Influenza virus virulence factors. Medical search. Frequent questions

Two cases of Eurasian avian-like influenza A(H1N1) (EA-H1N1) infection have been reported in mainland China. (cdc.gov)
We report a severe human infection with a reassortant influenza virus in China and the results of genetic, infectivity, and virulence investigations of the novel virus. (cdc.gov)
This virus causes a severe respiratory tract infection in high-risk populations such as elderly people, young children and patients with chronic lung and heart diseases. (omicsonline.org)
As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
Here, we report that the purinergic receptor P2X7 and NLRP3 inflammasome are cellular host factors required for SARS-CoV-2 infection. (bvsalud.org)
These findings demonstrate previously undescribed influenza-mediated viral-host interactions and provide insights into potential molecular therapies that may interfere with influenza infection. (elsevierpure.com)
I defended my doctoral thesis entitled: "Molecular and Structural Studies in the regulation of interferon-Î² production by RNA virus infection" in January 2010. (continuumforums.com)
A particular emphasis here lies on the relevance of viral and host factors to cause disease in the respiratory tract, as the main target organ of influenza virus infection and replication. (uni-muenster.de)
they occur in a random fashion and the variant viruses that have the best genetically endowed combination of efficient infection, rapid replication, and greatest survival become the dominant populations. (biomedcentral.com)
It thus appears inevitable that, without means to prevent influenza infection, another pandemic will occur within the foreseeable future. (biomedcentral.com)
The evaluation should include an assessment of any factors that may compromise the performance of job duties, as well as a review of scientifically and medically accepted infection control practices. (iaff.org)
Moreover, we discuss the deleterious effect of interferon-γ activity in influenza infection and how this observation contrasts with findings in severe COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
Experimental infection of mink ( Mustela vison) was initially used to link the isolated influenza virus to the clinical symptoms and pathological lesions observed in the field outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
In poultry pathogenicity is probably best understood and is determined by whether an influenza strain can cause a systemic versus localized infection. (usda.gov)
Thus, this screening strategy yielded compounds that alone or in combination may serve as leads to new ways of treating influenza virus infection and are novel tools for studying viral RNA trafficking in the nucleus. (elsevierpure.com)
Older folks over the age of 65 are especially susceptible to influenza infection, since the immune system becomes weaker with age. (medicalxpress.com)
In addition, older folks are also more susceptible to long-term disability following influenza infection, especially if they are hospitalized. (medicalxpress.com)
We all know the symptoms of influenza infection include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, headaches and fatigue. (medicalxpress.com)
I am a researcher who specializes in immunology at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, and my laboratory focuses on how influenza infection affects the body and how our bodies combat the virus. (medicalxpress.com)
Influenza virus causes an infection in the respiratory tract , or nose, throat and lungs. (medicalxpress.com)
Cytokines orchestrate other components of the immune system to appropriately fight the invading virus, while chemokines direct these components to the location of infection. (medicalxpress.com)
In order to properly combat influenza infection, the cytokines and chemokines produced by the innate immune cells in the lungs become systemic - that is, they enter the bloodstream, and contribute to these systemic symptoms. (medicalxpress.com)
Another important cytokine that fights influenza infection is something called " tumor necrosis factor alpha . (medicalxpress.com)
However, the mechanisms behind transition from asymptomatic colonization to dissemination and disease in otherwise sterile sites remain poorly understood but are epidemiologically strongly linked to infection with respiratory viruses. (lu.se)
In this report, we show that infection with influenza A virus and treatment with the resulting host signals (febrile-range temperatures, norepinephrine, extracytoplasmic ATP, and. (lu.se)
In this report, we show that infection with influenza A virus and treatment with the resulting host signals (febrile-range temperatures, norepinephrine, extracytoplasmic ATP, and increased nutrient availability) induce the release of bacteria from biofilms in a newly developed biofilm model on live epithelial cells both in vitro and during in vivo colonization. (lu.se)
These dispersed bacteria have distinct phenotypic properties different from those of both biofilm and broth-grown, planktonic bacteria, with the dispersed population showing differential virulence gene expression characteristics resulting in a significantly increased ability to disseminate and cause infection of otherwise sterile sites, such as the middle ear, lungs, and bloodstream. (lu.se)
We show that these interkingdom signals are recognized by bacteria and are induced by influenza virus infection, which is epidemiologically strongly associated with transition to secondary pneumococcal disease. (lu.se)
As virus infection is a common inducer of transition to disease among species occupying the nasopharynx, the results of this study may provide a basis for better understanding of the signals involved in the transition from colonization to disease in the human nasopharynx. (lu.se)
For example, infection by the so-called Spanish influenzavirus caused more than 20 million deaths in 1918 and 1919, many of which were due to hemorrhagic pneumonia. (wakingupcosts.net)
However, there is something that we do know will happen if there is an epidemic: many, if not most, influenza patients will die, not from the virus itself, but from the secondary bacterial infection-and most of these infections will be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae for which there is a highly effective vaccine , even against serotypes not included in the vaccine. (mikethemadbiologist.com)
For most patients, infection with the virus was clinically expressed as an "influenza-like illness" that was transiently debilitating but rarely fatal. (mikethemadbiologist.com)
Its virulence factor adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) plays an important role in the course of infection. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
however, viruses lacking the K7 protein were less virulent than controls in murine intradermal (i.d.) and intranasal (i.n.) infection models and there was an altered acute immune response to infection. (ox.ac.uk)
In the i.d. model, vΔK7 induced smaller lesions than controls, and after i.n. infection vΔK7 induced a reduced weight loss and signs of illness, and more rapid clearance of virus from infected tissue. (ox.ac.uk)
East and its continuing transmission since 2012, and the recent surge of human infection from the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Egypt since the virus was first identified in the country in 2006 currently pose two of the biggest threats to global health security since the outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in west Africa. (who.int)
The outbreaks of MERS-CoV and the recent surge of avian influenza A(H5N1) infections in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, avian influenza A(H7N9) infection in the Western Pacific Region and the Ebola virus disease outbreak in the African Region are some examples of these threats to global health. (who.int)
We used generalized additive time series models to estimate the association between weekly counts of laboratory-confirmed influenza infections and weekly rates of total and non-admitted respiratory, infection, cardiovascular and all-cause ED visits in NSW, Australia for the period 2010 through 2014. (who.int)
The estimated all-age, annual influenza-attributable respiratory, infection, cardiovascular and all-cause visit rates/100 000 population/year were, respectively, 120.6 (99.9% confidence interval [CI] 102.3 to 138.8), 79.7 (99.9% CI: 70.6 to 88.9), 14.0 (99.9% CI: 6.8 to 21.3) and 309.0 (99.9% CI: 208.0 to 410.1). (who.int)
Around 1 in 100 total visits and more than 1 in 10 respiratory or infection visits were associated with influenza. (who.int)
Diagnoses commonly assigned to patients with an influenza infection in hospital EDs in Australia include fever, an unspecified infection or a non-respiratory illness. (who.int)

This is due to the unique virulence factor s produced by individual pathogens, which determine the extent and severity of disease they may cause. (pressbooks.pub)
Influenza has a history as one of the world's most serious pathogens, with yearly regional infections and episodic global pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza A viruses are human pathogens with limited therapeutic options. (elsevierpure.com)
Currently active research projects are funded supporting clinical and basic investigations on virulence factors, pathogenic mechanisms and drug resistances of human pathogens, including enterovirus, H1N1 and seasonal influenza viruses, dengue virus and hepatitis B and C viruses, group A streptococcus, Helicobacter pylori and mycobacteria. (ncku.edu.tw)
Genomic surveillance has proven particularly valuable for rapidly evolving pathogens, such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses. (alliedacademies.org)
Genomics has shed light on the complex interactions between pathogens and their hosts, unravelling the mechanisms underlying virulence, immune evasion, and disease progression. (alliedacademies.org)
Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? (mdpi.com)
The most common viral pathogens recovered from hospitalized patients admitted with CAP include human rhinovirus and influenza . (medscape.com)

PB1-F2 is a small, 90 amino acid long polypeptide expressed in influenza A viruses, which generally exacerbate virus pathogenicity. (omicsonline.org)
A cluster of virulence genes encoded on a pathogenicity island is responsible for the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes . (pressbooks.pub)
It is simply a matter of chance that the mutations responsible for the infectivity and pathogenicity of a particular influenza virus in animals does not include the ability to efficiently infect humans with human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
We also review clinically apparent differences in the immune responses elicited by these viruses according to the latest clinical data and recommend that investigators note these differences in ongoing efforts to elucidate the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. (ersjournals.com)
Our study also showed that there are no genetic differences in receptor specificity or the cleavability of the haemagglutinin proteins of these viruses regardless of whether they are of low or high pathogenicity in mink. (biomedcentral.com)
In poly I:C stimulated mink lung cells the NS1 protein of influenza A virus showing high pathogenicity in mink down regulated the type I interferon promoter activity to a greater extent than the NS1 protein of the virus showing low pathogenicity in mink. (biomedcentral.com)
Differences in pathogenicity and virulence in mink between these strains could be related to clear amino acid differences in the non structural 1 (NS1) protein. (biomedcentral.com)
In an effort to better understand the mechanism behind the virulence of influenza A viruses we characterized the complete genome of influenza A viruses that clearly showed different pathogenicity for mink. (biomedcentral.com)
Targeting bacterial virulence factors is a wise option, as it can mitigate the pathogenicity of bacteria without eradicating them. (qxmd.com)
The pathogenicity of C. albicans is mainly due to its virulence factors, which are the novel targets of antifungal drugs for low risk of resistance development. (qxmd.com)
Our previous studies recognized peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PrsA) as a critical virulence factor promoting SS2 pathogenicity. (qxmd.com)

The Influenza Division (ID) improves global control and prevention of seasonal and novel influenza and improves influenza pandemic preparedness and response. (cdc.gov)
While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. (hbsraevents.org)
The research of her team focusses on the understanding of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emergence, their pathogenesis and the development of new vaccination strategies to cope with antigenic diversity in the context of pandemic preparedness. (erasmusmc.nl)
The same protein, for example, was found in the different virus strains that caused both the 1997 Hong Kong bird flu and the 1918 pandemic known as the "Spanish flu" that killed nearly 50 million people. (uga.edu)
The standard response that is typically discussed is an influenza vaccine-and I've mentioned before how important it is to increase our influenza vaccination surge capacity (not only is it good for dealing with a pandemic, but could serve as a source of vaccine production against the annual epidemic). (mikethemadbiologist.com)
Avian influenza, or "bird flu", is a contagious disease of animals which crossed the species barrier to infect humans and gave a quite impact on public health in the world since 2004, especially due to the threat of pandemic situation. (ui.ac.id)
An influenza pandemic is a rare but recurrent event. (ui.ac.id)
An influenza pandemic happens when a new subtype emerges that has not previously circulated in humans. (ui.ac.id)
Accurate predictions of mortality cannot be made before the pandemic virus emerges and begins to spread. (ui.ac.id)
To understand how this would be possible, it's helpful to look at how one instance of influenza - the 1918 flu pandemic - evolved its extreme level of virulence and was responsible for the deaths of at least 20 million people . (nationalinterest.org)
2. The recent example of the international spread of MERS-CoV is a stark reminder that there is urgent need to monitor the evolution of transmission risk of the MERS-CoV and A(H5N1) virus, both of which have pandemic risk potential. (who.int)

The hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix genes of the reassortant virus were highly similar to genes in EA-H1N1 swine influenza viruses, the polybasic 1 and 2, polymerase acidic, and nucleoprotein genes originated from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, and the nonstructural protein gene derived from classical swine influenza A(H1N1) (CS H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a virulence factor of H5N1. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
The NS1 protein of influenza A virus is a major virulence factor that is essential for pathogenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
Deletions in the stalk of the influenza neuraminidase (NA) surface protein are associated with increased virulence, but the mechanisms responsible for this enhanced virulence are unclear. (nih.gov)
Here we show that gene knockout of the cellular protein NS1-BP, a constituent of the M mRNA speckle-export pathway and a binding partner of the virulence factor NS1 protein, inhibits M mRNA nuclear export without altering bulk cellular mRNA export, providing an avenue to preferentially target influenza virus. (elsevierpure.com)
Once inside the cells, the virus hijacks the protein manufacturing machinery of the cell to generate its own viral proteins and create more viral particles. (medicalxpress.com)
Here a VACV lacking theK7Rgene (vΔK7) was constructed and compared with control viruses that included a plaque purified wt (vK7), a revertant with theK7Rgene reinserted (vK7-rev) and a frame-shifted virus in which the translational initiation codon was mutated to prevent K7 protein expression (vK7-fs). (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we report ubiquitylation of vaccinia virus (VACV) protein N1. (ox.ac.uk)
Taken together, we described a previously uncharacterized modification of the VACV protein N1 that provided a new layer of complexity to the biology of this virulence factor, and provided another example of the intricate interplay between poxviruses and the host ubiquitin system. (ox.ac.uk)
The NS1 protein derived from a highly pathogenic strain resulted in increased interaction with RIG-I and inhibited type I IFN and IL-1ß responses compared to the least pathogenic virus strains. (lonza.com)

Since 2003, multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5 subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have generated severe epidemics and thus not only tremendous economic losses in the domestic poultry industry, but also serious threats to human health worldwide ( Jhung and Nelson, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
Funk M, de Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Gultyaev AP, Richard M . In Silico Analyses of the Role of Codon Usage at the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Genesis. (erasmusmc.nl)
De Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Richard M . Reduced Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Duck Endothelial Cells Compared to Chicken Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Stronger Antiviral Responses. (erasmusmc.nl)

Researchers at Kanazawa University have studied the structure of one of the virulence factors - haemagglutinin (HA) - of avian influenza virus, H5N1. (drugtargetreview.com)
The World Health Organization is concerned about the highly virulent strains of IAV, such as H5N1 avian viruses which has about 60% lethality rate [ 1 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Increasing numbers of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A (H5N1) were reported to WHO between 2003 and 2011. (omicsonline.org)
This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
Avian influenza H5N1 has shown high mortality rate in human. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
This was followed by other less severe strains, the H2N2 "Asian influenza" of 1957-1958, H3N2 "Hong Kong flu" of 1968-1969, and H5N1 "bird flu" in 2006-2007, and recently the H1N1 "swine flu" of 2009-2010. (biomedcentral.com)

In 2015, a novel influenza A(H1N1) virus was isolated from a boy in China who had severe pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
The virus was a genetic reassortant of Eurasian avian-like influenza A(H1N1) (EA-H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
In a mouse model, the reassortant virus, termed influenza A/Hunan/42443/2015(H1N1) virus, showed higher infectivity and virulence than another human EA-H1N1 isolate, influenza A/Jiangsu/1/2011(H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
In the respiratory tract of mice, virus replication by influenza A/Hunan/42443/2015(H1N1) virus was substantially higher than that by influenza A/Jiangsu/1/2011(H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
however, given the circulation of novel EA-H1N1 viruses in pigs, enhanced surveillance should be instituted among swine and humans. (cdc.gov)
The largest outbreak of classical swine influenza A(H1N1) (CS H1N1) virus occurred in Fort Dix, New Jersey, USA, in 1976 ( 7 , 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Human infections with variant influenza subtype H1N1 and H3N2 viruses with matrix (M) genes derived from swine-origin influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus have occurred continuously since the virus was first detected in 2009, and the number of infections has increased substantially in recent years ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
The history of influenza pandemics began with the H1N1 "Spanish Flu" strain of 1918-1919 that killed an estimated fifty million people [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Clinical data indicate that severe COVID-19 most commonly manifests as viral pneumonia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a clinical entity mechanistically understood best in the context of influenza A virus-induced pneumonia. (ersjournals.com)
Our review explores influenza A virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as a paradigm for understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced ARDS pathogenesis and ageing as a risk factor for severe disease. (ersjournals.com)
We argue that the impaired interferon-I and -III response of severe COVID-19 is reminiscent of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and influenza pathobiology, suggesting conserved virulence mechanisms among these viruses. (ersjournals.com)
The outbreak of severe respiratory disease in mink ( Mustela vison) in 1984 was linked to an avian influenza virus of subtype H10N4. (biomedcentral.com)
Patients with acute respiratory illness, including feverishness or cough symptoms ≤ 7 days duration, were prospectively enrolled and tested for influenza by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during influenza seasons 2007-08 through 2010-11. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza is associated with more severe symptoms of acute respiratory illness. (biomedcentral.com)
From both an economic and public health perspective, influenza is one of the most important viruses because it may cause more severe symptoms than other respiratory viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. (mdpi.com)
Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. (mdpi.com)
Influenza A virus (IAV) triggers a contagious and potentially lethal respiratory disease. (lonza.com)
Among respiratory visits, influenza-attributable rates were highest among (who.int)
5-8 There is increasing recognition that the impact of influenza extends beyond respiratory illness to circulatory and other diseases. (who.int)
The detection and spread of an emerging respiratory pathogen are accompanied by uncertainty over the key epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of the novel pathogen and particularly its ability to spread in the human population and its virulence (case-severity). (who.int)
Closed settings, such as the household, have a defined population that do not mix readily with the larger surrounding community, and therefore such settings provide a strategic way to track emerging respiratory infections and characterize virus transmission patterns because the denominator can be wel defined. (who.int)

Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
Biosecurity here encompasses genetic research to reduce bacterial colonisation in animals and internal measures to curb transmissions and coinfections (e.g., with PRRSV, Swine Influenza virus, Bordetella bronchiseptic a, or E. coli ), which constitute a significant virulence factor for S. suis infections. (pigprogress.net)
Human infections by influenza A viruses commonly occur yearly, with a seasonal peak incidence [ 6 ], usually as a mild disease, but for some, as a more severe illness that may be fatal. (biomedcentral.com)
Experimental aerosol infections of mink, using mink/84 or chicken/49, were then used to compare in more detail the pathogenesis of the two virus infections [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Spoiler alert: He discovers that virus-infected individuals will not bite humans with other infections or terminal illnesses, and proceeds to infect himself with a BSL4 pathogen and walk among the zombies unscathed. (asmblog.org)
Undoubtedly, factors other than the inherent virulence of the virus or the robustness of the host's immune response affected the clinical expressions of influenza infections. (mikethemadbiologist.com)
Influenza-related illness is poorly recorded in hospital and death databases, and counting only laboratory-confirmed influenza infections will markedly underestimate influenza's population impact. (who.int)

Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)

The mechanisms of viral virulence are also only partially understood. (usda.gov)
Viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to perturb the cell ubiquitin system and manipulate it to their own benefit. (ox.ac.uk)

Comparison of the virulence and transmissibility of canine H3N2 influenza viruses and characterization of their canine adaptation factors. (cdc.gov)
This season, influenza B is prominent in the Americas and Africa, and influenza A H3N2 comprises half the reported cases Prof. Emerita, Stanford University in Europe and Australia, and more than 75% of strains in ChinaA. (chestervetclinic.com)
In temperate South America, numbers of influenza cases began to increase in May, peaking around July with the largest numbers seen for A(H3N2), but showing a second peak in August with more influenza B strains and untyped influenza A strains (Figure 1). (chestervetclinic.com)
However, a new virus, variant H3N2 (H3N2v), associated with pigs and originally discovered in 2011, has cropped up this year in some human outbreaks periodically since July, 2012.1,B Although the strains of influenza circulating globally now are genetically slightly different from those in the current vaccine, the CDC feels that there will be significant cross-reactive protection, so they recommend that the vaccines not be changed. (chestervetclinic.com)

The detection and evaluation of concentration of influenza virus proteins in biological samples is critical in a broad range of medical and biological investigations regarding the concern over potential outbreaks of virulent influenza strains in animals and humans. (omicsonline.org)
This parallel detection of PB1-F2 and NP suggests that applied sensor chip technology may be amenable to an arrow immunosensor for simultaneous detection of all known influenza virus proteins in infected tissues and cells. (omicsonline.org)
Several influenza proteins have been shown to be major determinants in host tropism. (springer.com)
In this study, computational models for 11 influenza proteins have been constructed using the machine learning algorithm random forest for prediction of host tropism. (springer.com)
0.916) capable of determining host tropism of individual influenza proteins. (springer.com)
In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
Proliferation of influenza A is predominantly in avian hosts with very rapid mutation, resulting in a "quasispecies" [ 4 ], a vast number of viruses that are genetically related but differ in the amino acid sequences of the viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
When T cells specifically recognize influenza virus proteins, they then begin to proliferate in the lymph nodes around the lungs and throat. (medicalxpress.com)
If certain proteins and other molecules within the viruses can be associated with particularly virulent strains of influenza, epidemiologists might be able to prevent the spread of those strains. (uga.edu)
Vaccinia virus(VACV) encodes many proteins that antagonize the innate immune system including a family of intracellular proteins with a B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2-like structure. (ox.ac.uk)
One of these Bcl-2 proteins called K7 binds Toll-like receptor-adaptor proteins and the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 and thereby inhibits the activation of NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3. (ox.ac.uk)

In this section, we examine various types and specific examples of virulence factors and how they contribute to each step of pathogenesis. (pressbooks.pub)
She then integrated the Viroscience Department for her post-doctoral studies, which have focused on the pathogenesis, virulence and transmissibility of influenza A viruses, with special emphasis on genetic and phenotypic viral factors involved in the emergence of new pandemics. (erasmusmc.nl)
Since pathogenesis is a multigenic trait, we focus on the identification and characterization of viral and host factors which mediate enhanced virulence in the mammalian host. (uni-muenster.de)
In the past, we have identified human-type signatures in the viral polymerase and cellular nuclear import factors as crucial determinants of avian-mammalian transmission and pathogenesis in mammals. (uni-muenster.de)
In this review we connect the current understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and host response to the clinical presentation of COVID-19, borrowing concepts from influenza A virus-induced ARDS pathogenesis and discussing how these ideas inform our evolving understanding of COVID-19-induced ARDS. (ersjournals.com)
In this study, we determined that changes in the nasopharyngeal environment result in the release of bacteria from colonizing biofilms with a gene expression and virulence phenotype different not only from that of colonizing biofilm bacteria but also from that of the broth-grown planktonic bacteria commonly used for pathogenesis studies. (lu.se)

In certain cases, amantadine is also known to prevent virus assembly during virus replication. (nih.gov)
Amantadine inhibits the replication of influenza A virus isolates from each of the subtypes, i.e. (nih.gov)
Reduced expression of these mRNA export factors renders cells highly permissive to influenza virus replication, demonstrating that proper levels of key constituents of the mRNA export machinery protect against influenza virus replication. (elsevierpure.com)
This RNA export inhibitor impaired replication of diverse influenza A virus strains at non-toxic concentrations. (elsevierpure.com)
We hypothesised that a mixture of Ribes nigrum L. (Grossulariaceae) (common name black currant (BC)) and Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) (common name bilberry (BL)) extracts (BC/BL) with standardised anthocyanin content as well as single plant extracts interfered with the replication of Measles virus and Herpesviruses in vitro. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Results The BC/BL extract inhibited wild-type Measles virus replication, syncytia formation and cell-to-cell spread. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

The second case, which began in December 2012 in a 3-year-old boy in Hebei Province, caused mild influenza-like illness ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
Neuropsychiatric events: Patients with influenza, including those receiving oseltamivir phosphate capsules, particularly pediatric patients, may be at an increased risk of confusion or abnormal behavior early in their illness. (nih.gov)
Influenza viruses with reduced in vitro sensitivity have been shown to be transmissible and to cause typical influenza illness. (nih.gov)
Every year, seasonal Influenza A virus (IAV) affects millions of people leading to illness and death. (omicsonline.org)
Factors include illness or presence of exudative or weeping lesions that may interfere significantly with the fire fighters', EMTs' and paramedics' ability to perform their jobs and provide quality care. (iaff.org)
Many large observational studies on ARI and influenza-like illness focus on individuals seeking ambulatory medical care, thus a better understanding of the severity of ARI symptoms may improve the interpretability of results of such studies. (biomedcentral.com)
The close quarters of trench warfare and the transport of sick people, which allowed the virus to be readily transmissible from people who were immobilised by their illness, created the conditions under which the virus could become both highly contagious and unusually deadly. (nationalinterest.org)
Influenza is associated with a substantial and annually varying burden of hospital-attended illness in NSW. (who.int)
11 Thus, statistical time-series analysis is used to estimate population levels of illness and death attributable to influenza. (who.int)

Sortase A (SrtA), which is critical for bacterial adhesion, invasion, and immune evasion, is a promising target for virulence inhibition in S. aureu s. (qxmd.com)

N1 is an inhibitor of the nuclear factor NF-κB and apoptosis that contributes to virulence, has a Bcl-2-like fold, and is highly conserved amongst orthopoxviruses. (ox.ac.uk)
The VraSR regulatory system contributes to virulence in Streptococcus suis via resistance to innate immune defenses. (snaubulletin.com.ua)

A quantitative relationship between the in vitro susceptibility of influenza A virus to amantadine and the clinical response to therapy has not been established in man. (nih.gov)
Among the drugs that have been largely tested in clinical trials but failed so far to bring clear evidence of clinical efficacy is favipiravir, a nucleoside analogue with large spectrum activity against several RNA viruses in vitro and in small animal models. (bvsalud.org)
Genotypic analysis of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Brazil reveals the presence of VNB isolates and a correlation with biological factors. (cdc.gov)
We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
Integrating established knowledge of influenza A virus-induced ARDS pathophysiology, we discuss how shared clinical findings frame influenza as only an approximate model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
We examined the association between a subjective symptom severity score, demographic and clinical characteristics, and presence of laboratory-confirmed influenza among central Wisconsin adults who sought care for ARI during four influenza seasons. (biomedcentral.com)

Live attenuated vaccines might re-develop virulence, an unacceptable risk. (pigprogress.net)
While designing effective vaccines and viral-entry inhibitors has proven unsuccessful for certain viruses, often due to their high mutagenicity, compounds targeting interferon antagonists may provide a new therapeutic alternative. (the-scientist.com)
Vaccines of this kind are currently being developed for influenza ( J Virol , 86:10293-301, 2012). (the-scientist.com)
My research during this time focused on Influenza virulence factors and the development of experimental vaccines in mouse models. (continuumforums.com)
Millions are immunized every year against influenza, but vaccines aren't always effective because it is difficult to predict the flu strain for a given year. (uga.edu)

Psittacosis typically causes influenza-like symptoms and can lead to severe pneumonia and nonrespiratory health problems. (cdc.gov)
Blood and saliva can transport viruses and pathogenic bacteria which could cause anything from the common cold to other more serious diseases such as labial herpes, hepatitis B and C, pneumonia, tuberculosis and, more rarely, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (bvsalud.org)

But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. (hbsraevents.org)

I got also involved in the 1918 influenza virus recovery and characterization project. (continuumforums.com)
It can be used for a detailed characterization of the composition and incidence of mutations present in the proteomes of influenza viruses from animal and human host populations, for a better understanding of host tropism. (biomedcentral.com)
Coupled with previous experimental data and genetic characterization here we tried to investigate the possible influence of different genes on the virulence of these H10 avian influenza viruses in mink. (biomedcentral.com)

It has very little or no activity against influenza B virus isolates. (nih.gov)
Sensitivity test results, expressed as the concentration of amantadine required to inhibit by 50% the growth of virus (ED 50 ) in tissue culture vary greatly (from 0.1 mcg/mL to 25 mcg/mL) depending upon the assay protocol used, size of virus inoculum, isolates of influenza A virus strains tested, and the cell type used. (nih.gov)
The ability to routinely screen influenza isolates for virulence factors would be a highly significant advance. (uga.edu)

We hypothesized that adults with laboratory-confirmed influenza would rate their symptoms as more severe relative to adults without influenza, and vaccinated adults with influenza would rate symptoms as less severe than those who were not vaccinated. (biomedcentral.com)

With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
AIV virulence is likely affects multiple factors and depends upon both antigenic drift and the AIV-infected strain in the host immunity ( Tscherne and Garcia-Sastre, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
The survival properties include virus escape from the immune responses of humans previously infected or immunized with an earlier virus strain. (biomedcentral.com)
The molecular characteristics for influenza host restriction is partially understood, however it is not possible to predict whether any given influenza strain will be able to cross a particular species barrier and cause disease. (usda.gov)
The method, also known as nano-optical detection, has proven viable for identifying whole viruses, but Dluhy, Tompkins and Tripp will take the process a step further by identifying virus components-the virulence factors-that survive from strain to strain. (uga.edu)
so that these viruses expressed the form of hemagglutinin encoded by the gene of the 1918 Spanish influenza strain (HAsp), alone (Panel C) or in combination (Panel B) with the form of neuraminidase encoded by the gene of the 1918 Spanish influenza strain (NAsp). (wakingupcosts.net)
Methods We treated cell cultures with BC/BL or defined single plant extracts, purified anthocyanins and astaxanthin in different concentrations and subsequently infected the cultures with the Measles virus (wild-type or vaccine strain Edmonston), Herpesvirus 1 or 8, or murine Cytomegalovirus. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
This suppression was dependent on the wild-type virus-receptor-interaction since the Measles vaccine strain was unaffected by BC/BL treatment. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
That strain of influenza, which is thought to have infected much of the world's population at the time, had a mortality rate of at least 2.5% - significantly more than that of seasonal flu, which is about 0.1% . (nationalinterest.org)

Thus, NS1, an influenza virulence factor that inhibits the RIG-I/type I IFN pathway, strongly modulated the IL-1ß response in lung epithelial cells and in ferrets. (lonza.com)

Dr. Richard and her team found subtype-specific secondary RNA structures in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza viruses that might be implicated in the emergence of HPAIV. (erasmusmc.nl)

Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)
Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
Understanding what happens at the host-pathogen interface and why certain viruses are capable of jumping to new species is a top research question in virology. (the-scientist.com)
Our major research interest is to understand how avian influenza viruses cross species barriers and transmit to humans where they can lead to high fatality rates. (uni-muenster.de)
Although influenza has been around for probably hundreds of years, because the virus has the ability to occasionally transmit to new host species and change in virulence, it is often regarded as an emerging virus. (usda.gov)
In general one of the most important factors for the virus to be able to cross species is ecological. (usda.gov)
There it can evolve high specialisation and virulence in the species it's infecting - in this case, people. (nationalinterest.org)
Orthopoxviruses and Monkeypox virus were detected in the organs by PCR using consensus primers targeting the virus surface membrane haemagglutinin (HA) genes, while Leptospira species were detected by PCR using primers targeting the rrs and lfb1 genes. (bvsalud.org)
Arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) is defined as any virus that is transmitted to humans and/or other vertebrates by certain species of blood-feeding arthropods, mostly insects (flies and mosquitoes) and arachnids (ticks). (msdmanuals.com)
It is not part of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses classification of viruses (ie, it is not a species, genus, or family), which is based on the nature and structure of the viral genome. (msdmanuals.com)

Pigs are well known as genetic mixing vessels for human and avian influenza viruses ( 1 , 2 ), and swine influenza viruses (SIVs) occasionally infect humans ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)

Similar to influenza, advanced age has emerged as the leading host risk factor for developing severe COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
We also explore the potential aetiologies of the lymphopenia associated with severe COVID-19: the virus' expanded tropism, elevated serum cytokines (particularly interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α), and excessive lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs. (ersjournals.com)
The unique property of some avian H10 viruses, particularly the ability to cause severe disease in mink without prior adaptation, enabled our study. (biomedcentral.com)

In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
A pathogen's virulence factors are encoded by genes that can be identified using molecular Koch's postulates. (pressbooks.pub)
When genes encoding virulence factors are inactivated, virulence in the pathogen is diminished. (pressbooks.pub)
These genes are regulated by a transcriptional factor known as peptide chain release factor 1 (PrfA). (pressbooks.pub)
By studying host genetic factors, researchers can identify host susceptibility genes, elucidate the variability in disease severity, and develop personalized treatment approaches. (alliedacademies.org)

Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
But this factor probably explains the potential for transmission from animals to humans more than it does virulence in humans. (nationalinterest.org)
Background The Concept of Emergence Emerging infectious diseases are diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future.1 Many factors, or combinations of factors, can contribute to disease emergence (Table1). (cdc.gov)

4 There are few studies estimating the impact of influenza on lower severity health outcomes including hospital Emergency Department (ED) visits. (who.int)

Because their genomes are composed of RNA rather than DNA, these viruses must use their own RNA polymerase to copy their genetic information. (the-scientist.com)
This genetic plasticity is key if the virus is to overcome a host immune attack. (the-scientist.com)
The oligos will capture bits of the influenza genetic material from virus samples, creating an oligo-virus complex. (uga.edu)

The association between influenza test result and severity score was examined using linear regression. (biomedcentral.com)
In adults ≥ 65 years old with RT-PCR confirmed influenza, symptom severity was 31% lower in those who were vaccinated as compared to those who were not vaccinated. (biomedcentral.com)
The association between influenza vaccination and reduced symptom severity in older adults should be confirmed and explored further in other populations and seasons. (biomedcentral.com)
The severity of seasonal influenza symptoms compared to non-influenza ARI has not been extensively studied though. (biomedcentral.com)
Given its role in generating an immune response and the production of antibodies, influenza vaccination may mitigate the severity of some influenza symptoms. (biomedcentral.com)

Only a few months after the outbreak in Swedish mink, some viruses of the H10N4 subtype were isolated from domestic and wild birds in Great Britain [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Virulence and transmission characteristics of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 subtype avian influenza viruses possessing different internal gene constellations. (qxmd.com)

Death rates are largely determined by four factors: the number of people who become infected, the virulence of the virus, the underlying characteristics and vulnerability of affected populations, and the effectiveness of preventive measures. (ui.ac.id)
Using the current estimates of 1-2% mortality, we may - not counting the risk of increased virulence - see many thousands of deaths in the camps and in the populations directly and indirectly affected by them. (nationalinterest.org)

All known mammalian viruses express at least one interferon antagonist. (the-scientist.com)

It's interesting to note that many of the body's defenses that attack the virus also cause many of the symptoms associated with the flu. (medicalxpress.com)
While this process causes some lung injury, most of the symptoms of the flu are actually caused by the immune response to the virus. (medicalxpress.com)
While the influenza virus is wholly contained in the lungs under normal circumstances, several symptoms of influenza are systemic, including fever, headache, fatigue and muscle aches . (medicalxpress.com)

Consider available information on influenza drug susceptibility patterns and treatment effects when deciding whether to use. (nih.gov)

Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in 2014 in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, Monkeypox virus in Nigeria in 2017 and most recently Lassa virus in Nigeria, Togo and Benin in 2018. (bvsalud.org)

Here, we evaluate the antiviral activity of favipiravir against Zika or SARS-CoV-2 virus in cynomolgus macaques. (bvsalud.org)
Aspirin, with its active compound acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), shows antiviral activity against rhino- and influenza viruses at high concentrations. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

The influenza A virus genome is constituted of 8 RNA segments. (elsevierpure.com)

Treatment of acute, uncomplicated influenza A and B in patients 2 weeks of age and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 48 hours. (nih.gov)

Not a substitute for annual influenza vaccination. (nih.gov)

Emphasis will be placed on the specific microbes and their virulence factors, secretion systems, toxins and surface adhesions. (sfu.ca)

She completed her PhD in 2010 in France under the supervision of Prof. Bruno Lina studying the resistance of influenza A viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors. (erasmusmc.nl)

In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)
The NS gene of mink/84 appears to have contributed to the virulence of the virus in mink by helping the virus evade the innate immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)

Next-generation molecular diagnostic publication may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of testing for influenza virus and specifically the Xpert® Flu cartridge represent game- the editor. (chestervetclinic.com)

Conclusions Our data indicate that Measles viruses and Herpesviruses are differentially susceptible to a specific BC/BL mixture, single plant extracts, purified anthocyanins and astaxanthin. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

For example, in chronic skin wounds, Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence is activated by Gram-positive organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus . (asmblog.org)
In a previous study, we found that Staphylococcus aureus (SA) induced interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation and Ifnb expression only in its planktonic form but not in the biofilm. (qxmd.com)

A major complication is the occurrence of global pandemics resulting from the emergence of highly infectious subtypes of the virus, particularly those capable of human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy20

Organisms72

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs51

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care10

Geographicals2

Infection41

Pathogens8

Pathogenicity11

Pandemic12

Protein11

Highly pathogeni3

H5N17

H1N18

Respiratory14

Infections7

Transmission of influenza viruses1

Mechanisms2

H3N24

Proteins11

Pathogenesis6

Replication6

Illness9

Bacterial1

Contributes to virulence2

Clinical6

Vaccines5

Pneumonia2

Infectivity1

Characterization3

Isolates3

Laboratory-confirmed influenza1

Strain9

Inhibits1

Hemagglutinin1

Species12

Swine influenza1

Severe3

Genes5

Humans3

Impact of influenza1

Genetic3

Severity5

Subtype2

Populations2

Mammalian1

Symptoms3

Susceptibility1

Outbreak1

Antiviral Activity2

Genome1

Acute1

Vaccination1

Secretion1

Resistance1

Gene2

Molecular1

Conclusions1

Staphylococcus2

Emergence1