macrophages to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment can ameliorate the tumor-associated immunosuppression and elicit an anti-tumor immune response. (springer.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells in the human body, because they play a pivotal role in the immune response, which is inhibited in the tumor microenvironment [ 11 ]. (jcancer.org)

This process is necessary for immunity against most tumors and against viruses that infect dendritic cells and sabotage their presentation of virus antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Cross presentation is also required for the induction of cytotoxic immunity by vaccination with protein antigens, for example, tumour vaccination. (wikipedia.org)
It is now clear that tumours co-opt certain immune-checkpoint pathways as a major mechanism of immune resistance, particularly against T cells that are specific for tumour antigens. (nih.gov)
Monoclonal antibodies developed against immunogenic proteins (Tumor Specific Antigens/TSA's) that are expressed in human cancers, display a unique behavioral pattern. (jcancer.org)
These tumor proteins, when first defined, were referred to as tumor associated antigens. (jcancer.org)
Monoclonals developed from these tumor antigens are in the initial phases of investigation with regard to their specificity and antitumor activity. (jcancer.org)
Mabs capable of targeting the malignancies noted above were produced following immunization of BALBc mice with the Tumor Specific Antigens. (jcancer.org)
When the cells are infected with EBV, they express an array of EBV-associated antigens and these viral antigens which are targeted by EBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
Moreover, the genetic engineering of macrophages with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) allows them to recognize tumor antigens and perform tumor cell-specific phagocytosis. (springer.com)

A single normal cell randomly acquires a series of mutations that allows it to proliferate and to be transformed into a cancer cell (i.e., founding clone), which initiates tumor progression and recurrence. (nature.com)
Here at Stanford, I am using different genome editing tools and mouse models to investigate the role of macrophages in promoting tumor progression and immune tolerance in liver cancer. (stanford.edu)
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, occurs at different stages during embryonic development, physiological processes such as wound healing and reproduction, and numerous diseases, including inflammation, tumor progression, and metastasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, during tumor progression, myeloid cells are implicated in promoting tumor angiogenesis, causing resistance against antiangiogenic therapies in cancer, and suppressing the immune response during cancer [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
The frequency and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) correlate with disease progression, tumor metastasis, and resistance to various treatments. (springer.com)
In contrast, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which are predominantly present in tumors, potentiate tumor progression and immune escape. (springer.com)
Herein, we introduce the role of macrophages in tumor progression, summarize the recent advances in macrophage-centered anticancer therapy, and discuss their challenges as well as future applications. (springer.com)
Yang QY, Guo NN, Zhou Y, Chen JJ, Wei QC, Han M. The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor progression and relevant advance in targeted therapy. (springer.com)
In addition, previous studies have shown that lysosomes may play important roles in cancer development and progression through the abovementioned biological processes and that the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes are closely related to cancer cell proliferation, energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis, immune escape and tumor-associated angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

Such cells are hypothesized to persist in tumors as a distinct population and cause relapse and metastasis. (dana-farber.org)
Most cancer patients do not die due to the primary tumor but as the result of metastasis. (dana-farber.org)
We also observed fatty liver and decreased cytochrome P450 expression at diagnosis in tumour-free livers of patients with pancreatic cancer who later developed extrahepatic metastasis, highlighting the clinical relevance of our findings. (nature.com)
Accordingly, these kinds of exoproteins are involved in many physiological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor metastasis and host defense [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
There can, however, be few similarities between the two, as the bone marrow is a common site of metastasis of solid tumors too [6]. (fortunejournals.com)
Dong, H. Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages (Tams) Reprogramming for Cancer Metastasis Therapy. (ommegaonline.org)
Thus they are emerging as novel targets for tumor metastasis therapy. (ommegaonline.org)
In this review article, we describe how TAMs regulate tumor angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and then discuss the potential of applying TAMs-targeting treatment as a promising therapeutic strategy for metastatic cancer. (ommegaonline.org)
Limited success has been made in the treatment of metastasis owing to its systemic nature and the resistance of disseminated tumor cells to existing therapeutic agents. (ommegaonline.org)
On the basis of evidence from a growing body of research indicating tumor associated macrophages are crucial to cancer metastasis, we summarized the information that is currently at hand and discus the potential therapeutic strategies used to suppress metastatic process, our review highlights the combination therapeutic options to treat cancer metastasis. (ommegaonline.org)
Tumor metastasis usually goes through a series of sequential and interrelated steps that can be conceptualized as the invasion-metastasis cascade. (ommegaonline.org)
Tumor Micro Environment (TME) is intimately involved in all essential steps of the metastasis process through interacting with the tumor. (ommegaonline.org)
Myeloid cells are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that play a critical role during growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. (hindawi.com)
Myeloid cells promote tumor growth by stimulating tumor angiogenesis, suppressing tumor immunity, and promoting metastasis to distinct sites. (hindawi.com)
This suggested that EPCs are able to differentiate into endothelial cells and that such cells are incorporated into sites of active angiogenesis including ischemia, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis in adult organisms [ 16 , 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages, as one of the most abundant tumor-infiltrating cells, play an important role in tumor development and metastasis. (springer.com)

The complexity of the human bone marrow, with context to haematological malignancies, is more difficult to elucidate with the present strategies compared to the niche of solid tumors. (fortunejournals.com)
Relevant information has now been established on solid tumors and their micro-environments, which include immune, endothelial and mesenchymal cells. (fortunejournals.com)
These strategies will expand the toolkit for treating tumors, especially for solid tumors, drug-resistant tumors, and metastatic tumors. (springer.com)
What makes the response of PDAC to immunotherapy different from the responses of other solid tumors is the specific host tissue. (biomedcentral.com)

Monoclonals that we were able to develop from tumor specific proteins derived from colon and pancreas cancer were found capable of targeting those tumors to induce apoptosis. (jcancer.org)
Fig. 2: Tumour-derived EVPs induce liver metabolic dysfunction. (nature.com)
In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
Based on crystallographic studies of gp120 molecules from HIV-1 and SIV and on studies of antibody structures, a number of strategies are being pursued to induce broadly neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies. (scielo.br)
In this context, we showed the functional superiority of cDC1 to cross-present tumor Ag to CD8+ LT and showed the helper function of Natural killer cells (NK) to induce this cross-presentation. (crcl.fr)
vaccines The immune system is complex, yet so simple in its ability to induce nonspecific (innate) immunity and specific immune responses against pathogens, including, bacteria, viruses and parasites. (studylib.net)
IL-2 production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were similarly elevated in mice immunized with CFP exosomes (Fig. 2C, D, and F). As expected, mice vaccinated with exosomes from uninfected cells did not induce M. tuberculosis antigen-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell activation. (c-metinhibitors.com)

In the Agudo lab, we are interested in using this platform to study immune surveillance of adult stem cells ( Agudo, Immunity, 2018 ), cancer stem cells ( Baldominos, Cell, 2022 ) and tumor disseminated cells in order to develop therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and cancer immunotherapy. (dana-farber.org)
Further insights on the roles of CD8 + specificities and TCR avidity of naturally arising tumor-specific T cells, where both high and low avidity T cells recognizing the same peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) coexist in the same tumor, are crucial for understanding T cell exhaustion and resistance to PD-1 immunotherapy. (bmj.com)
Wei X, Wang J, Liang M, Song M. Development of functional nanomedicines for tumor associated macrophages-focused cancer immunotherapy. (thno.org)
Immunotherapy is currently considered as a promising next-generation therapeutic strategy for various cancers thanks to its ability to modulate cell-specific immune responses toward tumors [ 1 ], which has gradually remodeled the landscape of clinical anticancer modality [ 2 ]. (thno.org)
Among most immunosuppressive cells, TAMs, as crucial drivers of immunosuppressive TME, account for the largest proportion of immune cells in the TME (approximately 50% of tumor mass) [ 9 , 10 ], which possess highly heterogeneity and play a complex regulatory role in tumor immunity and immunotherapy due to helping tumor evade immune surveillance [ 11 ]. (thno.org)
Moreover, TAMs usually display M2-like phenotypes that exert tumor-promoting role in TME, and promote production of related immunosuppressive factors that trigger immunotherapy resistance, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and soluble signaling mediators [ 12 ]. (thno.org)

Myeloid immune cells, specifically tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), may represent potential novel therapeutic targets in HCC, complementing current ablative or immune therapies. (cancerindex.org)
Our findings indicate that tumor associated macrophages including Kupffer cells, have a profound impact on liver cancer and I am studying the molecular basis for these effects. (stanford.edu)
Although tumor cells were first thought to drive the cellular events underpinning tumor angiogenesis and growth, considerable evidence has now emerged for the central role of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in this phenomenon [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Clinical cancer immunotherapies are usually impeded by tumor immunosuppression driven by tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). (thno.org)
Of note, the TME is rich in immunosuppressive cells (e.g., tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), immature dendritic cells (iDCs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)), that can suppress antitumor immunity as a result of secretion of various cytokines and chemokines, which enables tumor escape from immune surveillance [ 8 ]. (thno.org)
Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages hold the potential to engulf tumor cells. (springer.com)
Besides, biomimetic carriers based on macrophages have been extensively explored to prolong circulation, enhance tumor-targeted delivery, and reduce the immunogenicity of therapeutics to augment therapeutic efficacy. (springer.com)
Solinas G, Germano G, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) as major players of the cancer-related inflammation. (springer.com)
Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Ohnishi K, Takeya M. Tumor-associated macrophages: potential therapeutic targets for anti-cancer therapy. (springer.com)
Tumor-associated macrophages: potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects in cancer. (springer.com)
The infiltration of multiple types of tumor-promoting immune cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other immune cells, mediates immune evasion and tumor progression [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

An alcohol-induced increase of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in the mouse brain is closely linked to neurodegeneration[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)

Thus, the local immunological milieu in tissue compartments forms the nature and magnitude of the host responses, i.e., frequencies of regulatory T cells (Tregs) vs. T-helper 17 (Th17) cells, amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines vs. anti-inflammatory cytokines, extent of neutrophilia and antigen-presenting-cell (APC) activation, among others. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, the signals that lead to the recruitment of cDC1 within the tumor, and the signals/cytokines selectively produced by cDC1 and delivered to CD8 LTs to activate them are poorly described. (crcl.fr)
However, tumor cells can evade host's immune surveillance using a number of protective mechanisms, including downregulation of MHC-I molecules, secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, in other words, TGF-β and IL-10, secretion of immunosuppressive factors, VEGF, upregulation of PD-L1 and downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules thereby preventing activation of T cells, resulting in cancer invasion. (studylib.net)

Among the most promising approaches to activating therapeutic antitumour immunity is the blockade of immune checkpoints. (nih.gov)
Arlen M, Arlen P, Tsang A, Wang X, Gupta R. The Therapeutic Value of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against Immunogenic Tumor Glycoproteins. (jcancer.org)
With the ability of the mAbs to demonstrate therapeutic antitumor activity in those patients with relatively advanced malignancies, the term tumor specific was introduced. (jcancer.org)
As such we plan to eventually employ the therapeutic mAbs in combination with chemotherapy as a means of enhancing the immunogenicity of the tumor system being treated and to possibly weaken the malignant growth for easier destruction by the mAb. (jcancer.org)
Due to their ability to modulate adaptive immunity, TLRs may serve as one of the promising strategic therapeutic targets for diseases related to inappropriate adaptive immune responses, such as sepsis, autoimmune disorders, cancer and allergies [ 27 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The emergence of multifunctional nanomaterials can expectedly endow these therapeutic cargoes with high solubility, favorable pharmacokinetic distribution, cell-specific delivery, and controlled release. (thno.org)
Recently, stem cells are being engineered to carry therapeutic reagents to target tumor sites. (bmrat.org)
The specific characters of peptides (high bioactivity, high specificity, and low toxicity) have made them attractive therapeutic agents. (intechopen.com)

In contrast, some bacterial pathogens (including Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri ) have mechanisms to escape from the phagosome and proliferate in the cytosol ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Mechanisms of cell-autonomous immunity are crucial for protection of the host cell cytosol ( 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
It is thought to be involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including antiaging mechanisms, differentiation and development, immunity, and elimination of microorganisms [ 9 - 13 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
The innate and adaptive immunities work in co-ordination as the defence mechanisms of the immune system. (fortunejournals.com)
We investigated mechanisms of resistance of liver tumors in mice to infiltrating T cells.Mice were given hydrodynamic tail vein injections of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) and transposon vectors to disrupt Trp53 and overexpress C-Myc (Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice). (stanford.edu)
In addition, immune evasion mechanisms in established tumors have been well characterized over the past decade, culminating in the clinical approval of several drugs targeting immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) in T cells. (crcl.fr)
These observations stimulated an intensive search for the mechanisms regulating tumor angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
Chemoprevention in LS with aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has also translated into clinical cancer, however the efficacy of such agents in FAP remains elusive when cancer is applied as an endpoint in trials rather than the use of 'indirect' endpoints such as polyp burden, and requires further elucidation of biological mechanisms in FAP. (aacrjournals.org)
Here, the underlying mechanisms of tumor immunosuppression caused by TAMs are first emphatically elucidated, and then the basic design of TAMs-focused immune-nanomedicines are discussed, mainly including diverse categories of nanomaterials, targeted and stimulus-responsive modifications, and TAM imaging in nanomedicines. (thno.org)
Some tumor cell-inherent resistance mechanisms, such as the tumor mutational burden and aberrant expression of oncogenic pathways, restrain antitumor immunity [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrary, tumor cells have evolved immune escape mechanisms whereby overexpression of PD-L1 induces anergy and/or apoptosis of PD-1 positive T cells by interfering with T cell receptor signal transduction. (studylib.net)

Transcriptomics analyses showed pathways related to TCR signaling, cytotoxicity and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly enriched in Tet lo found in both regressing and progressing tumors compared with Tet hi , whereas genes related to DNA damage, apoptosis and autophagy were downregulated. (bmj.com)
Solanum nigrum (SN) is a herb with anticancer effects such as destruction of tumor cell membrane, induction of apoptosis by NF-kappaB, caspase activation, nitric oxide production and inhibition of angiogenesis [ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Immune escape is mainly caused by histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, abnormal antigen signaling mechanism, immunosuppressive components (such as HLA-G), Fas and its ligands to activate apoptosis and overexpression of other immunosuppressive molecules, such as lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) ( Steven and Seliger, 2018 ). (techscience.com)
The binding of T cells expressing PD-1 and tumor cells expressing PD-L1 initiates an array of inhibitory signals resulting in reduced function and/or apoptosis of T cells [8,11] providing a mechanism for tumor cell evasion of host's immune surveillance [12-14]. (studylib.net)

In this review, we discuss the role of myeloid cells in promoting tumor angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)

One of the hallmarks of breast cancer is resistance of tumor cells to cell death. (ijpsonline.com)

Moreover, it has been used in traditional oriental medicines for treating various kinds of tumors and is believed to have various biological activities [ 5 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

Chemokines play a crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity by attracting and activating specific subsets of effector leukocytes, cells from the monocyte/macrophage lineage as well as natural killer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The multiligand receptors that form the focus of this Perspective series have expectedly diverse functions, often conforming to potential gaps in the host response to invading pathogens that are not effectively manned by adaptive immunity. (jci.org)
This cross-talk between EMT tumor cells and immune cells can occur both between EMT tumor cells and cells of either the native or adaptive immune system. (encyclopedia.pub)
In their review " Natural and Adaptive Immunity to Cancer ", Vesely and colleagues draw from recent mouse models of cancer and human clinical data to describe how cells, effector molecules, and pathways of the immune system act to suppress and control tumor cells. (massgenomics.org)

Autophagy-related (ATG) proteins also direct immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) to pathogens ( 21 ). (frontiersin.org)
NK cells coordinate tumor immunosurveillance and the immune response against pathogens. (scielo.br)
Their advantage lies in the ability to perceive tumors with a low mutation load, thus establishing the first line of defense against pathogens. (explorationpub.com)
In innate immunity, immune cells are activated by their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which bind to pattern molecules of invading pathogens. (fortunejournals.com)

Strategies to repolarize TAMs, deplete TAMs, and block inhibitory signaling hold great potential in tumor therapy. (springer.com)

Apparently, certain immune system pathways (e.g. inflammation) instead serve to promote tumor growth. (massgenomics.org)

Most patients carry a missing or damaged p53 gene, a tumor suppressor whose activity is impaired in almost 50% of all cancers. (nature.com)
Constitutional PV's in the tumor suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) result in constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway through deregulation of β-catenin, causing downstream effects on proliferation and differentiation within colonic crypts. (aacrjournals.org)

The monoclonals, so produced, were not only more efficient in controlling tumor growth but minimized the development of a HAMA response. (jcancer.org)

Most of them generally follow the same pathway to make immune-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) abundantly infiltrate into tumor tissues and destroy tumor cells [ 6 ]. (thno.org)
The idea that the immune system might recognize and destroy tumor cells was conceived 50-100 years ago. (massgenomics.org)

Due to the key role of antigen presenting cells, we believe that the presence of DC subsets and the activation of IFN-I/IFN-III pathways in these DCs are essential for initiating anti-tumor immune surveillance at an early stage of tumor development. (crcl.fr)

Preliminary clinical findings with blockers of additional immune-checkpoint proteins, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), indicate broad and diverse opportunities to enhance antitumour immunity with the potential to produce durable clinical responses. (nih.gov)
This includes the early recognition of these immunogenic membrane proteins that can serve as diagnostic markers, and the targeting of such markers for the destruction of the tumor, primarily thru ADCC. (jcancer.org)
The monoclonals (mAbs) that we have developed against specific immunogenic tumor membrane proteins have been studied in detail. (jcancer.org)
In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)

Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
In this mesenchymal subtype, a decreased number of CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were detected, suggesting an association between EMT tumor cells and exclusion of these immune cells from the TME. (encyclopedia.pub)
tumors were analyzed by mass cytometry using markers to detect T cells and other lymphocytes. (stanford.edu)

As described below, these diverse situations range from the complications of diabetes and cellular perturbation in amyloidoses to immune and inflammatory responses and tumor cell behavior. (jci.org)
Methods CT26 models were treated with anti-PD-1 on days 3, 6 and 9 following subcutaneous tumor implantation generating variable responses during early tumor development. (bmj.com)
Adoptive transfer of Tet lo showed more effective tumor control than Tet hi , and curative responses were achieved when Tet lo was combined with two doses of anti-PD-1. (bmj.com)
It has been suggested that TLRs play a central role in resisting these infections by initiating most of the immune responses that occur during infection [ 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
Similarly, a genomic and proteomic analysis based on a tumor cell EMT signature conducted across almost 2000 different tumors [ 5 ] revealed a strong association between EMT and markers of inhibited or exhausted immune responses. (encyclopedia.pub)
In this context, several studies have shown that IFN-I responses are critical in the early stages of anti-tumor immune surveillance 8,9 as well as in the effectiveness of radiotherapy 10 , or certain chemotherapy 11 . (crcl.fr)
The article also describes how cancer immunology is an emerging field that has resulted in new methods of treating cancer that boost the immune systems' responses against tumors. (stellarbiotics.com)

In Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice and mice with tumors grown from Hepa1-6 cells, injection of the combination of anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT significantly reduced tumor growth, increased the ratio of cytotoxic to regulatory T cells in tumors, and prolonged survival.PVRL1, which is up-regulated by HCC cells, stabilizes cell surface PVR, which interacts with TIGIT, an inhibitory molecule on CD8+ effector memory T cells. (stanford.edu)

We do know, however, that some cells such as cancer cells can escape T cell killing while some other cell types are more prone to autoimmunity (e.g. pancreatic beta cells). (dana-farber.org)
However, it is still unknown whether these critical cells can escape immune recognition during autoimmune attack, and therefore, can re-grow a damaged tissue once tolerance is restored. (dana-farber.org)
Using the Jedi T cells and GFP-reporter mice specifically expressing GFP in several stem cell populations, we found that, most tissue-resident stem cells are susceptible to cellular immunity. (dana-farber.org)
However, some stem cells do possess the capacity to escape from both T cell and NK killing ( Agudo, Immunity, 2018 ). (dana-farber.org)
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer initiating cells are a subpopulation of rare cancer cells that have the potential to re-grow a new full-fledged tumor mass. (dana-farber.org)
Metastases arise from cells that can escape the primary tumor and colonize other tissues. (dana-farber.org)
We take advantage of fluorescent GFP tumor cells to facility their detection and measurement and out unique Jedi T cells as an invaluable tool to interrogate how antigen-specific T cells interact with these rare (and yet, dangerous) tumor cells. (dana-farber.org)
Fig. 3: Uptake of tumour-derived EVPs by Kupffer cells induces fatty liver formation. (nature.com)
Fig. 4: Palmitic acid in tumour EVPs induces TNF secretion from Kupffer cells and promotes fatty liver generation. (nature.com)
Both oncoproteins exert pleiotropic functions on their host cells, such as inactivation of the major tumour suppressors, p53 and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), respectively [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Tetramer staining was performed to determine the frequency and avidity of CD8 + T cells targeting the tumor-specific epitope GSW11 and confirmed with tetramer competition assays. (bmj.com)
Functional characterization of high and low avidity GSW11-specific CD8 + T cells was conducted using flow cytometry and bulk RNA-seq. (bmj.com)
Results Treatment success with anti-PD-1 was associated with the preferential expansion of low avidity (Tet lo ) GSW11-specific CD8 + T cells with Vβ TCR expressing clonotypes. (bmj.com)
High avidity T cells (Tet hi ), if present, were only found in progressing PD-1 refractory tumors. (bmj.com)
However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)
However, the clinical application of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells has certain limitations. (explorationpub.com)
These cells may be a key factor ultimately mediating the deviation of the antagonistic response between tumor inhibition and tumor promotion. (explorationpub.com)
According to current challenges, there is a need to explore innovative immunotherapies, maximize the tumor-killing efficacy of γδ T cells, and attenuate or eliminate tumor immunosuppression. (explorationpub.com)
A tumor is a any abnormal proliferation of cells. (powershow.com)
In general, TME mainly consists of genetically heterogeneous cancer cells, endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs), and different populations of immune cells [2] , establishing a complex cross-talk with tumor via producing growth factors, chemokines and matrix-degrading enzymes. (ommegaonline.org)
Staining of normal human peripheral blood cells with Anti-Human CD19 FITC (Product # 11-0199-42) and Mouse IgG2a K Isotype Control Super Bright 702 (Product # 67-4724-82) (left) or Anti-Human CD3 Super Bright 702 (right). (thermofisher.com)
A large body of evidence has shown that EMT tumor cells and immune cells can reciprocally influence each other, with EMT cells promoting immune exclusion and deviation and immune cells promoting, under certain circumstances, the induction of EMT in tumor cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
An association between EMT tumor cells (mesenchymal and hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypes) and increased numbers of infiltrating PD-1 + cells was also observed in another study in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Tumors from mice given anti-PD1 had larger numbers of memory CD8+ T cells (CD44+CD62L-KLRG1int) and T cells that expressed PD1, lymphocyte activating 3 (LAG3), and TIGIT compared with mice not given the antibody. (stanford.edu)
Indeed, although the concept of immune surveillance is well accepted and various innate immune cells probably contribute to the detection of tumors, only NK cells have been described to date as capable of detecting cellular stress ( via the NKG2D/NKG2DL interaction). (crcl.fr)
In 1971, Dr. Judah Folkman observed that neovascularization occurs around tumors and proposed that new blood vessel growth is necessary to supply nutrients and oxygen to tumor cells during exponential tumor growth [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Specific growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stimulate the proliferation and migration of naturally quiescent endothelial cells, resulting in the formation of new vessel structures during embryonic development and tumor growth [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
CIBERSORT and TIMER algorithms confirmed that there are significant differences in tumor-infiltrating immune cells in different risk groups. (techscience.com)
However, PDAC is characterized by an abundant tumor stroma that includes a heterogeneous mixture of immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neurons and some molecular events. (biomedcentral.com)
Immune cells engage in extensive and dynamic crosstalk with stromal components in the tumor tissue in addition to tumor cells, which subsequently impacts tumor suppression or promotion to a large extent. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we discuss how infiltrating immune cells influence PDAC development and explore the contributions of complex components to the immune landscape of tumor tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, increasing data have shown that peripheral T-cell tolerance is an essential property of the specific immune response to tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, it was shown by others that tumor cells also expressed MHC-I and presented short tumor-associated peptides to immune cells [6]. (studylib.net)
CFP exosomes leads to a measurable number of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ in both lung and spleen. (c-metinhibitors.com)
CFP exosomes elicited a comparable level of antigen-specific IFN-γ-expressing T cells as BCG. (c-metinhibitors.com)
Cells were incubated with biotin-labeled CD22-Fc 16 or anti-mouse CD22 mAb Cy34.1 (BD Biosciences), followed by reaction with FITC-labeled streptavidin (Dako). (c-metinhibitors.com)
Alternatively, cells were stained with NP-specific IgM, B1-8 33 and NP-conjugated phycoerythrin (NP-PE) or Alexa647-conjugated Buparlisib manufacturer sIgM (non-NP specific). (c-metinhibitors.com)

Although related treatment has improved, there are still challenges in combating tumor heterogeneity due to prognostic prediction difficulty ( Eisenstein, 2015 ). (techscience.com)

It has been shown that some EBV strains are able to escape immune surveillance in a certain group of the population [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Studying these groups on regular cancer surveillance provides insight into the tumor biology, potential avenues for prevention, and their effectiveness. (aacrjournals.org)

Like many other human malignancies, development of cervical cancer is a multi-step process, which is initiated by the infection of "high-risk" types of human papilloma viruses (HPV) such as HPV 16 or HPV 18. (biomedcentral.com)
Virus infection is initiated by the interaction between S protein and host cell surface receptors. (newvita.com)
Disseminated disease may occur in an otherwise healthy individual, but the risk is significantly higher in individuals with altered cellular immunity due to disease (eg, HIV infection, lymphoma), medical treatment (eg, corticosteroid therapy), or pregnancy. (medscape.com)

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of tumor. (ijpsonline.com)

Metabolomics data derived from livers of PBS-injected control and B16F10 tumour-bearing mice (Supplementary Table 1 ) have been deposited at Figshare ( https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22233187 ). (nature.com)
Metabolomics data derived from livers of PBS-injected control and K7M2 tumour-bearing mice (Supplementary Table 2 ) have been deposited at Figshare ( https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22233253 ). (nature.com)
Lipidomics data derived from livers of PBS-injected control and B16F10 tumour-bearing mice (Supplementary Table 3 ) have been deposited at Figshare ( https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22233265 ). (nature.com)
Lipidomics data derived from livers of PBS-injected control and K7M2 tumour-bearing mice (Supplementary Table 4 ) have been deposited at Figshare ( https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22233274 ). (nature.com)
Passively immunised mice or non-human primates (NHP) with naturally occurring anti-AAV NAbs were used to define the optimal IdeS dose and administration window for AAVAnc80 and AAV8 vectors in mice and AAV3B in NHPs. (unav.edu)
Interestingly, albeit less pronounced than in wt mice, in IFNAR(-/-) and Enbrel-treated wt mice, a reduction of serum viremia was achieved-an observation that was lost in anti-TNF-alpha-treated IFNAR(-/-) animals. (unav.edu)
To investigate the efficacy of the CFP exosomes as primary anti-TB vaccines, groups of naïve C57BL/6 mice were i.n. immunized with purified BGJ398 price CFP exosomes without adjuvant at a dose of either 20 μg/mouse or 40 μg/mouse. (c-metinhibitors.com)

Notably, Kupffer cell ablation or TNF blockade markedly decreased tumour-induced fatty liver generation. (nature.com)
IL-2 and IFN-γ), immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy (e.g., anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies), and adoptive T-cell transfer (e.g., chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy) [ 3 - 5 ]. (thno.org)

Breast cancer may be an immunogenic tumor. (techscience.com)

Preconditioning with IdeS represents a unique treatment opportunity for patients primarily excluded from participation in gene therapy clinical trials because of elevated circulating anti-AAV NAb levels. (unav.edu)

In a study of lung adenocarcinoma [ 4 ] , EMT markers were associated with enhanced tumor infiltration of CD4 + Foxp3 + Tregs and upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death (PD)-ligand (L) 1, PD-L2, TIM-3, B7-H3, and CTLA-4. (encyclopedia.pub)
Then, we showed for the first time the infiltration of primary breast tumors by cDC1 (and other subpopulations of DC) as well as the preponderant role of type III interferon in inducing an anti-tumor immune response. (crcl.fr)

We identified tumour-derived extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) as crucial mediators of cancer-induced hepatic reprogramming, which could be reversed by reducing tumour EVP secretion via depletion of Rab27a . (nature.com)

Crosslinking of TCR initiates an intracellular biochemical pathway resulting in cellular activation and proliferation. (thermofisher.com)

CAFs are the dominant cell type in the tumor stroma, which exhibits mesenchymal-like features and are likely mesoderm-derived. (ommegaonline.org)

We have previously shown that tumor founding clone mutations are able to predict tumor recurrence. (nature.com)

The vacuolar pathway is initiated through the endocytosis of an extracellular antigen by a dendritic cell. (wikipedia.org)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective in the treatment of some hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), but these tumors do not always respond to inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, also called PD1). (stanford.edu)
Zhou XF, Liu XR, Huang L. Macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis: opportunity for nanomedicine intervention. (springer.com)

This includes the amount of shed antigen in the serum at the time of treatment that could initiate immune complex formation as well as the shedding of inhibitory material into the serum possibly effecting an immune response. (jcancer.org)

Our results reveal how tumour-derived EVPs dysregulate hepatic function and their targetable potential, alongside TNF inhibition, for preventing fatty liver formation and enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. (nature.com)

Notably, tumour EVP education enhanced side effects of chemotherapy, including bone marrow suppression and cardiotoxicity, suggesting that metabolic reprogramming of the liver by tumour-derived EVPs may limit chemotherapy tolerance in patients with cancer. (nature.com)

Because many of the immune checkpoints are initiated by ligand-receptor interactions, they can be readily blocked by antibodies or modulated by recombinant forms of ligands or receptors. (nih.gov)

Tumour implantation or pre-treatment with tumour EVPs diminished cytochrome P450 gene expression and attenuated drug metabolism in a TNF-dependent manner. (nature.com)

Anatomy21

Organisms10

Diseases77

Chemicals and Drugs50

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment48

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes53

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care9

Microenvironment15

Antigens10

Progression9

Metastasis16

Solid tumors4

Induce7

Immunotherapy6

Macrophages11

Necrosis factor1

Cytokines3

Therapeutic8

Mechanisms11

Apoptosis4

Angiogenesis1

Resistance1

Kinds of tumors1

Adaptive4

Pathogens4

TAMs1

Promote tumor growth1

Suppressor2

Controlling tumor growth1

Destroy tumor cells2

Pathways1

Proteins4

Lymphocytes3

Responses9

Cytotoxic1

Cells37

Prognostic1

Surveillance2

Infection3

Form of tumor1

Mice7

Blockade2

Immunogenic1

Clinical1

Infiltration2

Secretion1

Cellular1

Stroma1

Recurrence1

Cell3

Antigen1

Inhibition1

Notably1

Receptor1

Implantation1