Inferences cross over studies. Medical search. Frequent questions

Therefore, no causal inferences can be made. (bmj.com)
Our follow-up data will allow us to make causal inferences. (healthjockey.com)
This, combined with the cross-sectional design of the study and lack of actual cognitive measures, precluded making causal inferences from these data," they wrote. (medpagetoday.com)
Although we cannot draw causal inferences, these results suggest that the health behaviours of an individual's peers may play a role in shaping their own health behaviours. (lse.ac.uk)

Research in the past decade from observational studies has identified a few diet and lifestyle factors that are associated with GDM risk and demonstrated that time frames both before and during pregnancy may be relevant to the development of GDM. (springer.com)
Findings from both observational and intervention studies are discussed. (springer.com)
Like much of the research in this field, it uses a cross-sectional observational design and reports association (so cannot demonstrate causation). (bmj.com)
however, causal inference applied to observational healthcare data is growing in importance, driven by the need for generalizable and rapidly delivered real-world evidence to inform regulatory, payer, and patient/provider decision making. (insidescientific.com)
The course starts with a general discussion of causality in epidemiology and the classical validity problems inherent in observational study designs. (lu.se)

To reduce variability, in most methods multiple rounds of cross-validation are performed using different partitions, and the validation results are combined (e.g. averaged) over the rounds to give an estimate of the model's predictive performance. (wikipedia.org)
Exhaustive cross-validation methods are cross-validation methods which learn and test on all possible ways to divide the original sample into a training and a validation set. (wikipedia.org)
Experiments from the last decade have called this particular evolutionary hypothesis into doubt by studying emotion perception in a wider sample of small-scale societies with discovery-based research methods. (nature.com)
Causal study design considerations and statistical methods address the effects of confounding variables and other potential biases and allow researchers to answer questions such as, "Does treatment A produce better patient outcomes compared to Treatment B? (insidescientific.com)
The application of causal inference methods leads to stronger and more powerful evidence. (insidescientific.com)
Dr. Michael Grabner has over ten years of experience conducting health economics and outcomes research using a variety of study designs, data sources, and statistical methods. (insidescientific.com)
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We conducted cross-sectional and prospective analyses of diabetes status and lung function decline using baseline and 3-year follow-up data on 1,100 diabetic and 10,162 nondiabetic middle-aged adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. (diabetesjournals.org)
This course will provide an introduction to epidemiologic research methods for the purpose of understanding, evaluating, and designing studies of the occurrence, etiology, treatment, and prevention of child and adolescent mental health problems. (usf.edu)
In this way, NCEE Reference Reports are aimed to promote cost-effective study designs by identifying examples of the use of similar and/or reliable methods, measures, or analyses across evaluations. (ed.gov)
This NCEE Technical Methods Paper compares the estimated impacts of an educational intervention using experimental and regression discontinuity (RD) study designs. (ed.gov)
and transparent empirical work that lays out stylized facts or tests extant theory using empirical designs and methods that generate valid inferences. (msu.edu)
METHODS: A total of 285 police officers (76.5% male) from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) Study (2004-2009) completed the Spielberger Police Stress Survey, reporting frequency and severity of work events during the past month and year to calculate stress indices. (cdc.gov)
Material and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with students properly enrolled in the Dentistry course of a private institution, in 2016 (N = 90). (bvsalud.org)
The survey answers will be analysed using multiple correspondence analysis, social network analysis and other methods of statistical inference. (lu.se)

Most of the research is based on cross-sectional studies, which seriously limits causality inferences. (nih.gov)

The analysis used data from two large-scale randomized controlled trials-the Education Technology Evaluation and the Teach for America Study-to provide evidence on the performance of RD estimators in two specific contexts. (ed.gov)

The sample size was small, and the study was published before Gaminde made his purchase, creating a temporal issue. (blogspot.com)

Our retrospective cross-sectional study used data collected in 2012 from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a US population-based longitudinal study of older adults. (annfammed.org)
Results based on cross-sectional (Study 1, N = 427) and longitudinal (Study 2, N = 853) designs indicated that self-esteem is uniquely, negatively linked to collective narcissism and uniquely, positively linked to in-group satisfaction. (cam.ac.uk)
More recently, a 2020 longitudinal study determined relationships between factors involved in job satisfaction and life satisfaction. (cdc.gov)
DESIGN: A longitudinal study with 4 measurement points, spanning 8 months. (bvsalud.org)

The study cohort consisted of about 49% females and 51% males. (news-medical.net)
The study cohort was significantly diverse, as it comprised students of Hispanic, non-Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, and other ethnicities. (news-medical.net)
Links between cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline may begin in midlife before the first clinical symptoms of either condition appear, cross-sectional data from a cohort study suggested. (medpagetoday.com)

The study participants held a wide range of jobs in each institution. (cdc.gov)
Study participants were also asked if they vaped any of the aforementioned substances or used e-cigarettes beyond 30 days. (news-medical.net)
Due to this lack of data, the authors failed to determine how vaping CBD influenced the study participants' behavior. (news-medical.net)
The observation was affected when participants with potential ill effects were separated from the study. (healthjockey.com)
Researchers can compare the CNS test results from NHANES III with data from two different kinds of neurotoxic exposure studies: (1) where participants are tested at one time and their performance is related to measures of chronic exposure to potential neurotoxicants, and (2) investigating the short- term effects of exposure to neurotoxicants. (cdc.gov)
The participants were informed about the nature of the study, its objectives and method of development. (bvsalud.org)

Studies have examined the presence of green spaces, including open-space parks, tree cover, and vegetation and their association with health outcomes. (cdc.gov)
Some studies indicate that proximity to green spaces is linked to a lower risk of HBP, improved diabetes outcomes, and reduced obesity (4-8). (cdc.gov)
5 Some studies have found that shared decision making is associated with better health outcomes, greater patient satisfaction, 6 and reduced health care costs. (annfammed.org)
His research focus is on studying outcomes of patients with cardiometabolic conditions using advanced real world evidence data analytics. (insidescientific.com)
This paper studies differences in health care usage and health outcomes between low- and high-income individuals. (stlouisfed.org)
In addition, the study will assess the effects of interventions on secondary patient-centered clinical outcomes and examine factors associated with a successful implementation of the interventions. (umich.edu)

Cross-validation, sometimes called rotation estimation or out-of-sample testing, is any of various similar model validation techniques for assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set. (wikipedia.org)
Statistical Theory for the RCT-YES Software: Design-Based Causal Inference for RCTs by Peter Z. Schochet. (ed.gov)

Cross-validation is a resampling method that uses different portions of the data to test and train a model on different iterations. (wikipedia.org)
The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem). (wikipedia.org)
One round of cross-validation involves partitioning a sample of data into complementary subsets, performing the analysis on one subset (called the training set), and validating the analysis on the other subset (called the validation set or testing set). (wikipedia.org)
Cross-validation is, thus, a generally applicable way to predict the performance of a model on unavailable data using numerical computation in place of theoretical analysis. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally to the ability to suggest new regulation, such an approach allows to cross-validate experimental data with existing knowledge. (videolectures.net)
Overall, studies using nationally representative data have found that 26.0% to 33.2% of adults aged 65 or older report being in fair/poor health, compared with 7.3% to 14.4% of adults younger than 55 (10), and that approximately 27.9% to 48.3% of adults aged 65 or older report great difficulty in at least one of the activities assessing daily function (11). (cdc.gov)
The current cross-sectional study obtained relevant data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS), a school-based survey. (news-medical.net)
The current study has some limitations, including its self-reported data, which is subjective to social desirability biases. (news-medical.net)
Cross Validated is a question and answer site for people interested in statistics, machine learning, data analysis, data mining, and data visualization. (stackexchange.com)
This study uses data from a self-reported, cross-sectional survey. (bmj.com)
The Design Study has been used to evaluate the content and quality of the data collection and dissemination procedures and practices. (europa.eu)
Secondary data were retrieved from a cross-sectional study to compare two Thai executive functions (EFs) assessment forms. (thieme-connect.com)
These projects should use population level data from health surveys and other large health studies. (nih.gov)
Previous studies have examined the collaborative and interorganizational process of polycentric landscape governance, yet most studies rely on qualitative case study data or descriptively employ social network analysis. (ecologyandsociety.org)
In this webinar, experts provide an overview of causal inference, along with step-by-step guidance to designing these studies using real-world healthcare data. (insidescientific.com)
Because of the scarcity of studies and nancies and deliveries, whether normal data on overweight and obesity in Iraq, this vaginal delivery or by caesarean section). (who.int)
every week throughout the period of the Data were entered into Epi-Info, version study. (who.int)
The current study reveals that the network approach offers a viable data-driven methodology for elucidating how paranoia-related mechanisms fluctuate over time and may determine its severity. (frontiersin.org)
The study used data from the PESA (Progression of Early Sub-clinical Atherosclerosis) study of white employees, ages 40 to 54, of a Madrid bank with no clinically apparent cardiovascular disease. (medpagetoday.com)
However, a recent analysis of data from the 1993--1995 Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study did not find significant differences between the two groups ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Data regarding musculoskeletal symptoms, use of patient/resident-lifting equipment, and perceived physical and psychological job demands were obtained from a concurrent cross-sectional survey of workers from 24 long-term care facilities. (cdc.gov)
Causal inference cannot be determined due to the cross-sectional nature of the survey data. (cdc.gov)
In a re-analysis of a sub-sample of data from two empirical studies, this work examines how aspiring entrepreneurs living in a financially-constrained environment seek informational, social, and emotional support online and navigate their transition to entrepreneurship. (umich.edu)
Prosopographical study: We collect prosopographical data on individual leaders holding important commanding positions in the civil society organisations. (lu.se)
Extensive examples of how family-based studies can be conducted in practice using registry data will be given. (lu.se)

Findings from this study, along with existing evidence, can be used by policymakers to improve regulation around youth access to ATPs (particularly flavoured varieties). (bmj.com)
Findings from intervention studies on the effect of diet and lifestyle on the prevention of GDM have been largely controversial and inconsistent. (springer.com)
Variations in study population, types of intervention, timing and duration of intervention and diagnostic criteria for GDM may all at least partly account for the large heterogeneity in the findings from these intervention studies. (springer.com)
The findings of this study indicate that SMEs can embrace sustainable manufacturing practices and achieve their long-term sustainability goals by adhering to regulations, collaborating with stakeholders and implementing eco-friendly innovations. (emerald.com)
At HealthCore, he is responsible for developing research solutions for clients in the life science and payer spaces, ensuring that study goals are realistic and delivered on time, and for the dissemination of research findings. (insidescientific.com)
Study findings are relevant only to therapy work in long-term care settings because exposures vary in other health care settings (hospitals, outpatient, and others). (cdc.gov)
In January 2001, a pilot study comparing the echocardiograms of residents of Vieques and Ponce, Puerto Rico reported substantial valvular abnormalities and pericardial thickening in a large proportion of Vieques residents - findings not seen among Ponce residents. (cdc.gov)

A recent JAMA Network Open study investigates the prevalence of United States adolescents vaping cannabidiol (CBD) and the factors associated with this behavior. (news-medical.net)
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of early attempts at cigarette smoking and its change trends among young adolescents. (biomedcentral.com)

The NCEE Reference Report series is designed to advance the practice of rigorous education research by making available to education researchers and users of education research focused resources to facilitate the design of future studies and to help users of completed studies better understand their strengths and limitations. (ed.gov)
Prior to this study, they were involved in obesity-prevention participatory initiatives (conducted within the CO-CREATE project), where obesity-related public policy limitations were analyzed in a youth-led discussion. (bvsalud.org)

By assessing cerebral hypometabolism, this study "filled important gaps in the emerging paradigm by which midlife cardiovascular risk factors influence brain health and may cause cognitive impairment and dementia," the editorialists added. (medpagetoday.com)
I believe that the study of social cognitive development will pave the way for producing real change in adult behavior, especially in the domain of intergroup cognition where attitudes and stereotypes are known to have a profound influence. (psychologicalscience.org)
Inspired by her decades of engagement and service, at the University of British Columbia I established a community-based research laboratory at Science World, a public science center where visitors have an opportunity to observe cutting-edge science in action and can engage directly with researchers studying cognitive development to learn more about the scientific method (see www.scienceworld.ca/lab ). (psychologicalscience.org)

The present study aims to explore the potential influence of leucocyte telomere length (LTL) on both a single indicator and a composite construct of physical functioning in a large European population of elderly men and women across diverse geographical locations. (frontiersin.org)
This study aims to describe the relation between media use characteristics and executive dysfunction in Thai preschoolers. (thieme-connect.com)
This study aims to evaluate the independent and comparative effectiveness of 2 interventions-one directed at hemodialysis providers and another for patients-in reducing the rate of IDH at hemodialysis facilities. (umich.edu)

The following is our ongoing and planned empirical studies in exploring the composition of civil society elites. (lu.se)

prepares professionals to critically evaluate research literature and to design studies to better affect children s mental health. (usf.edu)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of family history of CRC on clinician practice, patient CRC screening, and patient preventive behavior. (cdc.gov)

ABSTRACT A cross-sectional study was performed on a student population in grades 7-12 in 10 private schools in Dubai in the academic year 2012/13. (who.int)

OBJECTIVE -The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that diabetes is independently associated with reduced lung function, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. (diabetesjournals.org)

There is, however, a lack of nationally representative studies comparing the effects of various sociodemographic, health behavior, and occupational factors on the health status of older workers and nonworkers. (cdc.gov)
The results of this study are generalisable as the Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) is a large (n=27 404), nationally representative survey. (bmj.com)
METHOD Ours was a cross-sectional, nationally representative study of 2,017 National Health and Aging Trends Study respondents. (annfammed.org)

This study investigates the order in which these two social cognitions are linked in adult-adult dyads in the context of sedentary behaviours (SB). (bvsalud.org)

It also discusses major methodological concerns about the available epidemiological studies on GDM risk factors. (springer.com)
This study sought to overcome methodological problems (e.g., sampling frame, lack of blinding) in the earlier pilot study. (cdc.gov)
Their ability to demonstrate cause and effect relationships was limited by study design and fair or poor methodological quality. (bmj.com)

Thus, we joined an international tective equipment, personal hygiene, and environmental collaborative effort to study the perception of risk and measures, such as area isolation, protect healthcare work- countermeasures for SARS among healthcare workers and ers from SARS (2,3). (cdc.gov)
This study formed part of an international collaborative study involving healthcare workers in Singapore, China, Taiwan, Canada (Toronto), and Japan. (cdc.gov)
This study makes a unique contribution by including medical and healthcare support worker staffing in examining the observed relationships between trust staffing and mortality. (bmj.com)

Application to inference using yield curve changes. (mnb.hu)
Causal inference is used to answer cause and effect research questions and yield estimates of effect. (insidescientific.com)

It is expected that the proposed projects will be designed to add/include contextual variables at diverse levels of geographic aggregation to such studies on behaviors that affect individual energy balance and thereby health. (nih.gov)

The report discusses a unified, non-parametric design-based approach for impact estimation using the building blocks of the Neyman-Rubin-Holland causal inference model that underlies experimental designs. (ed.gov)
The study found that the RD and experimental designs produced impact estimates that were meaningful in size, though not significantly different from one another. (ed.gov)

In the period 2009-2012, a Design Study, funded by the EU's Seventh Framework Programme has been carried out. (europa.eu)
The Design Study has also been used to work towards a sustainable future for the GGP. (europa.eu)
The NHATS study design and procedures have been described previously. (annfammed.org)
Design/methodology/approach: Stress level was assessed in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Study (20042009) with the Spielberger Police Stress Survey. (cdc.gov)

13 ] [ 14 ] One study showed that less overall media exposure at age 2 was associated with higher self-regulation at age 4. (thieme-connect.com)

This study characterized the magnitude of MSDs and the risk factors for MSDs in physical therapists, occupational therapists, physical therapist assistants, and occupational therapist assistants (collectively called "therapy personnel" for this study) and compared them with those of other nursing home workers, especially nursing staff. (cdc.gov)

Aiming to explore which parameters are thought to be particularly relevant to patients in current research, we conducted a scoping review on patient relevance that included clinical and epidemiological trials and reviews on such studies from the past 20 years [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A total of 1,221 adults (65-79 years) were recruited from five European countries within the framework of NU-AGE study. (frontiersin.org)
A cross-sectional study of US rural adults' consumption of fruits and vegetables: do they consume at least five servings daily? (ajtmh.org)
According to a U.K study which was published in the February issue of the journal Sleep healthy older adults particularly without sleep disorders may have lowered sleep needs and are expected to be less sleepy during the day as compared to healthy young adults. (healthjockey.com)
The May issue of Sleep included a study of 15,638 revealed that weighted average sleep among Chinese older adults was about 7.5 hours which included naps. (healthjockey.com)
17 This study sample included a random sample of 2,017 older adults living in community settings who completed the health care decision-making module. (annfammed.org)

12% of the studied sample were overweight, of 0.8 were considered healthy [10]. (who.int)

Originality/value: Few research studies have evaluated the affects of family issues in police. (cdc.gov)
Shivani Pandya, MS, has experience developing and executing research studies that utilize large integrated claims databases and a wide spectrum of study designs across numerous therapeutic areas. (insidescientific.com)
This report was prepared by Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), a contractor to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), as a general record of discussion for the expert panel review meeting on the Vieques Heart Study. (cdc.gov)
Ten research practices of Witten/Herdecke University supported the study. (biomedcentral.com)
SRI) is a cross-disciplinary group organized to coordinate activities that promote high-quality strategy research. (msu.edu)
This course provides a detailed study of basic summary measures used in demographic research, and a thorough discussion of both the strengths and the weaknesses of these measures. (lu.se)

Presenters walk through several real-world case studies including the PCORI-funded BESTMED study and a collaborative study with a prominent pharmacy payer. (insidescientific.com)

I was incredibly lucky to have both of them serve as mentors during my graduate studies at Harvard and their support has been invaluable to my growth as an intellectual, a scientist, a teacher, and a person. (psychologicalscience.org)

A cross-sectional survey of 2917 registered nurses in a subsample of 31 trusts (measured patients per ward nurse). (bmj.com)
We conducted a cross-sectional survey among German general practice patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Survey study: We conduct a survey study targeting the directors and presidents of the civil society organisations identified in each context. (lu.se)
The cross-national comparison of the survey answers will allow analyses of relations between the national political structure and the structure of civil society from the leaders' perspective. (lu.se)

This is why the CNS test results will be used to draw inferences about groups, and not individuals. (cdc.gov)

Results Forty-two studies were included. (bmj.com)

The current study examined associations of mindfulness facets during pregnancy with toddler's social-emotional development and behavior problems, as well as potentially mediating effects of maternal mental health. (researchgate.net)
The White House asked the Department of Health and Human Services to investigate the issues raised by the study. (cdc.gov)
Overall, the studies suggest that water carriage is associated with negative aspects of the water carriers' health. (bmj.com)
Few population-based studies have addressed the role that family history of colorectal cancer (CRC) plays in clinician decision making or patient health choices. (cdc.gov)

However, a study that sequenced 43 genes with variants associated with dilated cardiomyopathy from 172 women with PPCM revealed 26 (15%) distinct, rare truncating variants in 8 genes among these women-with TTN (titan) truncating variants the most prevalent. (medscape.com)

This study examines smoking susceptibility and ATP use in a national sample of Canadian youth. (bmj.com)

Few studies assess the use of multiple varieties of alternative tobacco by high school students. (bmj.com)
this study was designed to assess the quality of life of patients treated for the pulmonary mycobacterial disease. (scirp.org)

This study has important policy implications given this new evidence that trying alternate tobacco products is associated with higher odds of cigarette smoking susceptibility among youth. (bmj.com)

Conclusion: The numerical studies show that MLNs achieve very good prediction while opening the door to some interpretability of the decisions. (videolectures.net)

The reports present study information to demonstrate the possible range of "solutions" so far developed. (ed.gov)

Table 1 summarizes meta-analyses integrating evidence from longitudinal studies conducted among initially disease-free subjects. (biomedcentral.com)
Most meta-analyses have been based on longitudinal studies using depressive symptom checklists which pick up many subthreshold depression cases. (biomedcentral.com)

The study also found that manipulation of the assignment variable in RD designs can substantially influence RD impact estimates, particularly if manipulation is related to the outcome and occurs close to the assignment variable's cutoff value. (ed.gov)

The domain of the study of communication can thus legitimately be the entire domain of the social sciences. (encyclopedia.com)
2017). The association between non-reacting and child social-emotional behavior in the current study was, against expectation, not mediated by pregnancy distress or postnatal symptoms of anxiety or depression. (researchgate.net)
The study also receives funding from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Social Fund. (medpagetoday.com)
Mapping the composition of elites in terms of their social backgrounds, representation and size is a task common to many elite studies. (lu.se)

Since in linear regression it is possible to directly compute the factor (n − p − 1)/(n + p + 1) by which the training MSE underestimates the validation MSE under the assumption that the model specification is valid, cross-validation can be used for checking whether the model has been overfitted, in which case the MSE in the validation set will substantially exceed its anticipated value. (wikipedia.org)
Cross-validation in the context of linear regression is also useful in that it can be used to select an optimally regularized cost function. (wikipedia.org)

The first was used to estimate incidence rate of injuries, where the total injuries that took place in the schools in 2012 was divided by the total student population in the studied schools in the same year multiplied by 1000. (who.int)
The second was to study the determinants of severity through randomly selecting 1000 cases of injuries. (who.int)
La première phase a permis d'estimer le taux d'incidence des traumatismes : le nombre total de traumatismes survenus dans les établissements en 2012 a été divisé par la population totale d'élèves de tous les établissements étudiés au cours de la même année puis a été multiplié par 1000. (who.int)

A telephone interview was conducted using the Medical Outcome Study Short Form (SF-36) which has 36 items evaluating physical and mental wellb eing. (scirp.org)

Aggregate and cross-sectional facts on heterogeneity. (mnb.hu)

A comprehensive Monte Carlo study indicates that the inference procedures work well in empirically realistic settings. (econometricsociety.org)
Our study investigated cross-sectional associations between self-reported work stress and various salivary cortisol parameters. (cdc.gov)
This study aimed for better understanding of the effect of decent work on work motivation in lawyers in Portugal and Brazil (N = 611). (bvsalud.org)
Baseline performance levels for individuals (i.e. norms) can be established for use in future studies of home and work exposures to toxic substances. (cdc.gov)

Future studies with comprehensive ergonomic analysis of therapist tasks and recommendations to reduce injuries are warranted. (cdc.gov)
Overall, the content analysis of the 44 studies yielded neither a consistent terminology or well-founded definition, nor a consistent set of parameters relevant to patients across diseases [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Subjects selected for NCEE Reference Reports are those that examine and review rigorous evaluation studies conducted under NCEE to extract examples of good or promising evaluation practices. (ed.gov)

In summary, cross-validation combines (averages) measures of fitness in prediction to derive a more accurate estimate of model prediction performance. (wikipedia.org)

Gene regulatory network inference remains a challenging problem in systems biology despite numerous approaches. (videolectures.net)
When substantial knowledge on a gene regulatory network is already available, supervised network inference also is appropriate. (videolectures.net)

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms during the past week. (cdc.gov)

This study tested if physical activity (PA) planning interventions may result in (i) a body fat reduction in target persons and their dyadic partners (a ripple effect), (ii) a decrease in energy-dense food intake (a spillover effect), or an increase in energy-dense food intake (a compensatory effect). (bvsalud.org)

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes1

Information Science1

Health Care4

Causal inferences4

Observational5

Methods14

Causality1

Randomized contro1

Temporal1

Longitudinal study4

Cohort3

Participants6

Outcomes6

Statistical2

Data25

Findings7

Prevalence2

Limitations2

Cognitive3

Aims3

Empirical studies1

Evaluate2

Abstract1

Hypothesis1

Nationally representative3

Behaviours1

Methodological3

Healthcare3

Yield2

Behaviors1

Experimental2

Design4

Exposure1

Magnitude1

Epidemiological1

Adults5

Overweight1

Research6

Collaborative1

Graduate Studies1

Survey4

Draw1

Results1

Health4

Genes1

Examines1

Assess2

Implications1

Numerical1

Demonstrate1

Meta2

Designs1

Social4

Regression2

10003

Outcome1

Heterogeneity1

Work4

Analysis2

Examples1

Measures1

Network2

Depressive1

Interventions1