AnatomyDiseasesAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Optic Disk DrusenRetinal DrusenMicrophthalmosOptic DiskRetinal DiseasesEye Diseases, HereditaryMacular DegenerationNight BlindnessPhotographyOptic NerveRetinaBruch MembraneOphthalmoscopyHospitals, CountyOphthalmologyCaliforniaRetinopathy of PrematurityIntensive Care Units, NeonatalVisual AcuityInfant, NewbornMaintenance and Engineering, HospitalMulti-Institutional SystemsNursesNorwood ProceduresHospice CareHospicesMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
RetinaBranch retinal vein occlusionGanglion cellsMacularOcclusionDetachmentAutosomal dominantDegenerationRetinitis pigmentosaAngioid streaksIntraocular pressureChoroidalDysplasiaEmboliVasculatureXLRSPosteriorFundoscopyPapilledemaDegenerativeDiseasesHeterogeneous group of disordersClinicallyMarginsVascularOcularVesselsProgressiveSymptomsExaminationCongenitalPigmentaryAdaptive opticsClinicalDetectCholesterolHyperopiaAnteriorSyndromeAffectsBloodVisualVision lossHigh-resolutionPatientsFoundCellsSignificantly
Retina26
  • The optic nerve is a cable connection that transmits images from the retina to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The central retinal artery and vein can be seen in the middle of the disc as it exits the scleral canal with the optic nerve to supply the retina. (wikipedia.org)
  • Optic disc drusen are not related to Bruch membrane drusen of the retina which have been associated with age-related macular degeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subretinal fluid: The presence of an exudative detachment of the neurosensory retina or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is common. (eyewiki.org)
  • Age-Related Macular Degeneration , Age-related macular degeneration begins with characteristic yellow deposits in the macula (central area of the retina which provides detailed central vision, called fovea) called drusen between the retinal pigment epithelium and the underlying choroid. (fortworth2020.com)
  • A particular blind spot is known as the blind spot, or physiological blind spot, or punctum caecum in medical literature is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through it. (fortworth2020.com)
  • 1 While the fundus findings may be predominantly located at the central retina, in the vast majority of MDs there is psychophysical, electrophysiological or histopathological evidence of more widespread, generalised retinal involvement. (bmj.com)
  • The optic disc is visible in the retina on indirect fundoscopy. (paritaexport.eu)
  • Retinal diseases can affect any part of your retina, a thin layer of tissue on the inside back wall of your eye.The retina contains millions of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and other nerve cells that receive and organize visual information. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Your retina sends this information to your brain through your optic nerve, enabling you to see. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • The retina converts light that enters into your eye into electrical signals your optic nerve sends to your brain which creates the images you see. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • The retina is the layer at the very back of your eyeball.Treatment is available for some retinal diseases. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Central Retinal Vein Occlusion, also known as CRVO, is a condition in which the main vein that drains blood from the retina closes off completely. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) is a blockage of one or more branches of the central retinal vein, which runs through the optic nerve leads to swelling at retina. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • A retinal detachment is defined by the presence of fluid under the retina. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Retina shows flame shaped hemorrhages at the disc margin, blurred disc margins, congested retinal veins, papilledema, and secondary macular exudates. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Central retinal artery occlusion is the blockage of blood to the retina of one eye. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Adaptive optics-based technologies offer non-invasive, cellular resolution views of the living retina, and bring with them several exciting clinical applications. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • While much of the clinical efforts have been directed at imaging the photoreceptors, the ability to resolve other features of the retina is likely to be useful in studying diseases such as glaucoma (lamina cribrosa, nerve fiber layer, ganglion cells), age-related macular degeneration (retinal pigment epithelium [RPE]), and diabetic retinopathy (retinal vasculature). (touchophthalmology.com)
  • Although autopsy studies have documented histological and ultrastructural changes associated with AMD in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriorcapillaris and choroid in middle age, the disease typically does not manifest clinically before age 55 (10). (org.es)
  • The typical clinical sign of "dry" AMD is pigment disruption and drusen (small yellowish deposits in Figs. 3, 4 and 5) in the retina. (org.es)
  • The optics of the eye can be thought of as an imperfect microscope objective through which the retina can be observed. (stanford.edu)
  • Our lab develops and uses adaptive optics, eye movement correction and optical microscopy technologies to improve the non-invasive visualization of the retina to the point that individual retinal structure and function and can be visualized at the cellular and even sub-cellular scale. (stanford.edu)
  • The retinopathy has been described as an atypical nonpigmented retinal degeneration in the peripheral retina. (arizona.edu)
  • XLRS is a genetic disorder that causes splitting through the layers of the retina, the light-sensitive neural tissue in the back of the eye. (theretinainstitute.org)
  • One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that retinoschisis, unlike retinal detachment, is multifocal in nature.6 Cases in which the disease appears to have progressed through laser scars may in reality be retinoschisis arising de novo in previously unaffected areas of the retina. (theretinainstitute.org)
Branch retinal vein occlusion1
  • Transient vision loss may be related to local ocular conditions, such as ocular surface disorders (eg, dry eyes), intraocular foreign bodies or masses, central or branch retinal vein occlusion, central or branch retinal artery occlusion, arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, intermittent angle closure glaucoma, hyphema, and optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
Ganglion cells2
  • They are thought to be the remnants of the axonal transport system of degenerated retinal ganglion cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Histopathology may reveal thinning of the nerve fiber layer and a paucity of retinal ganglion cells. (arizona.edu)
Macular6
  • Macular dystrophies (MDs) consist of a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterised by bilateral symmetrical central visual loss. (bmj.com)
  • Macular dystrophies (MDs) are a group of inherited retinal disorders that cause significant visual loss, most often as a result of progressive macular atrophy. (bmj.com)
  • Developmental macular disorders are not included in this review but have been described in detail previously. (bmj.com)
  • Macular dystrophies are a group of genetic retinal disorders affecting the macula . (eyecenters.com)
  • In addition, various intravitreal injections of Anti-VEGF drugs and steroids are used to treat macular edema as well as choroidal neovascular membrane(CNVM).Diabetic Retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion (CRVO & BRVO), Arterial occlusion (CRAO), Central serous retinopathy (CSR), Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), Hypertensive Retinopathy, Retinal Detachment etc. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • This allows us to better diagnose and treat enhancing our ability to diagnose and manage a wide range of retinal disorders, including diabetic retinopathy , macular degeneration , ocular histoplasmosis , central serous retinopathy , and macular pucker . (eyecenters.com)
Occlusion2
  • Fluorescein angiography in patients with Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) may detect total retinal occlusion of retinal circulation. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) typically present with acute, unilateral, painless, partial visual loss. (medscape.com)
Detachment1
  • Progressive rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) associated with retinoschisis, in which breaks of both the inner and outer layers allow liquefied vitreous to gain access to the subretinal space. (theretinainstitute.org)
Autosomal dominant4
  • An autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance and associated inherited dysplasia of the optic disc and its blood supply is suspected. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this review was to provide an update on MDs, including Stargardt disease, Best disease, X-linked r etinoschisis, pattern dystrophy, Sorsby fundus dystrophy and autosomal dominant drusen. (bmj.com)
  • This review provides an update on monogenic MD and discusses the the most common subtypes, including Stargardt disease (STGD), Best disease (BD), X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), autosomal dominant drusen (ADD), Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD) and pattern dystrophy (PD). (bmj.com)
  • PPCD, also known as Schlichting dystrophy, is an autosomal dominant disorder of the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane. (mdwiki.org)
Degeneration1
  • Bolu Gyrate atrophy is a rare, autosomal recessively inherited, metabolic, progressive, retinal and choroidal degeneration caused by deficiency of the omithine aminotransferase enzyme. (retinavitreus.com)
Retinitis pigmentosa2
  • Certain conditions have been associated with disc drusen such as retinitis pigmentosa, angioid streaks, Usher syndrome, Noonan syndrome and Alagille syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited degenerative disease. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
Angioid streaks2
  • In 1889, Doyne first described angioid streaks in a patient with retinal hemorrhages secondary to trauma. (medscape.com)
  • Angioid streaks usually present as linear gray or dark red lines with irregular serrated edges lying beneath normal retinal blood vessels. (medscape.com)
Intraocular pressure3
  • Patients with optic disc drusen should be monitored periodically via ophthalmoscopy, Snellen acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, intraocular pressure and threshold visual fields. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both the severity of optic disc drusen and the degree of intraocular pressure elevation have been associated with visual field loss. (wikipedia.org)
  • Slight rises in intraocular pressure (even from rubbing eyes) in GCA may compromise optic nerve blood flow by thrombosing the posterior ciliary artery. (medscape.com)
Choroidal3
  • Rarely, choroidal neovascularization may develop as the juxtapapillary nerve fibers are disrupted, with subsequent subretinal hemorrhage and retinal scarring. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rarely choroidal neovascular membranes may develop adjacent to the optic disc threatening bleeding and retinal scarring. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, choroidal nevi - the main disorder in the differential diagnosis - are more likely to present as flat or slightly elevated masses. (eyewiki.org)
Dysplasia1
  • Posterior staphylomas, retinal dysplasia, partial aniridia, cataracts, and hypoplasia or absence of the optic nerve are sometimes seen. (arizona.edu)
Emboli3
  • Causes of ischemic transient vision loss include giant cell arteritis, cerebrovascular ischemia, and retinal arteriolar emboli. (medscape.com)
  • Narrowed branch retinal artery, boxcarring, segmentation of the blood columns, cotton-wool spots, and emboli are other possible findings. (medscape.com)
  • In a study of 70 patients with retinal emboli, 40 were found to have cholesterol emboli, 8 platelet-fibrin emboli, 6 calcific emboli, and 1 possible myxomatous embolus. (medscape.com)
Vasculature2
  • ODD can compress and eventually compromise the vasculature and retinal nerve fibers. (wikipedia.org)
  • 20 In addition, many groups have developed motion-based techniques to examine the retinal vasculature, which makes it possible to noninvasively measure blood velocity and visualize the smallest foveal capillaries. (touchophthalmology.com)
XLRS1
  • The National Eye Institute (NEI) recently launched the first-ever human gene therapy trial for the vision disorder X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS). (theretinainstitute.org)
Posterior2
  • Most patients with this disorder have high myopia, and posterior subcapsular cataracts are common. (retinavitreus.com)
  • The natural history of retinoschisis suggests that it almost never progresses significantly more posterior from where it is first observed.1 In fact, most cases of posterior retinoschisis will not progress beyond 3 disc diameters from the macula. (theretinainstitute.org)
Fundoscopy1
  • In children, optic disc drusen are usually buried and undetectable by fundoscopy except for a mild or moderate elevation of the optic disc. (wikipedia.org)
Papilledema1
  • It is important to differentiate them from other conditions that present with optic disc elevation, especially papilledema, which could imply raised intracranial pressure or tumors. (wikipedia.org)
Degenerative1
  • A similar treatment strategy with an AAV vector, loaded with a different gene, was used in the groundbreaking gene therapy trials for Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) , another degenerative retinal disease. (theretinainstitute.org)
Diseases3
Heterogeneous group of disorders1
  • Meckel or Meckel-Gruber syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders with severe multisystem manifestations. (arizona.edu)
Clinically1
  • Optic disc drusen are found clinically in about 1% of the population but this increases to 3.4% in individuals with a family history of ODD. (wikipedia.org)
Margins2
  • The optic disc margins are characteristically irregular in ODD but not blurred as there is no swelling of the retinal nerve fibers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drusen may be small "hard" (small with discrete margins) or "soft" (larger with indistinct edges) (Figs. 3, 4 and 5). (org.es)
Vascular3
  • Hypertensive retinopathy is retinal vascular damaged caused by hypertension. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • The macula lutea, which derives its name from the deposition of yellow xanthophyll pigments (see chapter on Simple Anatomy), is located temporal to the optic disc and is bounded by the temporal superior and inferior vascular arcades (Fig. 1). (org.es)
  • En face OCT reflectance images which accompany OCTA studies offer a glimpse of the macrophage-like cellular activity above the retinal surface which responds to systemically instigated vascular events below. (stanford.edu)
Ocular2
  • There is no widely accepted treatment for ODD, although some clinicians will prescribe eye drops designed to decrease the intra-ocular pressure and theoretically relieve mechanical stress on fibers of the optic disc. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lines of force within the eye resulting from the pull of intrinsic and extrinsic ocular muscles on the relatively fixed site of the optic nerve have been studied. (medscape.com)
Vessels1
  • Color: Grayish-to-brownish neoplasm located in the choroid with overlying retinal vessels. (eyewiki.org)
Progressive2
Symptoms2
  • Clinical symptoms correlate to visibility of the drusen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Children with transient vision loss are less likely to have an ischemic cause for their symptoms and are more likely to have a benign disorder. (medscape.com)
Examination2
  • Funduscopic examination shows retinal whitening along the distribution of the affected artery. (medscape.com)
  • Our clinic is well equipped with all modern retinal examination and surgical instruments. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
Congenital1
  • Although the term may refer to acquired disorders such as color agnosia and cerebral achromatopsia, it typically refers to an autosomal recessive congenital color vision disorder, also called rod monochromacy and total congenital color blindness. (fortworth2020.com)
Pigmentary1
  • Several classification schemes have been developed that subdivide dry AMD into categories based on the number and size of drusen, amount of GA, and degree of pigmentary changes in the macula (25-28). (org.es)
Adaptive optics6
  • Before getting into the clinical utility of adaptive optics imaging technology, it is prudent to first review the basic principles of imaging with adaptive optics. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • Ophthalmic adaptive optics systems are designed to measure and correct for these higher-order aberrations, and can provide image resolution that is limited only by the pupil diameter of the eye, the axial length of the eye, and the wavelength of light. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • As shown in Figure 1, ophthalmic adaptive optics imaging systems have three main components-a wavefront sensor (typically a Shack-Hartmann design, for measuring the eye's aberrations), a corrective element (typically a deformable mirror, for correcting the aberrations), and an imaging device (typically a charge-coupled device [CCD] or photomultiplier tube). (touchophthalmology.com)
  • Nevertheless, the unifying feature of adaptive optics imaging systems is mitigation of the eye's aberrations to achieve nearly diffraction-limited imaging. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • Invited Session V: The eye as a window to systemic and neurodegenerative health: Seeking Answers through a keyhole: Harnessing the Synergy of Dynamic OCT/OCT Angiography and Adaptive Optics SLO for Retinal Assessment of Systemic Disease. (stanford.edu)
  • Leveraging the multimodal synergy of combining dynamic methods of OCT/OCTA, with Adaptive Optics SLO, clinicians have new opportunities to better appreciate some of the complexities of human disease. (stanford.edu)
Clinical2
  • The developments in high-resolution multimodal retinal imaging have also transformed our ability to make accurate and more timely diagnoses and more sensitive quantitative assessment of disease progression, and allowed the design of optimised clinical trial endpoints for novel therapeutic interventions. (bmj.com)
  • It highlights the range of innovations in retinal imaging, genotype-phenotype and structure-function associations, animal models of disease and the multiple treatment strategies that are currently in clinical trial or planned in the near future, which are anticipated to lead to significant changes in the management of patients with MDs. (bmj.com)
Detect1
  • There is a blind spot at the optic disc because there are no rods or cones beneath it to detect light. (wikipedia.org)
Cholesterol2
  • Cholesterol is a component of drusen, and there are similar risk factors between hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and AMD. (paritaexport.eu)
  • That's caused some researchers to question whether the same drugs that can protect against cholesterol buildup in the arteries, like statins, can reduce the presence of drusen in the eyes. (paritaexport.eu)
Hyperopia1
  • Other causes of disc elevation clinicians must exclude may be: hyaloid traction, epipapillary glial tissue, myelinated nerve fibres, scleral infiltration, vitreopapillary traction and high hyperopia. (wikipedia.org)
Anterior5
  • The optic nerve head, or optic disc is the anterior end of the nerve that is in the eye and hence is visible with an ophthalmoscope. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is a potential complication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION) also may present with transient vision loss, but in general, transient vision loss does not occur prior to nonarteritic AAION. (medscape.com)
  • Optic nerve drusen are refractive, calcified nodules located within the optic disc, the most anterior part of the optic nerve. (paritaexport.eu)
  • Anatomically, optic nerve drusen are located just anterior to the lamina cribrosa and are most commonly seen in the nasal part of the disc. (paritaexport.eu)
Syndrome1
  • Disorders associated with disc elevation include: Alagille syndrome, Down syndrome, Kenny-Caffey syndrome, Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and linear nevus sebaceous syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Affects1
Blood1
  • The physician should ask about any medical problems related to increased risk for embolus formation (eg, heart valve disorders, history of endocarditis, carotid stenosis, coagulopathies, atrial fibrillation), as well as family history of blood clots or clotting disorders. (medscape.com)
Visual2
  • Amblyopia , A disorder of the visual system that is characterized by poor or indistinct vision in an eye that is otherwise physically normal, or out of proportion to associated structural abnormalities. (fortworth2020.com)
  • When treated, the mouse eyes showed improvements in retinal structure and visual function. (theretinainstitute.org)
Vision loss1
  • The premise that motivates all the work in my lab, is that after the first few days of life most retinal cells are post-mitotic, and thus early detection and treatment of disease are paramount for preventing vision loss. (stanford.edu)
High-resolution1
Patients3
  • In most patients, optic disc drusen are an incidental finding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spontaneous venous pulsations are present in about 80 percent of patients with ODD, but absent in cases of true disc edema. (wikipedia.org)
  • The streaks intercommunicate in a ringlike fashion around the optic disc in 27% of cases and radiate outward in a tapering fashion from the peripapillary area in 73% of patients. (medscape.com)
Found1
  • They more likely are found in the larger arterioles near the optic disc. (medscape.com)
Cells1
  • The gene codes for the retinoschisin protein, which normally works like double-sided tape, providing lateral adhesion that holds retinal cells together. (theretinainstitute.org)
Significantly1
  • When excluded, % total missense was significantly associated with percent disorder (R = 0.238 and p = 0.0240). (bvsalud.org)