• ICAM-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, the superfamily of proteins including antibodies and T-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) are single-pass cell surface receptors that have inhibitory activities on immune cells. (mdpi.com)
  • NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • T-cell activation and dysfunction relies on direct and modulated receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objective To identify the role of mature nerve growth factor (mNGF), its immature form proNGF and their receptors in arthritis inflammation. (bmj.com)
  • 4 ] Interactions among subsets of immune cells through costimulatory ligands and their receptors are essential for the initiation of an immune response. (oncotarget.com)
  • As a member of the TNF family , LT-α binds to various receptors and activates the NF-κB pathway , thus promoting immune regulation through the innate immune response. (wikidoc.org)
  • Formation of LT-α 1 -β 2 complex enables binding to LT-β receptors and subsequent activation of signaling pathways. (wikidoc.org)
  • Activation of LT-β receptors is capable of inducing cell death of cancerous cells and suppressing tumor growth. (wikidoc.org)
  • Human derived T lymphocytes engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors, which are expanded in vitro culture and then infused into patients exerting robust cytotoxicity after tumor antigen recognition and subsequent activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In activating cells, NF-κB signaling is activated through a series of signaling cascades, following the ligation of various cell surface receptors with paired ligands. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • This cytokine is a ligand for receptors TNFRSF13B /TACI, TNFRSF17 /BCMA, and TNFRSF13C /BAFF-R. This cytokine is expressed in B cell lineage cells, and acts as a potent B cell activator. (wikidoc.org)
  • [4] BAFF is the natural ligand of three unusual tumor necrosis factor receptors named BAFF-R (BR3), TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), and BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), all of which have differing binding affinities for it. (wikidoc.org)
  • All these ligands act as homotrimers (i.e. three of the same molecule) interacting with homotrimeric receptors, [6] although BAFF has been known to be active as either a hetero- or homotrimer (can aggregate into 60-mer depending on the primary structure of the protein). (wikidoc.org)
  • Western blot analyses of RANKL-induced signaling pathways showed that conditional knockout of PDK1 in osteoclasts inhibited the early nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, which consequently suppressed the downstream induction of NFATc1. (bvsalud.org)
  • Induces osteoclastogenesis by activating multiple signaling pathways in osteoclast precursor cells, chief among which is induction of long lasting oscillations in the intracellular concentration of Ca (2+) resulting in the activation of NFATC1, which translocates to the nucleus and induces osteoclast-specific gene transcription to allow differentiation of osteoclasts. (cusabio.com)
  • Of these, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) create an immunosuppressive microenvironment through various pathways. (iiarjournals.org)
  • We are beginning to understand the power of co-inhibitors in the context of lymphocyte homeostasis and the pathogenesis of leukemia, which involves several newly described co-inhibitory pathways, including the programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antibodies have been used to bind to molecules involved in T-cell regulation to remove inhibitory pathways that block T-cell responses. (wikimili.com)
  • In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
  • In ex vivo experiments the effects of proNGF differ from those of mNGF, suggesting that the balance of p75NTR and TrkA expression represents a critical factor in regulating mNGF/proNGF functions, determining which intracellular pathways and biological activities are triggered. (bmj.com)
  • Contrary to NGF, proNGF administration increased inflammatory cytokines but not interleukin (IL)-10 expression, inducing a stronger activation of p38 and JNK pathways. (bmj.com)
  • Death receptor 6 ( DR6 ), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 ( TNFRSF21 ), is a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which activates the JNK and NF-κB pathways. (wikidoc.org)
  • As a cytotoxic protein, LT-α causes the destruction of cancerous cell lines, activates signaling pathways, and effectively kills transformed tumor cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • [15] Activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB ultimately leads to various cellular fates, including cell proliferation and cell death. (wikidoc.org)
  • Phosphorylation of various TRAF proteins results in activation of both canonical and non-canonical NF-kB pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antibodies targeting T-cell inhibitory pathways, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, are emerging as an important class of cancer therapeutics, and a next generation of immunomodulatory therapies targeting alternative inhibitory (e.g. (bmj.com)
  • ICAM-1 can be induced by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and is expressed by the vascular endothelium, macrophages, and lymphocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Selective AHR deletion in eosinophils depleted Clec4a4+ eosinophils, augmented innate lymphocytes producing type 2 cytokines, and enhanced helminth clearance. (stanford.edu)
  • First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are related to positive clinical prognoses in numerous cancer types. (cancer-genetics.org)
  • Lymphotoxin alpha, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family , is a cytokine produced by lymphocytes . (wikidoc.org)
  • Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
  • NK1.1 (Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B, member 1, KLRB1, NKR-P1A, CD161, cluster of differentiation 161), refers to Natural Killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes that mediate cytotoxicity and secrete cytokines after immune stimulation. (thermofisher.com)
  • In this mesenchymal subtype, a decreased number of CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were detected, suggesting an association between EMT tumor cells and exclusion of these immune cells from the TME. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Murine PD-1 mRNA expression has been shown to be correlated with activation-induced apoptosis in a mouse T-cell hybridoma cell line and murine thymocytes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This receptor has been shown to activate NF-κB and MAPK8 / JNK , and induce cell apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)
  • [7] DR6 induces apoptosis when it is over expressed, however the manner in which the death signal is intracellularly transduced is currently unknown. (wikidoc.org)
  • The tumor tissues were analyzed using apoptosis antibody arrays, real time PCR and western blot. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results suggested that BF-rTK + GCV induced tumor apoptosis without autophagy and necroptosis occurrence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, BF + GCV only induced apoptosis via Fas/FasL signal pathway accompanied with increased P53 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BF-rTK + GCV induced tumor apoptosis mediated by FasL and TNFR2 through the mitochondrial control of apoptosis via Bid and Bim without inducing necroptosis and autophagy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To conclude, noise-induced OHC apoptosis and necrosis are modulated by caspases and RIP kinases, respectively. (colinsbraincancer.com)
  • Inflammation induced by wear particles derived from prosthetic biomaterials is a major cause of osteolysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inflammation and immunity are key factors for the development and complications of atherosclerosis, and therefore, the whole atherosclerotic process is a target for diagnosis and treatment. (hindawi.com)
  • Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycaemia, obesity, hypertension, smoking, and aging promote vascular inflammation and endothelial activation [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper. (frontiersin.org)
  • During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
  • Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • 4] After allergen exposure, that produced exceptionally large quantities of airway inflammation is orchestrated mainly by cytokine IL-9. (cdc.gov)
  • Knockout studies in mice suggested that this gene plays a role in T helper cell activation, and may be involved in inflammation and immune regulation. (wikidoc.org)
  • Furthermore, BF-rTK + GCV showed to repress the inflammation of tumor through downregulating TNF-α expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given that aberrant activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway is frequently observed in various liver diseases, targeting this pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate liver inflammation. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • The Role of Cytokines and Inflammation in the Genesis of Experimental Pancreatitis. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Inflammation is either self-limiting or self-perpetuating resulting in significant organ necrosis. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Inflammation is very common manifested as body temperature change, edema, itch and pain, occasionally as serious as septic shock, tissue cirrhosis, necrosis or cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As we previously reported, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling on M2 macrophages promotes the production of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines to maintain the immunosuppressive tumor environment of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). (iiarjournals.org)
  • The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Pancreatic acinar cell injury triggers the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (32, 36, 39, 41, 82). (pancreapedia.org)
  • This review aims to describe the roles of key cytokines and chemokines in commonly used experimental models of pancreatitis and how the cytokine profile is affected by the choice of a specific model. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Another mechanism whereby injured pancreatic acinar cells trigger the inflammatory response is through synthesis and release of cytokines (36) and chemokines (11), and upregulation of adhesion molecules such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (136), which together promote neutrophil and monocyte infiltration (27, 71) and exacerbate tissue injury (10, 27, 37). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are positively charged polypeptides with highly conserved cysteine (C) residues within the N-terminal sequence, classifying them as 'C', 'CC', 'CXC' or 'CX3C' types (102, 143). (pancreapedia.org)
  • In the context of AP, the most extensively investigated chemokines are CC-ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP-1), CXC-ligand 1 (CXCL1, also known as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant or CINC in rat and keratinocyte cytokine or KC in mouse), and CXC-ligand 2 (CXCL2, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha or MIP2a). (pancreapedia.org)
  • As a result of either primary injury to sensory neurons via mechanical insults or as a secondary consequence of apoptotic cell death, damaged neurons release a number of substances such as cytokines, chemokines, excitatory amino acids and ATP, which can in turn trigger surrounding glial activation [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Researchers have developed multiple intervention approaches to regulate macrophage/osteoclast activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Aiming at wear particle-induced periprosthetic aseptic osteolysis, this review separately discusses the molecular mechanism of regulation of ROS formation and inflammatory response through intervention of macrophage/osteoclast RANKL-MAPKs-NF-κB pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bone marrow-derived macrophage cells (BMMs) were extracted and induced to differentiate osteoclasts in vitro to explore the role of PDK1 in osteoclasts. (bvsalud.org)
  • The CD56 bright population produces immunoregulatory cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-B), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), IL-10, and IL-13 ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Low AKR1B10 expression induced M2 macrophage polarization and promoted the malignant phenotype of GC. (portlandpress.com)
  • Low AKR1B10 expression induces M2 macrophage polarization and promotes the malignant transformation of GC. (portlandpress.com)
  • [ 11 ] Immature dendritic cells respond to GM-CSF (not to macrophage colony-stimulating factor [M-CSF]) and become committed to generating dendritic cells, which are "professional" antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (medscape.com)
  • Engagement of CD40 by CD40L expressed on T cells results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, induces T helper cell function, and promotes macrophage activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Disruption of this signaling pathway has the potential to reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines, reduce T helper cell function, and inhibit macrophage activation, making it a very attractive therapeutic target for patients with chronic inflammatory disease [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
  • Methods: Identification of tumour-associated endothelial markers (TEM) by comparing antigen expression on normal vs t-CEC and assess the presence of t-CEC in peripheral blood of cancer patients by incorporating TEM in our novel flow cytometry-based CEC detection assay. (researchgate.net)
  • Sex, TNM stage, B7-H1, B7-H3, and T-cell intracellular antigen-1 expression remained significant prognostic factors after adjusting for other prognostic factors in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, relapse of primary disease remains a major obstacle after CAR T cells therapy, and the majority of relapses present a tumor phenotype with retention of target antigen (antigen-positive relapse), which highly correlate with poor CAR T cells persistence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell-cell interactions between antigen presenting cells and T cells provide bidirectional signaling that is critical for the activation, maturation, and effector function of both cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conclusion: Our study suggests that the RANKL/RANK pathway contributes to the development and maintenance of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and denosumab may be a promising adjuvant therapy targeting TAMs in cancer of apocrine origin. (iiarjournals.org)
  • For example, Paget's cells release soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (sRANKL) into the tumor microenvironment, stimulating RANK + TAMs to produce CCL17, which recruits Tregs into the lesional skin of patients with extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) ( 11 , 17 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Accordingly, investigating the characteristics of cancer-related factors is important to determine the immunological background of the tumor microenvironment in each type of skin cancer. (iiarjournals.org)
  • γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
  • Therefore, an in-depth understanding of γδ T cells that play conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment is necessary. (explorationpub.com)
  • Carcinoma cells that undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and display a predominantly mesenchymal phenotype (hereafter EMT tumor cells) are associated with immune exclusion and immune deviation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The PD-1 gene is a CD28 family member that is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most common example of this type of fusion protein combines the hinge and Fc regions of an immunoglobulin (Ig) with domains of a cell-surface receptor that recognizes a specific ligand (Box 1). (coek.info)
  • In vivo, we discovered that osteoclast-specific knockout of suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption function, and osteoclast-specific gene expression (Ctsk, TRAP, MMP-9, NFATc1). (bvsalud.org)
  • Homeostatic osteoclastogenesis is effectively induced by RANKL (Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand). (frontiersin.org)
  • TNF and RANKL are members of the TNF superfamily. (frontiersin.org)
  • Hence, discovery of these intrinsic inhibitory mechanisms addresses why TNF has a weak osteoclastogenic potential, explains a significant difference between RANKL and TNF signaling, and provides potentially new or complementary therapeutic strategies to selectively treat inflammatory bone resorption, without undesirable effects on normal bone remodeling or immune response in disease settings. (frontiersin.org)
  • Osteoclast differentiation is induced by the master osteoclastogenic factor, RANKL, which acts in concert with M-CSF and ITAM-mediated co-stimulatory signaling. (frontiersin.org)
  • Understanding the mechanistic difference between RANKL-mediated physiological and TNF-mediated inflammatory osteoclastogenesis, and especially TNF-induced intrinsic inhibitory mechanisms, will strengthen the development of therapeutic approaches to treat pathological bone destruction in disease settings and prevent negative side effects on bone remodeling and immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since EMPD is a skin adenocarcinoma of apocrine gland origin that expresses high levels of RANKL and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 7, and EMPD is associated with the presence of RANK + M2 macrophages, we hypothesized that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in adenocarcinomas such as PCAC might also express RANKL and MMP7. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Tumor cells can induce, through exposition of amyloid precursor protein (APP), DR6-mediated endothelial cell necroptosis allowing tumors metastasis. (wikidoc.org)
  • [8] APP ( amyloid precursor protein ) is the natural ligand of DR6 and is first cleaved into Aβ and N-APP. (wikidoc.org)
  • CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that PDK1 performs an important role in osteoclastogenesis and prostate cancer-induced osteolysis by modulating the PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent studies have uncovered key intrinsic mechanisms by which TNF acts on osteoclast precursors to restrain osteoclastogenesis, including the mechanisms mediated by RBP-J signaling, RBP-J and ITAM (Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) crosstalk, RBP-J mediated regulatory network, NF- κ B p100, IRF8, and Def6. (frontiersin.org)
  • Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
  • PDF) Kraan J, van den Broek P, Verhoef C, Grunhagen DJ, Taal W, Gratama JW, Sleijfer SEndothelial CD276 (B7-H3) expression is increased in human malignancies and distinguishes between normal and tumour-derived circulating endothelial cells. (researchgate.net)
  • Macrophages and monocytes are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system. (medscape.com)
  • Nonoxidized LDL have a low affinity for macrophages, so they are not themselves a risk factor. (hindawi.com)
  • On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, the low cytotoxicity of T-cells may be related to the high expression level of inhibitory molecules including programmed death-1 (PD-1), LAG-3 and NKG2A in CD8+T cells [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [15] The production of NF-kB1 and ReIA increases rates of gene transcription of cytokines and inflammatory-inducing molecules. (wikidoc.org)
  • In a study of lung adenocarcinoma [ 4 ] , EMT markers were associated with enhanced tumor infiltration of CD4 + Foxp3 + Tregs and upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death (PD)-ligand (L) 1, PD-L2, TIM-3, B7-H3, and CTLA-4. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Thus, a high expression of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, OX40L, and PD-L2 was observed in tumors with the most mesenchymal EMT scores. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • An early, transient and robust reaction of microglia is required for initiation of nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia, since they not only phagocytose cellular materials but also produce and secrete pro-inflammatory molecules that evoke an increase in neuronal activity of the spinal cord dorsal horn [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using mice lacking the DNA hydroxymethylase TET2, we showed the requirement for TET2 in optimal production of hallmark cytokines by ILC3s and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by inflammatory ILC2s. (stanford.edu)
  • Gene landscape and correlation between B-cell infiltration and programmed death ligand 1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. (cancer-genetics.org)
  • Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a mediator of the PD-1 receptor, plays an inhibitory role in cancer immune responses. (cancer-genetics.org)
  • Among immune cells, Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are potent inhibitors of cancer immunity, and their presence within solid tumors is generally associated with a poor prognosis. (mdpi.com)
  • METHODS: In our study, we used a receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) promoter-driven Cre-LoxP system to conditionally delete the PDK1 gene in osteoclasts in mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. (wikidoc.org)
  • Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α) or tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTA gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • In other studies, mice with gene knockout of LT-α showed enhanced tumor growth, implicating possible protective role of LT-α in cancer. (wikidoc.org)
  • The CyHV-2 gene encoding thymidine kinase (TK) is an important virulence-associated factor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Directly targeting therapeutic suicide gene to a solid tumor is a hopeful approach for cancer gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of a solid tumor by an effective vector for a suicide gene remains a challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Meanwhile, three human digestive system xenograft tumor models (colorectal cancer colo320, gastric cancer MKN-45 and liver cancer SSMC-7721) and a breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) model were employed to validate the universality of BF-rTK + GCV in solid tumor gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Survival analysis results of multiple cancer models confirmed that BF-rTK + GCV system has a wide field of application in solid tumor gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancer gene therapy approaches include the direct killing of tumor cells by injecting a therapeutic gene into the tumor cell or employing vaccine strategies to deliver an immunomodulatory gene that stimulates the immune system to recognize tumor antigens [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK + GCV) system is currently one of the best-studied tumor suicide gene therapy systems [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NKR-P1A, the receptor encoded by the KLRB1 gene, recognizes Lectin Like Transcript-1 (LLT1) as a functional ligand. (thermofisher.com)
  • There is now considerable evidence, derived mainly from immunohistochemical and gene expression studies, suggesting that tumors enriched in EMT markers are associated with an immunosuppressive TME and a negative prognosis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • B-cell activating factor ( BAFF ) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF13B gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • As the only bone resorbing cells in vivo, osteoclasts play important roles in cancer-induced osteolysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Remarkably, Clec4a4+ eosinophils were instructed by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that imprints many gut immune cells. (stanford.edu)
  • Among these, Siglec-8 is a CD33-related family member selectively expressed on human mast cells and eosinophils, and at low levels on basophils. (mdpi.com)
  • There is compelling clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the recognition and eradication of tumors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Nascent transformed cells elicit NK cell activation and are eliminated. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therapeutic intervention aims to reverse tumor-induced NK cell suppression and sustain NK cells' tumorlytic capacities. (frontiersin.org)
  • instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)
  • NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Immunohistochemical staining of MMP1 and MMP25 as well as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 5 in the lesional skin from five patients with PCAC showed a substantial number of MMP1-bearing cells and MMP25-bearing cells, as well as CCL5-producing cells, that were distributed in the lesional skin. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
  • Moreover, increasing data have shown that peripheral T-cell tolerance is an essential property of the specific immune response to tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, it has been shown that the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) is highly expressed in leukemia cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methods Real-time PCR, western blot and ELISA were performed to evaluate NGF, proNGF, their receptor and cytokine expression in synovial tissue and cells of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and controls. (bmj.com)
  • proNGF effects depend on its binding to p75NTR, as inhibition of p75NTR with neutralising antibodies or LM11A-31 abolished proNGF-induced production of IL-6 in patients' mononuclear cells, while inhibition of TrkA did not. (bmj.com)
  • In vitro studies revealed that knockdown of B7-H3 on tumor cells enhanced T-cell growth and interferon-γ secretion when stimulated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies. (oncotarget.com)
  • Interferon-γ reduced CXCR4 expression on cancer cells and inhibited the CXCL12-induced cell migration.B7-H1 and B7-H3 are independent predictors of poorer survival in patients with NSCLC. (oncotarget.com)
  • T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
  • However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • [6] Hence depending on the context, LT-α may function to prevent growth of cancer cells or facilitate the development of tumors. (wikidoc.org)
  • [ 15 ] The surface of the APC contains 2 peptide-binding proteins (ie, major histocompatability complex [MHC] classes I and II), which can stimulate cytotoxic T (T C ) cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and helper T (T H ) cells. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, study on factors and mechanisms that limit the in vivo persistence of CAR T cells is crucial for developing strategies to overcome these limitations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we summarize the rapidly developing knowledge regarding the factors that influence CAR T cells in vivo persistence and the underlying mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of note, among these influence factors, CAR T cells differentiation and exhaustion are identified as the central part due to the fact that almost all factors eventually alter the state of cells differentiation and exhaustion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, study on factors and mechanisms that limit the in vivo persistence of CAR T cells is crucial for developing strategies to reduce the probability of tumor relapse and improve the long-term disease-free survival for patients who are treated with CAR T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various factors in the process contribute to impact the in vivo persistence and durable antitumor effects of CAR T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we summarize the rapidly developing knowledge regarding the influence factors and mechanisms of poor CAR T cells persistence, and also the potential strategies to overcome these limitations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its ligand, CD154 or CD40L, has a more restricted expression pattern and is found primarily on activated T cells, B cells, and platelets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When expressed in tumors, TK converts the non-toxic precursor GCV into GCV- 3-phosphate, a toxic substance that kills tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
  • However, the clinical application of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells has certain limitations. (explorationpub.com)
  • First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)
  • These cells may be a key factor ultimately mediating the deviation of the antagonistic response between tumor inhibition and tumor promotion. (explorationpub.com)
  • According to current challenges, there is a need to explore innovative immunotherapies, maximize the tumor-killing efficacy of γδ T cells, and attenuate or eliminate tumor immunosuppression. (explorationpub.com)
  • Several genes of the C-type lectin superfamily, including the rodent NKRP1 family of glycoproteins, are expressed by NK cells and may be involved in the regulation of NK cell function. (thermofisher.com)
  • 3 In resting cells, the NF-κB dimer is inactive and is sequestered in the cytoplasm by binding to members of the κB inhibitory factor (IκB) family. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • In resting cells, the binding of members of the IκB family, such as the prototypical IκB member IκBα, to classical NF-κB complexes, particularly NF-κB1 p50-RelA and NF-κB1 p50-c-Rel dimers, inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB complexes. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • In various proinflammatory cytokine-stimulated cells, ligand-receptor interactions initially activate TAK1. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • A large body of evidence has shown that EMT tumor cells and immune cells can reciprocally influence each other, with EMT cells promoting immune exclusion and deviation and immune cells promoting, under certain circumstances, the induction of EMT in tumor cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This cross-talk between EMT tumor cells and immune cells can occur both between EMT tumor cells and cells of either the native or adaptive immune system. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • An association between EMT tumor cells (mesenchymal and hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypes) and increased numbers of infiltrating PD-1 + cells was also observed in another study in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • CCN1 also induced Jag1 expression in hepatic stellate cells, whereupon they interacted with hepatic progenitor cells to promote their differentiation into cholangiocytes. (jci.org)
  • By using a well established neuropathic pain animal model (partial ligation of the sciatic nerve), we demonstrated that intrathecal infusion of recombinant TGF-β1 significantly attenuated nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During osteoclast differentiation, in a TMEM64 and ATP2A2-dependent manner induces activation of CREB1 and mitochondrial ROS generation necessary for proper osteoclast generation. (cusabio.com)
  • Since TAMs have been detected both in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer ( 8 , 12 - 14 ), their variable immunosuppressive function is determined by the stimulation from each cancer type and the corresponding stromal factors ( 11 , 13 , 15 , 16 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • TNF (Tumor necrosis factor) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in immunity and inflammatory bone destruction. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pathophysiologically, asthma exert different effects at different concentrations, can is characterized by constriction of airway smooth synergize or antagonize the effects of other cytokines muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway and regulated in a complex manner and function via hyper responsiveness (AHR),[3] mucus secretion and cytokine cascade. (cdc.gov)
  • The presence of heavy glycosylation and other structural characteristics of ICAM-1 lend the protein binding sites for numerous ligands. (wikipedia.org)
  • X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), a transcription factor, affects the metabolism of bones in various ways. (bvsalud.org)
  • These include members of the Bcl-2 protein family, course, and extent of programmed cell death will aid man- which have both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic activity agement of patients with severe infections. (cdc.gov)
  • The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself. (cusabio.com)
  • [2] The DR6 is an alpha-helical integral membrane receptor protein that shows evidence that it has something to do with the inhibition of blood vessels forming on tumors which would allow them to grow larger. (wikidoc.org)
  • A central adaptor protein of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway is NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), which activates the downstream kinase IKKα to process p100 to p52, thereby forming the RelB/p52 heterodimer to initiate the expression of target genes. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • [5] TACI binds worst since its affinity is higher for a protein similar to BAFF, called a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). (wikidoc.org)
  • Administration of CCN1 protein or soluble JAG1 induced cholangiocyte proliferation in mice, which was blocked by inhibitors of NF-κB or NOTCH signaling. (jci.org)
  • This article reviews the anti-inflammatory relative and anti-infectious effects of Evodia rutaecarpa and its major bioactive components and the involvement of the nitric oxide synthases, cyclooxygenase, NADPH oxidase, nuclear factor kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, reactive oxygen species, prostaglandins, tumor necrosis factor, LIGHT, amyloid protein and orexigenic neuropeptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coupled with influx of extracellular calcium, Rut produced the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect by activation of endothelium NOS and release of NO without pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi protein and other G proteins or phospholipase C activation being involved [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also highlight the therapeutic approaches aiming at targeting these regulators to enhance anti-tumor immunity. (mdpi.com)
  • The potential therapeutic applications emerging from the roles of these cytokines will be discussed as well. (cdc.gov)
  • The involvement of CD40 in chronic immune activation has resulted in CD40 being proposed as a therapeutic target for a range of chronic inflammatory diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, deletion of PDK1 in osteoclasts ameliorated osteolysis and rPDK1educed bone resorption markers in the murine model of prostate cancer-induced osteolysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • These findings demonstrate that CCN1 induces cholangiocyte proliferation and ductular reaction and identify CCN1/α v β 5 /NF-κB/JAG1 as a critical axis for biliary injury repair. (jci.org)
  • Since its discovery in 2000, initial in vitro studies have found that the engagement of Siglec-8 with a monoclonal antibody or with selective polyvalent sialoglycan ligands induced the cell death of eosinophils and inhibited mast cell degranulation. (mdpi.com)
  • Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)
  • NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • B7-H1 and B7-H3, two members of the B7 family that are thought to regulate T-cell activation, are expressed in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (oncotarget.com)
  • The free serum levels of this DR6 are heightened with anti-cell death factors in patients that have later stage ovarian cancer. (wikidoc.org)
  • [1] [2] Belonging to the hematopoietic cell line, LT-α exhibits anti-proliferative activity and causes the cellular destruction of tumor cell lines. (wikidoc.org)
  • [6] LT-α plays an important role in innate immune regulation and its presence has been shown to prevent tumor growth and destroy cancerous cell lines. (wikidoc.org)
  • [6] Absence of LT-β on cell surfaces will diminish the ability of LT-α to form LT-α 1 -β 2 , thus decreasing its effective ability as a cytokine . (wikidoc.org)
  • Finally, it retrospectively analyze the activation strategies and clinical relevance of existing γδ T cell adoptive immunotherapies. (explorationpub.com)
  • Similarly, a genomic and proteomic analysis based on a tumor cell EMT signature conducted across almost 2000 different tumors [ 5 ] revealed a strong association between EMT and markers of inhibited or exhausted immune responses. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Apart from endothelium dependence, alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade, K + channel activation and Ca 2+ channel blockade were also involved in the vasorelaxant effect of DeHE [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These molecular mechanisms regulate osteoclast activation in different ways, but they are not isolated from each other. (bvsalud.org)
  • Upon cytokine stimulation, the concentrations greatly increase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apoptotic signaling is initiated either through extrinsic or intrinsic stimulation, resulting in the activation of caspases [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The antitumor effect provided by natural killing has been observed in tumors of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins and reported in diverse in vivo models and clinical series ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The clinical significance of these events is highlighted by the utility of cytokine measurements in predicting outcome in human acute pancreatitis (116). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF11B/OPG and to TNFRSF11A/RANK. (cusabio.com)
  • Several days to weeks into the disease, development of immune anergy - or compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome - has been described in patients (74), associated with infection of pancreatic necrosis and multi-system organ failure. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
  • 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • [7] In contrast, unregulated expression of LT-α can result in a constantly active signaling pathway, thus leading to uncontrolled cellular growth and creation of tumors . (wikidoc.org)
  • In contrast, activation of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway has been shown to rely on the processing of p100. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • 5 , 6 NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is a central and specific signal component in the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, 6 , 7 while inducible p100 processing is a central step in noncanonical NF-κB signaling transduction. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • Bifidobacterium (BF) or BF-rTK was injected intratumorally with or without ganciclovir in a human colo320 intestinal xenograft tumor model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent studies suggested that some tumors have distinct molecular characteristics that allow them to be further classified into subsets of disease beyond the histologic level. (oncotarget.com)
  • [3] [6] However, mice with overexpression of LT-α or LT-β showed increased tumor growth and metastasis in several models of cancer. (wikidoc.org)
  • High levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) have been demonstrated in patients with arthritis, but there is no clear evidence of NGF-specific effects on the inflammatory response. (bmj.com)
  • Cytokines are important in asthma and play a critical role in orchestrating the allergic inflammatory response, although the precise role of each cytokine remains to be determined. (cdc.gov)
  • TGF-β1 treatment also suppresses nerve injury-induced inflammatory response in the spinal cord, as revealed by a reduction in cytokine expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancer outcomes are often indexed to the quality of the immune response to the tumor. (mdpi.com)
  • Moreover, activation of this pathway may contribute to the antiviral immune response and promote the clearance of persistent hepatotropic virus infection. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • Although its actual cause remains still unknown, various environmental factors such as vitamin D deficiency, smoking, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and genetic factors have been accused as risk factors of the disease [ 1 ]. (medsci.org)
  • Knock-in mice expressing a CCN1 mutant that is unable to bind α v β 5 /α v β 3 were impaired in ductular reaction, leading to massive hepatic necrosis and mortality after bile duct ligation (BDL), whereas treatment of these mice with soluble JAG1 rescued ductular reaction and reduced hepatic necrosis and mortality. (jci.org)
  • Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) is an inflammatory regulator and is closely related to the prognosis of patients with GC. (portlandpress.com)
  • Wilcoxon rank amount lab tests had been used to review ordinal categorical factors. (siamtech.net)
  • Kendall tau rank correlations had been used to research the relationship of ordinal categorical factors. (siamtech.net)