• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We conducted cross-sectional and prospective analyses of diabetes status and lung function decline using baseline and 3-year follow-up data on 1,100 diabetic and 10,162 nondiabetic middle-aged adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • METHODS: A total of 285 police officers (76.5% male) from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) Study (2004-2009) completed the Spielberger Police Stress Survey, reporting frequency and severity of work events during the past month and year to calculate stress indices. (cdc.gov)
  • 9] [10] [11] Commonly it has involved cross-sectional studies where causal inference is generally not able to be assessed. (cdc.gov)
  • Causal inference cannot be determined due to the cross-sectional nature of the survey data. (cdc.gov)
  • Measures and models for causal inference in cross-sectional studies: arguments for the appropriateness of the prevalence odds ratio and related logistic regression. (bvsalud.org)
  • In medical research, social science, and biology, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time-that is, cross-sectional data. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR). (wikipedia.org)
  • In sum, the present study showed that living alone was associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms, and this association was not attenuated among those who owned pets. (news-medical.net)
  • In response to reports suggesting that depression is common among women in Utah, this study compares the prevalence of depression between Latter-day Saint women, many of whom are homemakers, and non-LDS women who are typically more career-oriented. (byu.edu)
  • This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of depression in a population of LDS women and to compare this rate to that of non-LDS women within the same geographic area. (byu.edu)
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and potential contributing factors of anxiety and depression among caregivers of Chinese pediatric patients with TD. (plos.org)
  • We analysed data on 1684 Indian adolescents (aged between 13 and 14 years) from the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asthma and Allergy-Related Diseases among Adolescents (PERFORMANCE) study [ 9 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • This study was undertaken to describe the prevalence of oral pain in Canada and to identify its covariates. (jcda.ca)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of early attempts at cigarette smoking and its change trends among young adolescents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies in developed countries have reported that the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis is higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and this phenomenon is associated with urbanization and changing indoor microbiome exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study sample comprised 2270 residents aged 18 years and above who participated in a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey estimating the lifetime prevalence of mood, anxiety and alcohol use disorders, and health outcomes (self-reported overall health, quality of life and PMH) in Singapore. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This research was approved by Further studies reported the prevalence of the ethics committee of Guilan University ecstasy use among college students as 4% of Medical Sciences. (who.int)
  • Our retrospective cross-sectional study used data collected in 2012 from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a US population-based longitudinal study of older adults. (annfammed.org)
  • Results based on cross-sectional (Study 1, N = 427) and longitudinal (Study 2, N = 853) designs indicated that self-esteem is uniquely, negatively linked to collective narcissism and uniquely, positively linked to in-group satisfaction. (cam.ac.uk)
  • More recently, a 2020 longitudinal study determined relationships between factors involved in job satisfaction and life satisfaction. (cdc.gov)
  • Using cross-sectional data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), we examined social participation and health of older people (65 + yrs) in relation to the built environment and sociocultural contexts for urban and rural areas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DESIGN: A longitudinal study with 4 measurement points, spanning 8 months. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cross-sectional data cannot be used to infer causality because temporality is not known. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of the research is based on cross-sectional studies, which seriously limits causality inferences. (nih.gov)
  • Longitudinal studies need to be conducted to further confirm the causality before interventions to improve mental health are developed. (plos.org)
  • The course starts with a general discussion of causality in epidemiology and the classical validity problems inherent in observational study designs. (lu.se)
  • There is, however, a lack of nationally representative studies comparing the effects of various sociodemographic, health behavior, and occupational factors on the health status of older workers and nonworkers. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, studies using nationally representative data have found that 26.0% to 33.2% of adults aged 65 or older report being in fair/poor health, compared with 7.3% to 14.4% of adults younger than 55 (10), and that approximately 27.9% to 48.3% of adults aged 65 or older report great difficulty in at least one of the activities assessing daily function (11). (cdc.gov)
  • The results of this study are generalisable as the Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) is a large (n=27 404), nationally representative survey. (bmj.com)
  • METHOD Ours was a cross-sectional, nationally representative study of 2,017 National Health and Aging Trends Study respondents. (annfammed.org)
  • 11 There have been some reports on oral pain among Canadians, 5,7 but those studies were limited, in that they reported data for samples that were not nationally representative or they did not examine the covariates of oral pain. (jcda.ca)
  • Links between cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline may begin in midlife before the first clinical symptoms of either condition appear, cross-sectional data from a cohort study suggested. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Between January and June 2018, police officers ( n = 305) in Tijuana, Mexico, completed self-administered surveys about referrals to harm reduction services during the 24-month follow-up visit as part of the SHIELD police training and longitudinal cohort study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Meat consumption and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran. (who.int)
  • Most case-control studies collect specifically designed data on all participants, including data fields designed to allow the hypothesis of interest to be tested. (wikipedia.org)
  • The observation was affected when participants with potential ill effects were separated from the study. (healthjockey.com)
  • A total of 318 participants were included in this study, with a response rate of 89.58% (318/355). (plos.org)
  • Participants in the AdoQuest study (n = 1852) were recruited in 2005 from among Grade 5 students in 29 French-language elementary schools in MontrĆ©al, Canada. (canada.ca)
  • Of 843 study participants, 205 had diabetes and 545 were hypertensive. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers can compare the CNS test results from NHANES III with data from two different kinds of neurotoxic exposure studies: (1) where participants are tested at one time and their performance is related to measures of chronic exposure to potential neurotoxicants, and (2) investigating the short- term effects of exposure to neurotoxicants. (cdc.gov)
  • This study is conducted to assess the association between UPF consumption and depressive symptoms among United States adults. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, we conducted this study to evaluate the relationship between UPF consumption and depressive symptoms in US adults aged more than 20 years. (frontiersin.org)
  • Previous studies indicate that preference for active participation in health care decisions declines with an increasing number of chronic conditions among older adults. (annfammed.org)
  • 12 - 16 Our study therefore aimed to (1) explore preferences for health care decision making among older adults, and (2) identify multimorbidity profiles associated with preferring less active participation among older US adults. (annfammed.org)
  • 17 This study sample included a random sample of 2,017 older adults living in community settings who completed the health care decision-making module. (annfammed.org)
  • A cross-sectional study of US rural adults' consumption of fruits and vegetables: do they consume at least five servings daily? (ajtmh.org)
  • According to a U.K study which was published in the February issue of the journal Sleep healthy older adults particularly without sleep disorders may have lowered sleep needs and are expected to be less sleepy during the day as compared to healthy young adults. (healthjockey.com)
  • The May issue of Sleep included a study of 15,638 revealed that weighted average sleep among Chinese older adults was about 7.5 hours which included naps. (healthjockey.com)
  • Demographics, clinical variables, and self-report of personal care products use along with urine samples were collected concurrently from 496 adults (48% females, median age: 28 years) and 90 adolescents (10-17 years of age) from the RHINESSA study in Bergen, Norway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). (wikipedia.org)
  • This was a longitudinal descriptive and analytical study, which took place from January to April 2019. (bvsalud.org)
  • In a cross-sectional analytical study face to face questionnaires were administered among 200 randomly selected married individuals in Kinondoni district, Dar es Salaam Tanzania. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, in modern epidemiology it may be impossible to survey the entire population of interest, so cross-sectional studies often involve secondary analysis of data collected for another purpose. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study used data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which is administered by the National Centers for Health Statics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study has important policy implications given this new evidence that trying alternate tobacco products is associated with higher odds of cigarette smoking susceptibility among youth. (bmj.com)
  • Findings from this study, along with existing evidence, can be used by policymakers to improve regulation around youth access to ATPs (particularly flavoured varieties). (bmj.com)
  • More recent studies conducted in Korea and Finland have also corroborated these findings. (news-medical.net)
  • In January 2001, a pilot study comparing the echocardiograms of residents of Vieques and Ponce, Puerto Rico reported substantial valvular abnormalities and pericardial thickening in a large proportion of Vieques residents - findings not seen among Ponce residents. (cdc.gov)
  • The findings of this study indicate that SMEs can embrace sustainable manufacturing practices and achieve their long-term sustainability goals by adhering to regulations, collaborating with stakeholders and implementing eco-friendly innovations. (emerald.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Findings shed light on the impact of stress on brain reductions, particularly in the prefrontal cortex that have consistently been implicated in the previous cross-sectional studies. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
  • Study findings are relevant only to therapy work in long-term care settings because exposures vary in other health care settings (hospitals, outpatient, and others). (cdc.gov)
  • Although limitations such as the relatively small sample size and the cross-sectional nature suggest caution in interpreting these findings, they are consistent with the few previous adult studies performed on this topic and corroborate Bowlby's seminal hypothesis of a link between negative attachment-related experiences, attachment insecurity, and clinical anxiety. (clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com)
  • In a cross-sectional survey, a specific group is looked at to see if an activity, say alcohol consumption, is related to the health effect being investigated, say cirrhosis of the liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study uses data from a self-reported, cross-sectional survey. (bmj.com)
  • A cross-sectional survey of 2917 registered nurses in a subsample of 31 trusts (measured patients per ward nurse). (bmj.com)
  • A survey on health-related lifestyles was conducted as part of the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. (news-medical.net)
  • The study used a cross-sectional self-report survey research design which does not permit causal inferences. (scienceopen.com)
  • We conducted a cross-sectional survey among German general practice patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Data regarding musculoskeletal symptoms, use of patient/resident-lifting equipment, and perceived physical and psychological job demands were obtained from a concurrent cross-sectional survey of workers from 24 long-term care facilities. (cdc.gov)
  • Data for this study were obtained from the 2007-2009 CHMS, the most recent national health survey of the Canadian population collecting data on oral health indicators. (jcda.ca)
  • Design/methodology/approach: Stress level was assessed in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Study (20042009) with the Spielberger Police Stress Survey. (cdc.gov)
  • In economics, cross-sectional studies typically involve the use of cross-sectional regression, in order to sort out the existence and magnitude of causal effects of one independent variable upon a dependent variable of interest at a given point in time. (wikipedia.org)
  • The univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the cross-sectional data. (plos.org)
  • However, the magnitude of effects observed in our study is smaller than that has been reported in past cross-sectional work. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
  • This study characterized the magnitude of MSDs and the risk factors for MSDs in physical therapists, occupational therapists, physical therapist assistants, and occupational therapist assistants (collectively called "therapy personnel" for this study) and compared them with those of other nursing home workers, especially nursing staff. (cdc.gov)
  • By assessing cerebral hypometabolism, this study "filled important gaps in the emerging paradigm by which midlife cardiovascular risk factors influence brain health and may cause cognitive impairment and dementia," the editorialists added. (medpagetoday.com)
  • This, combined with the cross-sectional design of the study and lack of actual cognitive measures, precluded making causal inferences from these data," they wrote. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In medical research, cross-sectional studies differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals who have developed a specific condition and compare them with a matched sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. (wikipedia.org)
  • Originality/value: Few research studies have evaluated the affects of family issues in police. (cdc.gov)
  • Like much of the research in this field, it uses a cross-sectional observational design and reports association (so cannot demonstrate causation). (bmj.com)
  • This report was prepared by Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), a contractor to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), as a general record of discussion for the expert panel review meeting on the Vieques Heart Study. (cdc.gov)
  • The study was the first to examine the mental health outcomes, using GHQ-28, in a small Caribbean country - which represents an underserved space in mental health research. (scienceopen.com)
  • Ten research practices of Witten/Herdecke University supported the study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aiming to explore which parameters are thought to be particularly relevant to patients in current research, we conducted a scoping review on patient relevance that included clinical and epidemiological trials and reviews on such studies from the past 20 years [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Allergy & Asthma Research Centre, Kolkata (CREC-AARC-04/2016). (ersjournals.com)
  • This study received approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the results have been generally positive, most studies have utilized cross-sectional research designs, which limit causal inferences. (uea.ac.uk)
  • OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of this study were to analyse the research originating from Malaysia and published in toxicology journals and to examine the authorship pattern and the citations retrieved from the Scopus database. (who.int)
  • This course provides a detailed study of basic summary measures used in demographic research, and a thorough discussion of both the strengths and the weaknesses of these measures. (lu.se)
  • In recent years, some studies have been published stating the association between respiratory diseases and circadian rhythm [ 5 - 8 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • This study has a number of limitations, including the lack of diversity in the sample. (news-medical.net)
  • Prior to this study, they were involved in obesity-prevention participatory initiatives (conducted within the CO-CREATE project), where obesity-related public policy limitations were analyzed in a youth-led discussion. (bvsalud.org)
  • Indeed, some studies have reported null results. (news-medical.net)
  • Each of these factors is comparable with the results of other studies. (byu.edu)
  • Although we cannot draw causal inferences, these results suggest that the health behaviours of an individual's peers may play a role in shaping their own health behaviours. (lse.ac.uk)
  • This is why the CNS test results will be used to draw inferences about groups, and not individuals. (cdc.gov)
  • The NHATS study design and procedures have been described previously. (annfammed.org)
  • The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. (plos.org)
  • The details of the study design, methodologies and ethical concerns have been described elsewhere [ 9 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • 5 Some studies have found that shared decision making is associated with better health outcomes, greater patient satisfaction, 6 and reduced health care costs. (annfammed.org)
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the mental health challenges of residents of Barbados during the COVID-19 pandemic and the relationships between residents' demographics, COVID-19 perceptions and mental health outcomes. (scienceopen.com)
  • Studies have examined the presence of green spaces, including open-space parks, tree cover, and vegetation and their association with health outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Some studies indicate that proximity to green spaces is linked to a lower risk of HBP, improved diabetes outcomes, and reduced obesity (4-8). (cdc.gov)
  • Recently, several studies have used longitudinal data but have not consistently found significant causal links between HRM practices and outcomes after controlling for past outcomes. (uea.ac.uk)
  • This study showed that PMH can mediate the relationships between mental disorders and health outcomes, and act as an underlying mechanism to improve overall health and quality of life in individuals with mental disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of the present study was to analyze the possible vulnerability to dental caries in individuals with rare genetic diseases that affect skeletal development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This cross-sectional study used data from 2012 to 2016 to measure the association between weather and the number of shootings in Chicago. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OBJECTIVE -The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that diabetes is independently associated with reduced lung function, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • This study investigates the order in which these two social cognitions are linked in adult-adult dyads in the context of sedentary behaviours (SB). (bvsalud.org)
  • 13 ] [ 14 ] One study showed that less overall media exposure at age 2 was associated with higher self-regulation at age 4. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Developing countries such as China have experienced rapid urbanization in past years, but no study has investigated microbiome exposure and urban-rural health effects in these countries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mycotoxin Exposure and Renal Cell Carcinoma Risk: An Association Study in the EPIC European Cohort. (who.int)
  • The objective of this study was to describe the rate of and identify the factors associated with providing the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended infant feeding practices of minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet in Nepal amongst young children between 6-23 months in 2011. (springer.com)
  • Dietary fats and their sources in association with the risk of bladder cancer: A pooled analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies. (who.int)
  • The study suggests that UPF may increase the risk of depressive symptoms, particularly in people with less exercise. (frontiersin.org)
  • This finding is in-line with studies that have linked crime to higher temperature and also suggests that shootings may be related to when individuals are outside and more likely to encounter violence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Secondary data were retrieved from a cross-sectional study to compare two Thai executive functions (EFs) assessment forms. (thieme-connect.com)
  • The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between meditation experience and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) in regular meditators with a wide range of experience, and to examine the extent to which self-compassion and mindfulness mediate this relationship. (springer.com)
  • To further examine risk factors for depression in women, especially the relationship between employment and depression, we conducted a study in the Salt Lake City, Utah metropolitan area. (byu.edu)
  • The study surveyed 450 predominantly Black Caribbean respondents to examine their mental ill-health on the various dimensions of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-28 measure and the relationships with demographics and COVID-19 perceptions. (scienceopen.com)
  • To facilitate this goal, studies must examine the effects of care based on parameters that matter to patients and thereby enable them to make an informed decision. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The primary aim of the study was to examine positive and negative parent emotions as potential mediators of the relationship between child temperament and parents' perceptions of strategy effectiveness and problems encountered in feeding children fruit and vegetables. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Through a study of processes in North America and Europe, we will examine the historical process of immigrant integration into host countries and then extrapolate this process into predictions for the future. (lu.se)
  • A telephone interview was conducted using the Medical Outcome Study Short Form (SF-36) which has 36 items evaluating physical and mental wellb eing. (scirp.org)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate adolescents' critical awareness of whether obesity prevention policies targeting physical activity (PA) and nutrition were operating in their local community. (bvsalud.org)
  • These previous studies have not captured the wide range of potential strategies that may be used by parents to encourage healthy eating in their children. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous studies have linked weather to crime and aggression but have not considered the causal structure of the variables included in the model(s). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed at testing the association between anxiety disorders, attachment insecurity and dysfunctional parenting while controlling for factors usually not controlled for in previous studies, such as gender, age, and being ill. (clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com)
  • This study examines smoking susceptibility and ATP use in a national sample of Canadian youth. (bmj.com)
  • With sample weights, the study sample represented approximately 33.0 million Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older in the United States. (annfammed.org)
  • 12% of the studied sample were overweight, of 0.8 were considered healthy [10]. (who.int)
  • A paired cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 140 individuals [70 with rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development: mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) ( n = 29) and osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) ( n = 41) and 70 without rare diseases] and their parents/caregivers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 312 respondents (104 cases and 208 controls) were included in the study. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study investigates the independent association of waist circumference with hypertension and diabetes in African American women. (cdc.gov)
  • Cross-sectional studies can contain individual-level data (one record per individual, for example, in national health surveys). (wikipedia.org)
  • The current study examined associations of mindfulness facets during pregnancy with toddler's social-emotional development and behavior problems, as well as potentially mediating effects of maternal mental health. (researchgate.net)
  • A new BMC Public Health study analyzed how living alone and pet ownership combined relate to depressive symptoms. (news-medical.net)
  • The White House asked the Department of Health and Human Services to investigate the issues raised by the study. (cdc.gov)
  • There is a need for further studies of health effects of chemicals from personal care products, in particular in longitudinally designed studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study, vulnerability is approached from the perspective of the expanded concept of health, exploring the more complex factors of biopsychosocial frailty that expose individuals with rare diseases to dental caries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate the association of mental disorders with positive mental health (PMH), overall health and quality of life. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is a lack of a large-scale study to assess the association between UPF consumption and depressive symptoms in the US population. (frontiersin.org)
  • Studies have established the association between longer screen time and lower EF. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 2017). The association between non-reacting and child social-emotional behavior in the current study was, against expectation, not mediated by pregnancy distress or postnatal symptoms of anxiety or depression. (researchgate.net)
  • This finding is contradictory to other studies that have shown that pet ownership attenuates the association between living alone and depressive symptoms. (news-medical.net)
  • No studies to date have evaluated the association between feeling comfortable visiting a park and the risk of chronic diseases such as HBP. (cdc.gov)
  • however, few studies have examined the association between waist circumference and risk factors in African Americans (9,12,13). (cdc.gov)
  • Longitudinal studies differ from both in making a series of observations more than once on members of the study population over a period of time. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, both two studies were conducted in a population with relatively low UPF consumption. (frontiersin.org)
  • Studies show that malocclusion, tooth agenesis, tooth rotation and microdontia are common in this population. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A cross-sectional study was carried out on caregivers of pediatric patients with TD at a women's and children's hospital in western China from January to June 2020. (plos.org)
  • Opium use and risk of lung cancer: A multicenter case-control study in Iran. (who.int)
  • Cross-ancestry genome-wide meta-analysis of 61,047 cases and 947,237 controls identifies new susceptibility loci contributing to lung cancer. (who.int)
  • Biomarkers of the transsulfuration pathway and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. (who.int)
  • This is a major advantage over other forms of epidemiological study. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 11-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (cut-off scoreā‰„9) was used to assess depressive symptoms. (news-medical.net)
  • Experts share that the cross-sectional nature of the study did not help in understanding the cause. (healthjockey.com)
  • More importantly, few studies have examined the shared dynamic that exists between the parent and child in the feeding environment and the nature of those interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study used data from the PESA (Progression of Early Sub-clinical Atherosclerosis) study of white employees, ages 40 to 54, of a Madrid bank with no clinically apparent cardiovascular disease. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The aim of the study was to describe the clinical, and prognostic aspects of stroke in the intensive care unit (ICU). (bvsalud.org)
  • This study makes a unique contribution by including medical and healthcare support worker staffing in examining the observed relationships between trust staffing and mortality. (bmj.com)
  • Behavioral and biological studies have indicated that young individuals are particularly vulnerable to addiction and that most adult tobacco users regret starting smoking. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Baseline performance levels for individuals (i.e. norms) can be established for use in future studies of home and work exposures to toxic substances. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, the content analysis of the 44 studies yielded neither a consistent terminology or well-founded definition, nor a consistent set of parameters relevant to patients across diseases [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Over the last 20 years, many studies illustrated the impact of depression on incident somatic disease development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms during the past week. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, positive associations with frailty ( 24 ), overweight/obesity ( 25 ) were reported in other studies. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because of the scarcity of studies and nancies and deliveries, whether normal data on overweight and obesity in Iraq, this vaginal delivery or by caesarean section). (who.int)
  • Cross-sectional studies may involve special data collection, including questions about the past, but they often rely on data originally collected for other purposes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Until or MDMA) that has become increasingly now, no study on ecstasy use has been popular in the past 2 decades as a recrea- carried out in the Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
  • Our study investigated cross-sectional associations between self-reported work stress and various salivary cortisol parameters. (cdc.gov)