Their waxy cell wall, rich in mycolic acid plays an important role in its resistance to many antibiotics. (benthamscience.com)
Mycobacteria are characterized by their impermeable outer membrane, which is rich in mycolic acids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Mycobacterium4
Mycolic acids are long fatty acids found in the cell walls of the Mycolata taxon, a group of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis. (wikipedia.org)
Vashishth A, Shuaib M, Bansal T, Kumar S. Mycobacterium Tubercular Mediated Inflammation and Lung Carcinogenesis: Connecting Links. (lidsen.com)
Disruption of msl3 abolishes the synthesis of mycolipanoic and mycolipenic acids required for polyacyltrehalose synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and causes cell aggregation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Recently, some specific Gram-positive bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum , were found to possess a novel cell wall structure consisting of an arabinogalactan layer covalently linked to the peptidoglycan layer, and a special outer membrane consisting of mycolic acids (mycomembrane) [ 19 ]. (nature.com)
Acid-fast mycobacteria isolated from materials from such buildings microorganisms identified as mycobacteria were present in have been shown to provoke inflammatory reactions. (cdc.gov)
The Mycobacteria genus, member of the Mycobacteriacea family and Actinomycetales order, are nonmotile, nonsporulating, acid-fast bacilli, 2-4 μ in length and 0.2-0.5 μ in width. (benthamscience.com)
Ziehl-Neelson - used for identifying mycobacteria which have high amounts of mycolic acid and high lipid content in the cell wall. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
Sputum3
An international multi-centre study has proved that delamanid (OPC-67683), a new agent derived from the nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole class of compounds that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, can increase the rate of sputum culture conversion in multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) at 2 months. (wikipedia.org)
Active tuberculosis is characterized by a continual cough, weight loss, night sweats and the presence of acid-fast bacilli in sputum. (symptoma.com)
Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear and culture using sputum obtained from the patient. (medscape.com)
Fatty9
and Transfer of mycolic acids to arabinogalactan and other acceptors such as trehalose via the antigen 85 complex The fatty acid synthase-I and fatty acid synthase-II pathways producing mycolic acids are linked by the beta-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) synthase III enzyme, often designated as mtFabH. (wikipedia.org)
Some polyhydroxy fatty acids are also known, which are most frequently produced by lipoxygenase activities, as for several mono-hydroxylated fatty acids. (gerli.com)
A review of fatty acid 2-hydroxylation in sphingolipid biology in connection with the nervous system and various cell types may be consulted ( Hama H , Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1801, 405 ). (gerli.com)
The analysis of long-chain hydroxylated fatty acids in ancient ceramics or shells enables to identify the origin of these deposits. (gerli.com)
There the triglycerides are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids and glycerol through the action of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which is bound to the external surface of adipose cells. (creative-proteomics.com)
The liberated free fatty acids are then taken up by the adipose cells and resynthesized into triglycerides, which accumulate in a fat droplet in each cell. (creative-proteomics.com)
When hormones signal the need for energy, fatty acids and glycerol are released from triglycerides stored in fat cells (adipocytes) and are delivered to organs and tissues in the body. (creative-proteomics.com)
Fatty acids provide highly efficient energy storage, delivering more energy per gram than carbohydrates like glucose. (creative-proteomics.com)
In tissues with high energy requirement, such as heart, up to 50-70% of energy, in the form of ATP production, comes from fatty acid (FA) beta-oxidation. (creative-proteomics.com)
Tuberculosis4
Mycolic acids impart M. tuberculosis with unique properties that defy medical treatment. (wikipedia.org)
The mycolic acids of members of the genus Rhodococcus, another member of the mycolata taxon, differ in several ways from those of M. tuberculosis. (wikipedia.org)
Tumor necrosis factor blockade in chronic murine tuberculosis enhances granulomatous inflammation and disorganizes granulomas in the lungs. (einsteinmed.edu)
It has been proposed that tuberculosis causes chronic inflammation, which increases the risk of lung cancer by creating a favorable environment. (lidsen.com)
Trehalose1
Mycolic acids of trehalose dimycolate modified by MmaA4 repress IL-12p40 production. (einsteinmed.edu)
Synthesis1
Further, individuals with mutations in genes responsible for mycolic acid synthesis exhibit altered cording. (wikipedia.org)
Organisms2
Chorioretinitis is the inflammationInflammationInflammation is a complex set of responses to infection and injury involving leukocytes as the principal cellular mediators in the body's defense against pathogenic organisms. (lecturio.com)
Since lipids play a crucial role in many biological processes, any imbalance in their homeostasis can lead to serious conditions in living organisms, such as chronic inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases, to name just a few. (creative-proteomics.com)
Whipple's disease (WD) is a rare chronic systemic infection with a wide range of clinical symptoms, routinely diagnosed in biopsies from the small intestine and other tissues by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) diastase staining and immunohistological analysis with specific antibodies. (frontiersin.org)
Biological1
Several studies have uncovered potent biological activities of 2-hydroxyoleic acid (Minerval). (gerli.com)
Amino acid2
Analyses of predicted mutation-induced changes in amino acid sequences and structures of MmpR and PepQ mutants revealed several point mutations affected sequence conversation and functionality as an underlying mechanism for observed acquired BDQ/CFZ resistance. (bvsalud.org)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
Macrophages2
Mycolic acids also allow the bacterium to grow inside macrophages, effectively hiding it from the host immune system. (wikipedia.org)
During the process of osteoclast generation, bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) differentiate into tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive pre-osteoclasts, which then fuse with each other to form mature osteoclasts. (tech-strategy.org)
Carbon atoms1
a -Hydroxy acids or 2-hydroxy acids are found in plants (chain from 12 up to 24 carbon atoms) and in animal wool waxes, skin lipids and specialized tissues, mainly in brain. (gerli.com)
Synthetic1
A pilot study of a novel ELISA test using synthetic mycolic acid antigens for serodiagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. (ers-education.org)
Cell2
In addition, the genome codes for the meso-diaminopimelic acid which is incorporated within the cell wall [4]. (kenyon.edu)
Chemical agents such as acetic acid, ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde (formalin), and glutaraldehyde can denature proteins, stop biochemical reactions, and stabilize cell structures in tissue samples ( Figure 2.31 ). (openstax.org)
Occur1
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. (lookformedical.com)
A clear tolerogenic response was promoted by natural mycolic acids in experimental asthma. (wikipedia.org)
Inflammation is also seen as a response to tissue injury in the process of wound healing. (lecturio.com)
Found1
2-Hydroxytetracosanoic acid ( cerebronic acid ) and 2-hydroxy-15-tetracosenoic acid ( hydroxynervonic acid ) are constituents of the ceramide part of cerebrosides (glycosphingolipides found mainly in nervous tissue and in little amount in plants). (gerli.com)
Results1
Mastitis results in the inflammation of the mammary glands, which leads to an increased number of somatic cells within the milk of animals affected by the disease. (kenyon.edu)
Arabinogalactan2
and Transfer of mycolic acids to arabinogalactan and other acceptors such as trehalose via the antigen 85 complex The fatty acid synthase-I and fatty acid synthase-II pathways producing mycolic acids are linked by the beta-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) synthase III enzyme, often designated as mtFabH. (wikipedia.org)
By using several purified bacterial CWC in an ELISA, we demonstrated that NKp44 was able to bind to the MTB cell wall core mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP) as well as to mycolic acids (MA) and arabinogalactan (AG), while soluble TLR2 bound to MTB peptidoglycan (PG), but not to MA or AG. (ox.ac.uk)
Virulence1
The exact structure of mycolic acids appears to be closely linked to the virulence of the organism, as modification of the functional groups of the molecule can lead to an attenuation of growth in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibit1
It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION . (nih.gov)
Bacilli1
Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear and culture using sputum obtained from the patient. (medscape.com)
Asthma1
A clear tolerogenic response was promoted by natural mycolic acids in experimental asthma. (wikipedia.org)
Enzyme1
It is approved for adults with acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs), in which attacks are caused by induction of the enzyme 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1). (medscape.com)
Cell wall1
[ 30 ] The similarity between fungal and mycobacterial mannan has even been suggested as an exacerbating factor in Crohn's disease, following the observation that antibodies that detect ManLAM can crossreact with mannans found in the S. cerevisiae cell wall, leading to nonspecific inflammation. (medscape.com)
Long1
The analysis of long-chain hydroxylated fatty acids in ancient ceramics or shells enables to identify the origin of these deposits. (gerli.com)
Patients1
ENVISION , a Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Givosiran, an Investigational RNAi Therapeutic Targeting Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase 1, in Acute Hepatic Porphyria Patients. (medscape.com)