• Eicosanoids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are categorized as anti-inflammatory and inflammatory mediators. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhibition of phospholipase A2 prevents the release of arachidonic acid, which is the precursor to inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. (eyewiki.org)
  • In one example, this enzyme catalyzes the release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane phospholipids, thus playing a role in the production of various inflammatory lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins. (nih.gov)
  • sPLA2IIa is certainly an integral enzyme in the biosynthesis of eicosanoids by hydrolysing polyunsaturated essential fatty Abacavir sulfate acids (PUFAs) leading to the era of free of charge arachidonic acidity and lysophospholipids precursors of proinflammatory lipid mediators like prostaglandin E2 (14). (researchdataservice.com)
  • The resulting distention further releases inflammatory mediators (eg, prostaglandins), worsening mucosal damage and causing ischemia, all of which perpetuate inflammation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The mechanism probably involves inflammatory mediators released because of ischemia, infection, or bile stasis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tissue damage then causes the release of a number of chemical mediators including norepinephrine, 5HT, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines such as TNF-alpha, and substance P amongst others. (vetbloom.com)
  • How this process occurs is multi-factorial including more than simply sensory blockade decreasing substance P release and edema, but also by diminishing the actions of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells and related release of inflammatory mediators and oxygen free radicals, as well as by decreasing microvascular permeability and albumin extravasation in some tissues. (vetbloom.com)
  • Inflammatory mediators not only activate "pain-"sensing neurons, the nociceptors, to trigger acute pain sensations, more important, they increase nociceptor responsiveness to produce inflammatory hyperalgesia. (jneurosci.org)
  • Apart from exciting nociceptors, inflammatory mediators increase nociceptor responsiveness, frequently by initiating G-protein-mediated processes, to cause hyperalgesia. (jneurosci.org)
  • Other mediators act as regulatory components to establish homeostasis after injury or prevent the inflammatory process. (hindawi.com)
  • In this review, we discuss the dualistic effects of histamine: how histamine affects inflammation of the immune system through the activation of intracellular pathways that induce the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in different immune cells and how histamine exerts regulatory functions in innate and adaptive immune responses. (hindawi.com)
  • Further studies are necessary to determine the extent to which inflammatory mediators are involved in the abnormal endocannabinoid signalling system in prostate cancer. (researcher-app.com)
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs reduce pain, inflammation, and fever by reducing the inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase, phospholipase A2, and prostaglandins. (stfrancisanimalandbird.com)
  • The cyclooxygenase pathway is specifically inhibited by aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (medscape.com)
  • Unlike traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, AK106-001616 reduced prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) production by stimulated cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Blood vessels produce beneficial phase 2 enzymes that help protect cells from carcinogens in response to shear stress, but in the joints high shear stress increases cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme levels, resulting in pain, inflammation and suppression of phase 2 enzymes, and the eventual death of cartilage cells known as chondrocytes. (lifeextension.com)
  • Furthermore, they inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) leading to a reduction in the production of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) and inflammation antagonism. (scienceopen.com)
  • Regardless of the etiology, a deficiency of cyclooxygenase (COX), a key regulatory enzyme in the synthetic pathway of eicosanoid production, results in beneficial and detrimental physiologic conditions relative to imbalances of the eicosanoids. (medscape.com)
  • The enzyme cyclooxygenase exists in two different isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2. (osmosis.org)
  • Both can also be oxidized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase, generating prostaglandins, ethanolamines, and several other intermediate subproducts [ 21 , 22 ]. (irjournal.org)
  • The safety of the use of bromelain compared to other anti-inflammatories, derives from the difference in its mechanism of action: in fact, where NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase, blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins, bromelain, instead, increases the production of prostaglandins with anti-inflammatory activity detrimental to those with pro-inflammatory activity: thus the gastrointestinal damage typical of NSAIDs is avoided. (nutrami.it)
  • The inactivation of cyclooxygenase inhibits production of prostaglandins fungal infection. (esupport.ws)
  • With the hope for reduction of the cyclooxygenase ( COX ) enzyme hope for reduction of cyclooxygenase. (esupport.ws)
  • Aspirin therapy its irreversible inactivation of cyclooxygenase inhibits production of prostaglandins and. (esupport.ws)
  • Equally exciting are opportunities for effective chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, both synthetic and naturally occurring, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Excess levels of sPLA2 is thought to contribute to several inflammatory diseases, and has been shown to promote vascular inflammation correlating with coronary events in coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome, and possibly leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and progression of tonsillitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The phase 2 enzymes inhibited the inflammation and the apoptosis -- the cellular suicide we'd observed. (lifeextension.com)
  • Their antioxidant activity and ability to inhibit enzymes involved in the production of eicosanoids contribute as well to their anti-inflammation properties. (scienceopen.com)
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mediate key points in inflammation [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bile stasis triggers release of inflammatory enzymes (eg, phospholipase A, which converts lecithin to lysolecithin, which then may mediate inflammation). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Therefore, COX - also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), fatty acid COX, prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase, and EC 1.14.99.1 - is implicated in the production of fever, inflammation, and pain. (medscape.com)
  • NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents) are a group of medicines that relieve pain and fever and reduce inflammation. (illnesshacker.com)
  • The use of exogenous steroids will have the positive effects of decreasing inflammation through the inhibition of prostaglandins and leukotrienes with the result of decreasing pain. (vetbloom.com)
  • In vascular endothelial cells, the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) by prostanoids inhibits endothelial inflammation by suppressing transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. (fapesp.br)
  • Some eicosanoids are synthesized from diacylglycerol, released from the lipid bilayer by phospholipase C (see below). (wikipedia.org)
  • 2011). Furthermore, MAGL inhibitors supply the added advantage of lowering pro-inflammatory eicosanoids to create anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective replies and modulating a fatty acidity network in malignant cancers cells to curb cancers cell pathogenicity. (tuskonus.org)
  • Two most notable families are secreted and cytosolic phospholipases A2. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3-[3-Amino-4-(indan-2-yloxy)-5-(1-methyl-1 H -indazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-propionic acid (AK106-001616) is a novel, potent, and selective inhibitor of the cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA 2 ) enzyme. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) regulatory enzyme cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), were found to regulate TLR2 mRNA expression stimulated by TNFα. (scilifelab.se)
  • 2009). Rather, there can be an anatomical demarcation in enzymes that regulate this process in which MAGL plays this role not only in the brain, but also in the liver and lung, whereas cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is the dominant AA-releasing enzyme in gut, spleen and macrophages (Bonventre et al. (tuskonus.org)
  • Polyphenolic compounds inhibit phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AkT), inhibitor of kappa kinase/c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (IKK/JNK), mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) which is a protein complex that controls protein synthesis, and JAK/STAT. They can suppress toll-like receptor (TLR) and pro-inflammatory genes' expression. (scienceopen.com)
  • Moreover, this toxin also up-regulated protein expression of COX-2 isoform, whereas an inhibitor of phospholipases A2 enzyme activity, abrogated this effect. (fapesp.br)
  • This 20:4-NAPE-induced inhibition was blocked by anandamide-synthesizing enzyme N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) inhibitor LEI-401. (frontiersin.org)
  • AEA uptake in both DU145 and RAW264.7 cells was inhibited by FAAH inhibition, but not by COX-2 inhibition, even in RAW264.7 cells where the expression of this enzyme had greatly been induced by lipopolysaccharide + interferon γ treatment. (researcher-app.com)
  • Our results show that sPLA(2)-X expression inhibits macrophage activation and inflammatory responses upon stimulation, characterized by reduced cell adhesion and nitric oxide production, a decrease in tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and an increase in interleukin (IL)-10. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Doxorubicin inhibits an enzyme called topoisomerase. (johogo.com)
  • It inhibits the catabolic enzymes that degrade the components of cartilage, inhibits the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and may help stimulate the synthesis of protein, collagen, and hyaluronic acid, the protective compounds within the joints. (stfrancisanimalandbird.com)
  • Alternatively, CME associated with uveitis or following cataract surgery is most likely caused by the cytokines released by activated inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)
  • The anti-edematogenic effect was monitored through carrageenan-induced paw edema model, in which the rodents were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of An by i. g., the percentage of edema (0-4 h), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß) levels were quantified. (bvsalud.org)
  • The anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated through the zymosan-air-pouch model, in which the animals were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of An by i. g, and the leukocytes number, MPO, total protein and cytokines levels were determined. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the edematogenic model, the An reduced significantly the percentage of edema, as well as, the MPO and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. (bvsalud.org)
  • They also reduce release of enzymes in phagocytic cells and inhibit phospholipase A prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis. (johogo.com)
  • Secretory phospholipase A2 type IIa (sPLA2IIa) can be an severe stage reactant markedly elevated in inflammatory disorders. (researchdataservice.com)
  • Macrophage secretory phospholipase A2 group X enhances anti-inflammatory responses, promotes lipid accumulation, and contributes to aberrant lung pathology. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 1992). PGE2 and LTB4 play a crucial role in arthritis by causing resorption of bone, stimulating the secretion of collagen breakdown enzymes, and inhibiting the formation of proteoglycans--the building blocks of cartilage. (lifeextension.com)
  • In turn, PGH2 is converted to biologically active products (ie, prostaglandin E 2 [PGE2]) by individual synthase and reductase reactions. (medscape.com)
  • Both enzymes produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), which cause vasodilation and attract different immune cells to the area. (osmosis.org)
  • The endocannabinoid 2-AG is normally regarded as produced through hydrolysis of phospholipids by phospholipase C (PLC) or release a diacylglycerols (DAG) and Ophiopogonin D' degradation of DAG by diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) or (Gao et al. (tuskonus.org)
  • PLA2 enzymes hydrolyze membrane phospholipids at the sn-2 position, releasing lysophospholipids and fatty acids. (fapesp.br)
  • PLA2 enzymes are commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as arachnid, insect, and snake venom. (wikipedia.org)
  • Venom phospholipases help to immobilize prey by promoting cell lysis[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, two enzymes , hyaluronidase and phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2), together make up between 11 and 15 percent of bee venom. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Bee venom has been utilized in traditional Eastern medicine for thousands of years to treat inflammatory illnesses. (debuglies.com)
  • The Greek physician Hippocrates, often referred to as the "father of medicine," used bee venom to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. (debuglies.com)
  • Venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes share similarity in structure and catalytic function with mammalian enzymes. (fapesp.br)
  • Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and its major toxin, crotoxin or type II PLA2 (CB) subunit of this toxin, modulates immune and inflammatory responses, interfering with the activity of leukocytes. (fapesp.br)
  • There are nearly two dozen different NSAIDs available, but they all work in the same way, and that is by blocking a specific group of enzymes called cyclo-oxygenase enzymes. (illnesshacker.com)
  • 2010). As well as the function of MAGL in terminating 2-AG signaling, we've discovered that MAGL produces AA lately, the precursor for pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis using tissue. (tuskonus.org)
  • We investigated the effect of the anandamide precursor 20:4-NAPE on synaptic activity in naive and inflammatory conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Structures of the first six prostaglandins (PGs) were established by 1962, before their individual biosynthetic pathways were studied. (jci.org)
  • The data demonstrate that in DU145 cells, TNFα treatment changes the relative expression of the enzymes involved in the hydrolytic and oxygenation catabolic pathways for AEA. (researcher-app.com)
  • Levels of AEA synthetic and catabolic enzymes were determined by qPCR. (researcher-app.com)
  • Its high catalytic activity toward phosphatidylcholine (PC), the major phospholipid of cell membranes and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), has implicated sPLA(2)-X in chronic inflammatory conditions such as atherogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Since their discovery in the mid 1930s as potent bioactive compounds in human semen ( 1 ), prostaglandins and their relatives have fascinated several generations of scientists. (jci.org)
  • Secreted phospholipase A2 group X (sPLA(2)-X) is one of the most potent enzymes of the phospholipase A(2) lipolytic enzyme superfamily. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This study revealed that extracts of Feretia apodanthera possess anti-inflammatory effects against right hind paw oedema of albino rats and can act as an effective antioxidant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Quercetin is found abundantly in fruit and vegetables and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. (nutrami.it)
  • The effects of these biologically active compounds on the immune system are associated with extended health benefits for different chronic inflammatory diseases. (scienceopen.com)
  • Thus, this article reviews the involvement of the cannabinoid system in chronic inflammatory diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract and highlights possible therapeutic approaches related to the use of cannabinoids. (irjournal.org)
  • Several Campylobacter species utilize humans as their natural host and accumulated evidence supports their role in chronic inflammatory diseases of the human intestinal tract. (frontiersin.org)
  • Histamine shows a dichotomous nature, whereby it is able to promote inflammatory and regulatory responses that contribute to pathological processes, such as allergy induction, as well as homeostatic functions, such as intestinal regulation. (hindawi.com)
  • To find out what would happen when chondrocytes were first exposed to phase 2 enzymes, the Hopkins researchers, led by associate professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering Konstantinos Konstantopoulos, exposed cultured chondrocytes to compounds derived from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli that are known to increase the enzymes. (lifeextension.com)
  • GCMS analysis revealed compounds that are potential anti-inflammatory agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two decades later, the prostaglandins were deduced to be a family of related compounds that contain 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids with a cyclopentane ring, as depicted below. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with a history of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) , epiretinal membrane (ERM) , and even prostaglandin analogs were found to have increased rates of pseudophakic CME. (medscape.com)
  • Vanadium helps form the haloperoxidase enzymes that help provide a natural antioxidant defense, which has allowed these sea vegetables to flourish. (naturalnews.com)
  • They inhibit certain enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species ROS production like xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase (NOX) while they upregulate other endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (Px). (scienceopen.com)
  • The phytochemical, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of root bark (n-Hexane, diethyl ether, ethanol and aqueous) extracts of Feretia apodanthera was investigated in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • their antioxidant activity was determined using in-vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity assay and their anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan induced paw oedema model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our recent work demonstrated that CB-PLA2 induces prostacyclin (PGI2) release by endothelial cells monolayers (in vitro) through activation of COX-1 and -2 enzyme systems. (fapesp.br)
  • 2004). Although ABHD12 and ABHD6 may possess assignments in 2-AG hydrolysis using configurations, both hereditary and pharmacological inactivation of MAGL result in dramatic elevations in both mass amounts and depolarization-induced interstitial degrees of 2-AG in the mind, confirming that MAGL is definitely the principal enzyme involved with degrading 2-AG (Longer et al. (tuskonus.org)
  • Macrophages are strategically located throughout the body tissues, where they ingest and process foreign materials, dead cells and debris and recruit additional macrophages in response to inflammatory signals. (scienceopen.com)
  • We studied the role of sPLA(2)-X enzyme activity in vitro and in vivo, by generating sPLA(2)-X-overexpressing macrophages and transgenic macrophage-specific sPLA(2)-X mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We conclude that overexpression of the active sPLA(2)-X enzyme results in enhanced foam cell formation but reduced activation and inflammatory responses in macrophages in vitro. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Interestingly, enhanced sPLA(2)-X activity in macrophages in vivo leads to fatal pulmonary defects, suggesting a crucial role for sPLA(2)-X in inflammatory lung disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • As expected from the anti-inflammatory character of exogenous VIP, VIP-deficient The using software is trial version. (daubnet.com)
  • Fucoidans produce their anti-inflammatory effects by blocking selectin production and inhibiting pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and enzymes. (naturalnews.com)
  • These conditions are related to an increased production of pro-inflammatory chemicals called prostaglandins . (osmosis.org)
  • Now, acetaminophen works by decreasing the production of prostaglandins , thereby relieving pain, and reducing fever. (osmosis.org)
  • Prostaglandin E2 also has other effects like causing uterine contractions, decreasing the secretion of acid, and increasing the production of protective mucus in the stomach. (osmosis.org)
  • and it works by reversibly inhibiting COX in the central nervous system, thereby decreasing production of the prostaglandins that cause fever and pain. (osmosis.org)
  • These ingredients reduce the production of inflammatory prostaglandins. (stfrancisanimalandbird.com)
  • The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of the classic cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R, respectively), their endogenous ligands, namely endocannabinoids, and enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of these molecules [ 1 , 2 ]. (irjournal.org)
  • These cells are key regulators of the inflammatory response. (fapesp.br)
  • However, in the case of injury or infection, ECs control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells into the damaged tissue. (fapesp.br)
  • Destroy epithelial cells group by esterification by some drugs aspirin-modified COX-2 produces lipoxins, most of which are anti-inflammatory patients. (esupport.ws)
  • Levels of AEA, related N -acylethanolamines (NAEs), prostaglandins (PG) and PG-ethanolamines (PG-EA) in DU145 cells and medium were quantitated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis. (researcher-app.com)
  • TNFα treatment of DU145 cells increased mRNA levels of PTSG2 (gene of COX-2) and decreased the mRNA of the AEA synthetic enzyme N -acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine selective phospholipase D. mRNA levels of the AEA hydrolytic enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N -acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase were not changed. (researcher-app.com)
  • The extracellular forms of phospholipases A2 have been isolated from different venoms (snake, bee, and wasp), from virtually every studied mammalian tissue (including pancreas and kidney) as well as from bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • This review offers a systematic understanding about how polyphenols target multiple inflammatory components and lead to anti-inflammatory mechanisms. (scienceopen.com)
  • MAGL inhibitors are also proven to exert anti-inflammatory actions in the mind and drive back neurodegeneration through reducing eicosanoid creation. (tuskonus.org)
  • This calcium-dependent enzyme hydrolyzes glycerophospholipids to produce free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. (nih.gov)
  • Bergström stated in his 1982 Nobel lecture that, following the structural assignments of the six PGs, "These 20-carbon prostaglandins have cis -double bonds located as in certain essential fatty acids, when counting from the carboxyl. (jci.org)
  • Likewise, the role of cannabinoids in the treatment of chronic intestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, is also under investigation. (irjournal.org)
  • Patients with chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases present impaired quality of life, and mental health issues are commonly associated with long-term chronic diseases. (irjournal.org)
  • Products like honey, pollen, and royal jelly are known for their medicinal and nutritional benefits, which range from desensitization and anti-inflammatory therapies to treatments for autoimmune diseases. (debuglies.com)
  • Inflammatory conditions (e.g., allergy, asthma, and autoimmune diseases) have long been thought to be mainly mediated by the activation of histamine receptor 1 (H1R). (hindawi.com)
  • COX-1 is a constitutive enzyme, meaning that it's always active, while on the other hand, COX-2 is an inducible enzyme, meaning that it must be turned on to function. (osmosis.org)
  • Over the past decade, studies on human hosted Campylobacter species strongly suggest that Campylobacter concisus plays a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (frontiersin.org)
  • It is hypothesized that this apparent paradox is explained by the fact that they possess a complex and peculiar balancing between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, resulting in a slower, more limited and balanced development of inflammaging, in comparison with old subjects, who are characterized by either faster or inadequately counteracted inflammatory responses [ 6 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • Additional types of phospholipases include phospholipase A1, phospholipase B, phospholipase C, and phospholipase D. Phospholipases A2 include several unrelated protein families with common enzymatic activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are atypical members of the phospholipase A2 family, such as PLA2G12B, that have no phospholipase activity with typical phospholipase substrate. (wikipedia.org)
  • He localized the biologic activity to a fraction of lipid soluble acids that he termed "prostaglandin," hypothesizing that these substances originate in the prostate gland. (medscape.com)
  • This molecule also has anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. (nutrami.it)
  • Curiously, the ageing process impairs expression or activity of HRs, and the enzymes HDC and DAO may contribute to the progression of allergic reactions and various neurodegenerative disorders [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • degradation of histamine is mediated by the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT), which catalyses histamine deamination [ 2 , 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This gene encodes a member of the phospholipase A2 family of proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Bromelain is a complex of two proteolytic enzymes (able to degrade other proteins in amino acids) identified in Ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae family, hence the name). (nutrami.it)
  • It is described as a housekeeping enzyme, being responsible for cell-to-cell signaling, tissue homeostasis, and cytoprotection. (medscape.com)
  • Inflammatory pain originates from tissue damage and includes a wide range of clinical manifestations including surgery, arthritis, trauma, infection, etc. (vetbloom.com)
  • It is particularly used in the treatment of inflammatory states of soft tissues associated with trauma, in localized inflammations (especially in the presence of edema) and in postoperative tissue reactions. (nutrami.it)