Infectious agents 1918 influenza activity against influenza a viruses antiviral agents. Medical search. Frequent questions

In keeping with this mission, CDC has strategic plans that address certain specific infectious disease threats, Objective I-A. Expand and coordinate including HIV/AIDS, TB, STDs, and selected vaccine- preventable diseases. (cdc.gov)
Strengthened efforts in the pre- vention and control of emerging infectious diseases will needed public health responses for known infectious diseases, a well-functioning surveillance system main- complement and improve the effectiveness of current ef- tains vigilance for emerging infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
The forts in HIV/AIDS, TB, STDs, and immunizations as well ability to detect what is new or emerging depends on as other important infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
National infectious disease surveillance systems sion to prevent and control infectious disease, and ad- form the foundation of our ability to know and track dresses high priority infectious diseases in the routine. (cdc.gov)
Certain infectious diseases--such as mul- disadvantaged populations and underserved minori- tidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, meningococcal meningitis, ties, women, and children. (cdc.gov)
Unfortunately, influential organizations such as the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) deny the efficacy of home treatment. (bonesbrigaderecords.com)
Most deaths associated with influenza in industrialized countries are due to complications of underlying diseases in people with well defined risks, including age over 65 years, chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, and immunosuppression. (who.int)
Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
See 12 Travel Diseases to Consider Before and After the Trip, a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify and manage infectious travel diseases. (medscape.com)
The length of hospitalization of patients with acute infectious diseases, including Spanish influenza, is associated with disease severity. (blogspot.com)
Long before the advent of modern conventional medicine, traditional doctors in the East and Western herbalists from the Vitalist and Eclectic traditions were using plants to help people overcome infectious acute diseases. (donnieyance.com)
In 1898, Landsteiner began a 10-year stint at the University of Vienna, where he described for the first time the ABO blood groups, work that subsequently brought him a Nobel Prize, and also worked on infectious diseases, including T. pallidum , the causative agent of syphilis. (springer.com)
Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Ninety to ninety-five percent of people with MS have proteins in their spinal fluid that are typically found in the spinal fluid of people with nervous system diseases that are known to be reactions to viruses. (vitamindwiki.com)
Epidemiological evidence indicates that regular physical activity and/or frequent structured exercise reduces the incidence of many chronic diseases in older age, including communicable diseases such as viral and bacterial infections, as well as non-communicable diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders. (frontiersin.org)
Lifelong physical activity 1 is a potent means of reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic inflammatory disorders ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
The communal nature of living and training environments, alongside suboptimal hygiene and stressors in the field, place military personnel at higher risk of contracting emerging infectious diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
The legacy of successes in dealing with infectious diseases is a reminder of the importance in sustaining efforts aimed at ensuring a safer environment for both military and the community at large. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are threats that military organisations have to guard against, as they cause substantial impact to operations and training. (biomedcentral.com)
Such infectious diseases have been shown to impact militaries significantly, not only in mortality and morbidity, but also in operational readiness. (biomedcentral.com)
Even training during peacetime is affected by disease outbreaks, sometimes resulting in the unexpected suspension of military operations [ 10 ].Unlike civilian settings, the military may acquire emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases from a myriad of origins and these often spread more readily, posing unique challenges to their prevention and control. (biomedcentral.com)
This review discusses some of the challenges militaries face from infectious diseases, as well as the societal benefits that militaries have brought to the world as these diseases are managed. (biomedcentral.com)
Challenges and opportunities of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in the military. (biomedcentral.com)
During the last century, various subtypes of the influenza virus caused five pandemic respiratory diseases, and pigs were found to be a major reservoir of such viruses. (ijpsr.com)
For the medical specialty, see Infectious diseases (medical specialty) . (wikipedia.org)
Infectious diseases resulted in 9.2 million deaths in 2013 (about 17% of all deaths). (wikipedia.org)
[4] The branch of medicine that focuses on infections is referred to as infectious diseases . (wikipedia.org)
In certain cases, infectious diseases may be asymptomatic for much or even all of their course in a given host. (wikipedia.org)
Since the ancient times, specific foods were discovered and used to treat various ailments including virus causing diseases. (dupischai.com)
3,5] Influenza A, Hepatitis B, HIV, SARS, MERS, Dengue and Yellow fever, Measles, Mumps and Smallpox all originate from zoonotic viruses capable of moving between humans and animals and responsible for recent infectious diseases in the past few decades. (dupischai.com)
Influenza is one of the oldest infectious diseases affecting humans. (virosin.org)

Interferons have also been investigated as adjuvants to enhance to effectiveness of influenza vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
This work was based on experiments in mice that suggested that type I interferons could enhance the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in mice. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza vaccines, which have been available for more than 60 years, are safe and effective. (who.int)
The instability of influenza viruses results in constant, permanent and usually small changes in their antigenic composition, a phenomenon known as antigenic drift, necessitating corresponding annual changes in the composition of influenza vaccines. (who.int)
Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2022-23 influenza season. (netce.com)
Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
CDC develops candidate viruses used by manufacturers to make flu vaccines. (cdc.gov)
From face masks to social distancing, from antivirals to vaccines, these measures are predicated on the assumption that tiny viruses can cause serious illness and that such illness is transmissible person-to-person. (westonaprice.org)
Now H1N1 is a component of the trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines. (medscape.com)
Vaccines and antiviral drugs are recommended to deal with the situation. (springeropen.com)
Developing an effective vaccine is the main goal of clinicians and scientists, which is under clinical trials, and some vaccines which have been approved for the treatment such as COVAXIN, COVISHIELD, ASTRA Zenaca, and SPUTNIK V vaccines are being used to develop antibodies against COVID-19, but due to spread of variants of virus these vaccines are not supposed to be 100 percent protective against the virus. (ijpsr.com)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
As seen during past pandemic influenza outbreaks, pharmaceutical interventions (PHIs) with vaccines and antivirals are the most effective methods of mitigation. (biomedcentral.com)
A potent influenza pandemic emergency crisis would likely last much longer than most other emergency events, and the resources needed to address the crisis such as supplies of vaccines, antiviral drugs, healthcare providers, hospital beds and medical supplies would be limited. (biomedcentral.com)
PHIs include vaccines and antiviral drugs. (biomedcentral.com)

Seasonal influenza epidemics also impose a considerable economic burden in the form of hospital and other health care costs and lost productivity. (who.int)
In the United States of America, for example, estimates in 1986 put the cost of influenza epidemics to the economy at US$ 5000 million per year. (who.int)
The WHO influenza programme was established in 1947 with two main functions: to assist in planning for the possible recurrence of an influenza pandemic, and to devise control methods to limit the spread and severity of seasonal epidemics. (who.int)
Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
For these reasons, major epidemics of respiratory disease caused by new variants of influenza continue to occur. (canada.ca)
During influenza epidemics, high attack rates of acute illness result in both increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency rooms and increased hospitalizations for management of lower respiratory tract complications. (cdc.gov)
Previously healthy children and younger adults also may require hospitalization for influenza-related complications, but the relative increase in their hospitalization rates during epidemics is less than for persons who belong to high-risk groups. (cdc.gov)
the epidemics of "Asian" influenza in 1957 and "Hong Kong" influenza in 1968 together resulted in an estimated 1-4 million deaths. (who.int)

Organization confirmed 225 human cases and 128 deaths to explore the effects of school closings, voluntary confine- associated with influenza A (H5N1) infections in humans ments of ill persons and their household contacts, and ( 4 ), and in October 2005, influenza A (H5N1) infections reductions in contacts among long-term care facility (LTCF) residents on pandemic-related illness and deaths. (cdc.gov)
Currently circulating influenza A (H5N1) viruses appear to stantial effect on pandemic-related outcomes in the infrequently infect humans, and person-to-person trans- absence of measures to reduce out-of-school contacts. (cdc.gov)
In 1997, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) then delivering prophylaxis to 80% of exposed persons for virus was transmitted from live poultry to humans in Hong up to 8 weeks could reduce attack rates by 2%-33% and Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of death rates by 0.04-0.58/1,000 persons. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
About 50 million population were killed over the world by 1918 H1N1 (Spanish flu), around 4 million people were killed worldwide by Asian flu (1957 H2n2) initiated in China, 2005 H5N1 (Bird flu) caused deaths of 1 million population over the world, as well as birds and 2009H1N1 (Swine flu), caused the death of 18000 people. (ijpsr.com)
Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)
These most probably result from coronavirus infections, such as MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARSCoV-2, and other RNA viruses, such as influenza (H1N1, H5N1) and Ebola viruses, which have animal reservoirs and can cross species barriers to adapt to new environments and/or new hosts. (ukdiss.com)
The most notorious ones being the avian influenza or bird flu, H5N1 and H7N9. (biomedcentral.com)
Experts believe that the increasing outbreaks of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry and humans have moved the world closer to a pandemic than any time since 1968. (who.int)

The main classes of antiviral drugs used against influenza are neuraminidase inhibitors, such as zanamivir and oseltamivir, polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitors such as baloxavir marboxil, or inhibitors of the viral M2 protein, such as amantadine and rimantadine. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza viruses can show resistance to anti-viral drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Failure to investigate the potential of old re-purposed modalities as well as newer agents could result in thousands of needless deaths from influenza and other viral illnesses, as well as COVID-10," stated Physicians for Civil Defense president Jane Orient, M.D. (bonesbrigaderecords.com)
Very little is known, however, about the public health significance of influenza in the tropical developing world, where viral transmission continues year-round and the disease is thought to have high attack and case-fatality rates. (who.int)
Based on historical patterns, influenza pandemics can be expected to occur, on average, three to four times each century when new viral strains emerge by antigenic shift and are readily transmitted from person to person. (who.int)
112 national influenza centres in 83 countries and four WHO collaborating centres for reference and research on influenza.1 National centres transfer representative viral isolates to the collaborating centres for immediate strain identification. (who.int)
In the first half of the 20th century, doctors used "convalescent serum" in an effort to treat people during outbreaks of viral infections like measles, mumps and influenza-including during the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. (medicalxpress.com)
The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
And studies show that NF-kappaB, another immune modulating compound, stimulates replication of acute viruses and is actually obligatory for viral replication. (donnieyance.com)
Antiviral drugs are the other option available for the treatment of influenza, which falls under three categories as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors [ 15 ] targeting the viral components, thwarted by newly emerging strains. (springeropen.com)
Immunological recognition of commensal microbes, such as bacterial species resident in the gut or lung as well as dormant viral species, i.e., cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in combination with a balanced immune regulation, is central to achieve immune-protection. (frontiersin.org)
B cell-tropic viruses may trigger aberrant immune responses in MS in genetically susceptible individuals owing, in part, to a failure in viral surveillance and clearance. (vitamindwiki.com)
The most compelling data supporting an etiologic role for viral involvement in MS have emerged for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). (vitamindwiki.com)
The FTA card ensures environmental preservation of nucleic acids, allowing continuous collection and feeding activity of specimens for several days and reducing the effort required for viral detection. (bvsalud.org)
The FTA cards detected both WNV and USUV, confirming the reliability of this novel approach to detect viral circulation in infectious mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
Finally, we envisaged various scenarios in which pandemic influenza H1N1 viruses escaping immunity (due to viral evolution and loss of immunity) would be reintroduced, and evaluated the likely impact of extending 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
The decoding of the virus's genome showed it belonged a viral family known as beta-coronaviruses, to which the SARS1 and MERS viruses also belong. (thebulletin.org)
In this retrospective case-control single-center study, we compared the data of 126 patients with viral pneumonia during different outbreaks [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, influenza A (H1N1) in 2009, human adenovirus type 7 in 2018, and COVID-19 in 2020]. (ukdiss.com)
The key puzzle is that some of the virally infected people can recover without any specific treatment while others persisted with the viral agent. (tci-thaijo.org)
The effective immune cells to eliminate the viral agents are cytotoxic T cell (Tc), natural killer cell (NK), and macrophage. (tci-thaijo.org)
Known as the adaptive immune cell, Tc plays the most crucial role in the immune clearance of the viral agent. (tci-thaijo.org)
This could be a reason to explain why some of the virally infected individuals cannot clear the viral agent out of their body perfectively and become the source of the viral carriers. (tci-thaijo.org)
Measles virus induces persistent infection by autoregulation of viral replication. (tci-thaijo.org)
There are over 263 different human infecting virus species from 25 viral families that produce an ever-expanding range of illnesses, infections and complications. (dupischai.com)

This report updates the 2004 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. (cdc.gov)

Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is the primary method opted for to prevent influenza infections. (springeropen.com)
This was a modelling study based on data on medical visits for influenza-like illness collected by the French General Practitioner Sentinel network, as well as pandemic H1N1 vaccination coverage rates, and an individual-centred model devoted to influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
We then simulated various scenarios in which a pandemic influenza H1N1 virus would be reintroduced into a population with varying levels of protective cross-immunity, and considered the impact of extending influenza vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
The principal changes include a) information about the influenza virus strains included in the trivalent vaccine for 1998-99, b) more detailed information about influenza-associated rates of hospitalization, and c) updated information on the possible relationship between Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza vaccination. (cdc.gov)
Persistent and transient hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in children born to HBV-infected mothers despite active and passive vaccination. (tci-thaijo.org)
As seen during the past influenza pandemics, the most effective mitigation measure is vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the use of vaccination at the early critical stages of an influenza pandemic has major challenges due to our inability to accurately predict the nature of the virus strain. (biomedcentral.com)

The requirements for a pan- benefits, assuming that development and mass production demic virus include the existence of a new influenza A of a vaccine would require 6-8 months after the pandemic hemagglutinin for which there is little immunity, the abili- virus was characterized ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The result is the sudden appearance of a new virus strain to which populations may have no immunity and against which no existing vaccine may confer protection. (who.int)
People may have little or no immunity to pandemic influenza so the consequences can be much greater. (cdc.gov)
Pandemic flu viruses would spread in the same way as seasonal flu, but a pandemic virus will likely infect more people because few people have immunity to the pandemic flu virus. (cdc.gov)
Influenza pandemics are inherently unpredictable, caused by newly emerging viruses to which humans have little or no immunity and which develop the ability to infect and be transmitted efficiently for a sustained period of time in the community between humans. (cdc.gov)
It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
In the second part of this article, we demonstrate that rather than suppressing immunity, contemporary evidence shows that an acute bout of exercise improves immune surveillance, for example leading to enhanced antibacterial and antiviral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
The shape of a second season would depend on the degree of persistent protective cross-immunity to descendants of the 2009 H1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently there are many influenza viruses circulating in different parts of the world with the potential to mutate into highly pathogenic forms for which there is no immunity in the current human population. (biomedcentral.com)
In this article, we'll discuss top 10 chai tea spices that possess antiviral properties and help our body to fight infection, boost immunity while reducing inflammation and oxidative stress . (dupischai.com)

The most important strains of human influenza virus are A and B. Influenzavirus A has several subtypes, of which two, H1N1 and H3N2, are currently of epidemiological significance. (who.int)
The greatest public health concern lies in the tendency of Influenzavirus A to change suddenly and markedly, either through mutation or through the exchange of influenza virus genes or through the transfer of whole virus between host species into novel, genetically distinct subtypes, in a process known as antigenic shift. (who.int)
Influenza A viruses are classified into several subtypes based on the structural proteins hemagglutinin (HA/H) and neuraminidase (NA/N), such as H1-H18 and N1-N11 [ 24 ]. (springeropen.com)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2 and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) are recognized among influenza A viruses that have caused widespread human disease. (canada.ca)
Infection with a virus of one subtype confers little or no protection against viruses of other subtypes. (canada.ca)
This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)

Unless advised by the CDC or regional health departments, clinicians do not routinely need to test for avian influenza. (medscape.com)
Countries where avian influenza has been reported. (medscape.com)
To date, the avian flu virus has not acquired to ability to spread easily from person to person - a necessary step in order for a virus to cause a pandemic. (bcm.edu)
This statement contains new information on human and avian influenza epidemiology. (canada.ca)

For example, a study published in the June 2009 Issue of Nature Biotechnology emphasized the urgent need for augmentation of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) stockpiles with additional antiviral drugs including zanamivir (Relenza) based on an evaluation of the performance of these drugs in the scenario that the 2009 H1N1 'Swine Flu' neuraminidase (NA) were to acquire the tamiflu-resistance (His274Tyr) mutation which is currently widespread in seasonal H1N1 strains. (wikipedia.org)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)

An investigation of the outbreak facilitated by WHO emphasized the increased likelihood of severe health consequences of influenza outbreaks in poorly nourished populations lacking access to well equipped health services. (who.int)
He repeated the then-common belief that the accumulation of electricity in the body causes the symptoms of influenza and that outbreaks were due to atmospheric "influences"-hence the name influenza. (westonaprice.org)
No less than 114 men out of a crew of 149 fell ill with influenza and only later was it learnt that there had been outbreaks in Cuba at the same time. (westonaprice.org)
Efficacy of the NPI strategies designed using our methodology is demonstrated using simulated pandemic influenza outbreaks with different levels of virus transmissibility. (biomedcentral.com)
Our methodology was able to design effective NPI strategies, which were able to contain outbreaks by reducing infection attack rates (IAR) to below 10 % in low and medium virus transmissibility scenarios with 33 % and 50 % IAR, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
If harnessed effectively, NPIs offer a significant potential for mitigation of pandemic influenza outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)

Research into the use of interferons to combat influenza began in the 1960s in the Soviet Union, culminating in a trial of 14,000 subjects at the height of the Hong Kong Flu of 1969, in which those treated prophylactically with interferon were more than 50% less likely to suffer symptoms, though evidence of latent infection was present. (wikipedia.org)
Guidance for Clinicians on the Use of RT-PCR and Other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection. (netce.com)
The natural antimicrobial compounds in propolis make it an excellent infection fighter and healing agent. (donnieyance.com)
Influenza infection always poses a threat to human and animal health. (springeropen.com)
Chronic infections, particularly those which are primarily characterized by an asymptomatic intracellular life cycle, e.g., latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, present a unique premise to decipher the fine balance between protective host immune responses, immunopathology and full-fledged clinical disease. (frontiersin.org)
Because the potential for spread is determined by the number of secondary infections per primary infection, success in management can be achieved by a combination of reducing the infectious period and reducing transmission. (nationalacademies.org)
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), vitamin D, and smoking are among the most well-established environmental risk factors in MS. Infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by delayed primary EBV infection, increases the risk of developing MS. (vitamindwiki.com)
After SARS-CoV-2 infection, people are unlikely to produce long-lasting protective antibodies against this virus. (researchgate.net)
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens , their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)
[1] An infectious disease , also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease , is an illness resulting from an infection. (wikipedia.org)
An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists believe evolution of viruses and infection rates started increasing since the beginning of human civilizations, as we began living in communities, grew plants and domesticated animals. (dupischai.com)
The objectives of the WHO global influenza preparedness plan are to reduce opportunities for human infection, strengthen the early warning system to early detect emergence of a pandemic virus and contain or delay spread at the source. (who.int)

Supports state and local governments in preparing for the next influenza pandemic, including planning and leading pandemic exercises across all levels of government. (cdc.gov)
It is estimated that the next influenza pandemic is likely to result in between 2 and 7.4 million deaths worldwide, including 150 000-750 000 deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)

Licensure of a high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine for persons aged ≥65 years (Fluzone high-dose) and guidance for use-United States, 2010. (netce.com)

However, virus strains have emerged that show drug resistance to some classes of drug. (wikipedia.org)
In specific, it exposes the scientifically validated and evidence-based supporting inhibitory action of influenza and its strains. (springeropen.com)
Globally, influenza virus infections present a potential threat to human and animal health due to frequent reassortant and novel mutant strains [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
The antigenic characteristics of circulating strains provide the basis for selecting the virus strains included in each year's vaccine. (cdc.gov)

The CDC has issued interim recommendations for controlling the spread of H1N1 influenza in health care settings. (medscape.com)
Patients with H1N1 influenza should wear a face mask when within 6 feet of others at home. (medscape.com)
The most severe H1N1 influenza pandemic occurred in 1918, claiming over 50 million lives [13], while the last H1N1 pandemic in 2009 claimed approximately 200,000 lives worldwide [14]. (ukdiss.com)

For example, during an influenza outbreak in Madagascar in 2002, more than 27 000 cases were reported within three months and 800 deaths occurred despite rapid intervention. (who.int)
Thus, in the 20th century, the great influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, which caused an estimated 40 to 50 million deaths worldwide, was followed by pandemics in 1957-1958 and 1968-1969. (who.int)
Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States-2017-2018 Influenza Season. (netce.com)
Yet despite the legacy of the 1918 "Spanish flu," estimated to have killed at least 20 million people, 2 and the additional deaths, social disruption, and economic losses that resulted from pandemics in 1957 and 1968, the general public appears relatively unconcerned about the next "killer flu. (nationalacademies.org)
Considerably more attention has been focused on protecting the public from terrorist attacks than from the far more likely and pervasive threat of pandemic influenza-an event conservatively expected to cause between 2 and 8 million deaths (WHO, 2004a). (nationalacademies.org)
For a more detailed description of how estimates have been determined for the numbers of deaths caused by the 1918 influenza outbreak, see Barry's section in Chapter 1 . (nationalacademies.org)
An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
Each year, influenza causes millions of illnesses, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations, and tens of thousands of deaths. (cdc.gov)
The first and second waves of the Spanish influenza pandemic in Japan affected ≈21 million persons (257,000 deaths) and 2 million persons (127,000 deaths), respectively ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
Known as SARS-CoV-2, the virus has resulted in more than 47.4 million infections and 1.2 million deaths. (faxines.com)
According to the rumor, the paper explains how most deaths during the 1918 Spanish flu were due to bacterial pneumonia caused by wearing a mask. (faxines.com)
In the paper in question, the authors explain how "[t[he majority of deaths in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic likely resulted directly from secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by common upper respiratory tract bacteria. (faxines.com)
The "Spanish" influenza pandemic occurred in 1918-1919 and resulted in an estimated 40-50 million deaths worldwide. (who.int)

and projects future health care ease in children, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] needs.67,68 In addition to monitoring and identifying pneumonia, malaria). (cdc.gov)
A total of 470 patients hospitalized during January 1919-January 1920 and diagnosed with Spanish influenza (as "epidemic cold" or "pneumonia due to epidemic cold") fit the criteria for inclusion in the study. (blogspot.com)
Two medical journal articles document the activity of propolis specifically against Staphylococcus aureus , the bacterium that causes dangerous and often deadly surgical infections, blood poisoning, and a type of pneumonia. (donnieyance.com)
More severe illness can result if either primary influenza pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia occurs. (cdc.gov)
Dynamic changes in hematological counts could provide a reference for the pathogenesis and prognosis of pneumonia caused by respiratory viruses in clinics. (ukdiss.com)

6 ) estimated the ty of this strain to infect humans efficiently, and person-to- effectiveness of rapid targeted antiviral prophylaxis of per- person transmission. (cdc.gov)
They found that if the next pandemic virus had a between humans and birds or pigs are close and persistent similar virulence to that of the 1957-58 pandemic virus, ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully in Humans. (netce.com)
Because this is a new virus not previously circulating in humans, it's not possible to predict who would be most at risk of severe complications in a future pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
These viruses can affect humans as well as some animals. (ijpsr.com)
These viruses are assumed to be zoonotic, which implies that the viruses can spread among creatures and humans 11 . (ijpsr.com)
Many types of viruses infect all kinds of living organisms including plants, animals, humans and even microbes like bacteria. (dupischai.com)
The world is currently in Phase 3 of the six-phase pandemic alert system, in which a new influenza virus subtype is causing disease in humans, but is not yet spreading efficiently and in a sustained way among humans. (who.int)
It focuses on strengthening and building related capacities for epidemiological and laboratory surveillance of influenza both in animals and humans. (who.int)

Influenza poses one of the world's greatest infectious disease challenges. (cdc.gov)
In the past century, the world has witnessed three pandemics of influenza that started without warning and caused illness in more than 25% of the world's population. (who.int)
The campaign was initiated and developed by Dr. George F. Gao in collaboration with other world's leading influenza specialists. (virosin.org)

NPIs are actions, apart from getting vaccinated and taking medicine, which people and communities can take to help prevent the spread of respiratory illnesses like influenza. (cdc.gov)
Unlike other common respiratory illnesses, influenza can cause severe malaise lasting several days. (cdc.gov)
Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that belongs to the family Coronaviridae that caused disorders, for example, sickness of respiration or gastrointestinal tract illnesses. (ijpsr.com)

5. Mao L, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Yang Y. Annual economic impacts of seasonal influenza on U.S. counties: spatial heterogeneity and patterns. (netce.com)
9. Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C. Seasonal incidence of symptomatic influenza in the United States. (netce.com)
CDC programs protect the United States from seasonal influenza, as well as pandemic influenza which occurs when a new flu virus emerges that can infect people and spread globally. (cdc.gov)
CDC uses its scientific expertise and resources to address the continuing threat posed by seasonal and pandemic influenza. (cdc.gov)
Assists global and domestic experts who choose which viruses to include in seasonal vaccine production for each year's vaccine and guides prioritization of pandemic vaccine development. (cdc.gov)
CDC tracks and monitors seasonal influenza vaccine distribution. (cdc.gov)
A flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new flu A virus in people that is very different from current and recently circulating seasonal flu A viruses. (cdc.gov)
How do seasonal flu viruses spread? (cdc.gov)
Prescription medications called antiviral drugs can treat seasonal flu. (cdc.gov)
A separate seasonal influenza vaccine was needed for the 2009/2010 influenza season because it was too late to incorporate the new strain into the regular influenza vaccine already in production. (medscape.com)

So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)

Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
Hence, strategic pandemic preparedness is a major concern, as we must be reasonably assured that we can contain a pandemic influenza outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Spanish flu (H1N1) outbreak of 1918, which is recognized as the most lethal natural event in recent history. (virosin.org)

WHO recommends annual immunization of at-risk persons as the best and most cost-effective strategy for reducing influenza-related morbidity and mortality. (who.int)
The continual emergence of influenza viruses remains the main threat to human health results in a considerable record of morbidity and mortality. (springeropen.com)
The high rates of morbidity and mortality during influenza pandemics have resulted in social, economic and political disruption throughout the world. (who.int)

Three influenza pandemics have occurred during the interventions. (cdc.gov)
Four influenza pandemics have occurred in the past 100 years. (cdc.gov)
Influenza pandemics have occurred on average three times in each century since the 1500s. (biomedcentral.com)

Antiviral drugs directly target the viruses responsible for influenza infections. (wikipedia.org)
National influenza surveillance is coordinated through the Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). (canada.ca)
Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens , most prominently bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
Specific medications used to treat infections include antibiotics , antivirals , antifungals , antiprotozoals , [3] and antihelminthics . (wikipedia.org)
Multiple virus infections in the honey bee and genome divergence of honey bee viruses. (tci-thaijo.org)
Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
Aug. 11, 2022 - Researchers of the study, published in the Journal of Hematology & Oncology, discovered that patients with blood-related cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, are 1.6 times more likely than other cancer patients to have breakthrough infections of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (ku.edu)

Notice to readers: considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. (netce.com)
Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Works with domestic and global health partners to monitor both human and animal influenza viruses to know what and where viruses are spreading and what kind of illness they are causing. (cdc.gov)
Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by flu A and B viruses that infect the human respiratory tract. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
Typical influenza illness is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, myalgia, sore throat, and nonproductive cough. (cdc.gov)

The 1918-19 flu pandemic was the most severe, killing 675,000 Americans and 50 to 100 million people worldwide. (cdc.gov)
But maybe they've been evolving to be less severe, and maybe the spotty vaccinations we've had have been good enough to gradually suppress the virus. (fascinationplace.org)

[15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)

National surveillance requires ade- quired to effectively address emerging infectious dis- quate infrastructure, including trained personnel, eases, significant improvements in public health within the states and local communities and timely policy, program design, and infrastructure are needed. (cdc.gov)
Improve surveillance for reportable infectious that threaten populations both here and abroad. (cdc.gov)
State and local public and contribute to strengthening global surveillance health authorities, other infectious disease experts, networks. (cdc.gov)
Provides direct support to state, local, and territorial public health departments for influenza surveillance and laboratory work. (cdc.gov)
Globally, CDC supports more than 50 countries to build surveillance and laboratory capacity to find emerging influenza threats and respond to them. (cdc.gov)
We tested the trap prototype during two field seasons (2019 and 2021) in North-eastern Italy and compared it to CDC-CO2 trapping applied in West Nile and Usutu virus regional surveillance. (bvsalud.org)
The "World Flu Day" initiative aimed to raise public awareness about influenza, to accelerate scientific innovation and international cooperation on influenza surveillance, and to push for stronger global support on influenza prevention and control. (virosin.org)

A step forward in the treatment of influenza. (netce.com)

One study estimated that vaccinating 60% of 20th century (in 1918, 1957, and 1968), and another the population would be necessary to achieve optimal cost pandemic is inevitable ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-United States, 2012-13 influenza season. (netce.com)

2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 2,5--7 ). (cdc.gov)
Targeted populations recommended to receive the 2009 H1N1 vaccine included pregnant women, household contacts and caregivers of children younger than 6 months, healthcare and emergency medical services personnel, children aged 6 months to 18 years, young adults aged 19-24 years, and persons aged 25 through 64 years with conditions associated with higher risk of medical complications from influenza. (medscape.com)

Treatments for influenza include a range of medications and therapies that are used in response to disease influenza. (wikipedia.org)
They had also received antiviral medications and other drugs. (medicalxpress.com)
Flu antiviral medications may be used to treat pandemic flu if the virus is susceptible to these drugs. (cdc.gov)
2). Moreover, antiviral medications, which can ameliorate symptoms if provided within 48 hours of onset, may be reserved for treatment only, may not be effective against a new pandemic strain, or may quickly become ineffective due to the emergence of drug resistance. (cdc.gov)
I will focus my report on the real-world data on treatment with direct acting antivirals (DAA), those obtained in some selected populations (genotype 3, acute hepatitis C, persons who inject drugs [PWID], decompensated cirrhosis), the problem of NS5A-associated resistance associated variants (RAVs), and some of the results of soon-to-be-approved medications. (hepbcppa.org)

In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)

This review highlighted the efficacy of the commercial products which effectively combat influenza. (springeropen.com)

November 1, 2018, marked the first "World Flu Day" that was formally launched at the Asian-Pacific Centenary Spanish 1918-Flu Symposium in Shenzhen, China. (virosin.org)
Reverse Genetics for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: Current Status and Lessons to Learn from Other Non-segmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2018, 33(6): 472-483. (virosin.org)

14. Olsen C. Influenza: Pigs, People and Public Health. (netce.com)
Most influenza viruses don't spread in people, but spread in animals, especially wild birds and pigs. (cdc.gov)

A number of countries worldwide have blocked the export of face masks and other medical supplies in order to preserve their own stocks as they come face to face with the highly contagious virus. (pakistanthinktank.org)

Neuraminidase inhibitors are again recommended as the first-line antiviral agents for the prevention of influenza rather than amantadine. (canada.ca)

Feb. 10, 2022 - China was blamed for the COVID-19 virus with terms such as "Wuhan virus" and "kung flu" used by some in power and repeated in the media. (ku.edu)

Persons with underlying medical conditions who are at high risk for complications of influenza should consider avoiding large gatherings. (medscape.com)
Elderly persons and persons with underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza. (cdc.gov)

A 2011 CDC analysis reaffirms the importance of vaccinating pregnant women regardless of trimester and prompt treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (ie, within 2 d of symptom onset) if influenza occurs during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Person-to-person transmission of influenza virus occurs through droplets from the respiratory tract that are spread by direct contact, through coughing or sneezing, or by hands contaminated with respiratory secretions. (canada.ca)

CDC works with businesses, schools, communities, and others to plan for and address influenza threats. (cdc.gov)

Other promising treatments include aviptadil (synthetic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide), the antiparasitic agent nitazoxanide, intravenous vitamin C, the cough suppressant bromhexine, nebulized hydrogen peroxide, and a synthetic "antibody" AeroNabs. (bonesbrigaderecords.com)
Since productive coughs are a necessary means of removing the infectious and obstructive material, cough suppressants called antitussives should only be used for dry coughs. (healthy.net)

By that a pandemic virus might appear. (cdc.gov)

A recent expert consultation convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that "the unpredictability of influenza viruses and the speed with which transmissibility can improve means that the time for preparedness planning is now" (WHO, 2004a). (nationalacademies.org)
The regional strategy on pandemic influenza preparedness and response aims to complement the global preparedness plan through enhancing the capacity of countries to pre-empt an influenza pandemic , as well as to mitigate the negative effects of a full-blown pandemic. (who.int)

In Canada, two available measures can reduce the impact of influenza: immunoprophylaxis with inactivated (killed-virus) vaccine and chemoprophylaxis or therapy with influenza-specific antiviral drugs. (canada.ca)

A similar bat virus caused a second epidemic, known as MERS, in 2012. (thebulletin.org)
To date, the treatments adopted were based on previous experience with SARS, MERS, or influenza. (ukdiss.com)

However, a clinical trial in 2008 found that oral dosing of elderly patients with interferon-alpha actually reduced their immune response to an influenza vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
Although gaps remain in our understanding of the etiology of MS, the role, if any, of viruses in propagating pathogenic immune responses deserves attention. (vitamindwiki.com)
Despite the apparent health benefits achieved by leading an active lifestyle, which imply that regular physical activity and frequent exercise enhance immune competency and regulation, the effect of a single bout of exercise on immune function remains a controversial topic. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, in the third part of this review, we highlight that regular physical activity and frequent exercise might limit or delay aging of the immune system, providing further evidence that exercise is beneficial for immunological health. (frontiersin.org)
In contrast to the widely accepted long-term health benefits that are achieved by regular physical activity, which imply that immune competency and regulation are improved by frequent exercise bouts, the effect of a single bout of exercise on immune function remains hotly disputed. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, in the third part of this article, we summarize recent data suggesting that regular physical activity and frequent exercise, which reduces systemic inflammatory activity and improves aspects of immune function, also leads to alterations in classical biomarkers of an aging immune system. (frontiersin.org)
Respiratory viruses infect and affect the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively, in vulnerable populations, such as infants, the elderly, and immune-compromised individuals. (ukdiss.com)
Varicella zoster virus immune evasion strategies. (tci-thaijo.org)

Interregional Spread of Influenza through United States Described by Virus Type, Size of Populations and Commuting Rates and Distance. (netce.com)
Available at https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/interregional-spread-influenza-through-united-states-described-virus-type-size-population-commuting-rates-distance . (netce.com)
A few of these animal influenza viruses can spread to people, and in rare cases, cause a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Flu viruses are thought to spread mainly from person to person through droplets made when someone with flu coughs, sneezes, or talks near a person (within 6 feet). (cdc.gov)
How do pandemic flu viruses spread? (cdc.gov)
On 11 June 2009, WHO announced the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century, following the emergence of a new influenza A/H1N1 virus in Mexico and its rapid worldwide spread. (biomedcentral.com)
Adults spread influenza to others during a period from 1 day before symptom onset to up to 7 days afterwards. (canada.ca)
This reminded experts of the SARS1 epidemic of 2002, in which a bat virus had spread first to civets, an animal sold in wet markets, and from civets to people. (thebulletin.org)
If this virus acquires the ability to spread efficiently from human to human, all of the prerequisites for an influenza pandemic will be fulfilled. (who.int)

Why are RNA virus mutation rates so damn high? (tci-thaijo.org)

Influenza A viruses have predominated overall, with both influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) circulating. (canada.ca)

Various strategies such as antiviral, antibacterial, and antimalarial drugs have been employed to treat COVID- 19, but they were found to relieve the symptoms only. (ijpsr.com)

Influenza is a highly infectious disease caused by a very unstable virus. (who.int)
However, early in the pandemic, doctors understood that blood donations from survivors might help protect or treat other people, according to some infectious disease experts. (medicalxpress.com)
Disease Burden of Influenza. (netce.com)
Most infectious disease experts believe that the world stands on the verge of an influenza pandemic (Chen et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Infectious Disease Metagenomics: Error Mitigation and Best Practices for the Clinical Routine Use of Metagenomic Sequencing. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses cause disease among all age groups ( 2--4 ). (cdc.gov)
Although available clinical techniques and treatment options for Spanish influenza patients were limited in this era, charts showing detailed records of lung sounds and fever exist and can be used to infer disease severity in affected persons. (blogspot.com)
We aimed to identify physical features, including respiratory sounds, that might be associated with disease severity among patients in Japan who were affected by Spanish influenza during 1919 and 1920. (blogspot.com)
We characterized the A/Shanghai/1/2013 virus isolated from the first confirmed human case of A/H7N9 disease in China. (flutrackers.com)
To celebrate 100 years of this seminal discovery, one of the first to show that a virus could cause a human disease, an international symposium was held on the 20 November 2009, in Vienna, Austria ( http://www.meduniwien.ac.at/100yearspolio ). (springer.com)
Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
B cells are now known to play a major role in disease, demonstrated by the highly impactful effect of a B cell-depleting antibody on controlling MS. The idea that a virus may play a role in the development of MS has a long history and is supported mostly by studies demonstrating a link between B cell-tropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and disease onset. (vitamindwiki.com)
Here, we describe the set-up and results of a comparative study, in which a laboratory contracted by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control offered a centralised service to EU/EEA Member and pre-accession Member States to test representative serum specimens with known serological results, with the gold standard technique (virus neutralisation tests) to determine the presence of neutralising antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
Infectious disease" redirects here. (wikipedia.org)
For the journal, see Infectious Disease (journal) . (wikipedia.org)
Full understanding of PPR virus (PPRV) pathobiology and molecular biology is critical for effective control and eradication of the disease. (virosin.org)

Alpha, beta, gamma, and delta are the four subgroups of coronavirus, which are the largest known spherical RNA viruses. (ijpsr.com)

During the "Spanish flu" epidemic in 1918-1920, many patients were successfully treated with injected quinine. (bonesbrigaderecords.com)
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic-with no vaccine or antiviral drug coming soon-antibodies from recovering patients could provide a "stopgap" measure, according to Drs. Arturo Casadevall and Liise-anne Pirofski. (medicalxpress.com)
Retrospective Validation of a Metagenomic Sequencing Protocol for Combined Detection of RNA and DNA Viruses Using Respiratory Samples from Pediatric Patients. (cdc.gov)
We examined preserved medical charts of 470 Spanish influenza patients (8 with fatal cases) hospitalized at former army hospitals in Japan during 1919-1920. (blogspot.com)
We previously described the clinical features of Spanish influenza among patients who were hospitalized at several study sites ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
Otherwise healthy soldiers who became patients during the second wave of Spanish influenza in Japan during 1919-1920 were severely affected. (blogspot.com)
Scientists at the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University are testing its effects on 120 patients who have the virus, giving them daily infusions of 24g of vitamin C for seven days n tests, vitamin C has worked against every virus - if given in sufficient concentration, says Dr Levy. (energeticforum.com)
The number of patients with the virus at California hospitals reached a new low this month since the start of the pandemic, with just 611 reported on July 2. (fascinationplace.org)
ECMO cases Down Under The third report, by a large team called the Australia and New Zealand Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Influenza Investigators, covers all patients treated with ECMO for H1N1-related ARDS in the two countries from June through August. (umn.edu)
The first clue to the emergence of HIV-2 came in 1986 when a morphologically similar but previously distinct virus was found to cause AIDS in patients in West Africa ( 4 ). (scielo.sa.cr)

Given the variety of in-house protocols detecting SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralising antibodies, including the virus strain, it could be of interest to select reference isolates for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic to be made available for interested EU Member States and pre-accession countries. (bvsalud.org)
I do find this a little surprising: The Omicron variant and its many sub-variants are the dominant strain of the virus, are massively transmissible, and haven't gone away. (fascinationplace.org)
Oct 12, 2009 (CIDRAP News) - A collection of new studies is demonstrating once again the ability of the pandemic H1N1 virus to make some people desperately sick and is raising questions about the potential strain on critical-care resources this fall and winter. (umn.edu)
And, why the flu shot is only effective between 10%-15%, [1] depending on the influenza strain? (dupischai.com)

medical citation needed] Four licensed influenza antiviral agents are available in the United States: zanamivir, oseltamivir phosphate, peramivir, and baloxavir marboxil. (wikipedia.org)

Informs health care providers and public about influenza prevention and control measures. (cdc.gov)

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)
The antigenic components of the influenza vaccine have been updated for the 2007-2008 season. (canada.ca)
Although influenza B viruses have shown more antigenic stability than influenza A viruses, antigenic variation does occur. (canada.ca)

Anatomy17

Organisms63

Diseases30

Chemicals and Drugs64

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care21

Geographicals3

Diseases32

Vaccines16

Epidemics8

H5N112

Viral24

Vaccine and antiviral agents1

Vaccination11

Immunity10

Subtypes8

Avian4

Swine Flu2

Outbreaks6

Infection14

Next influenza pandemic2

Inactivated influenza vaccine1

Strains4

H1N1 Influenza3

Deaths14

Pneumonia5

Humans12

World's3

Illnesses3

Seasonal10

Subtype1

Outbreak3

Morbidity and morta3

Pandemics have occurred3

Infections7

Illness7

Severe2

Trivalent1

Surveillance7

Treatment of influenza1

20th century1

Control of influenza1

Complications from influenza2

Medications5

Different influenza1

Combat influenza1

20182

Pigs2

Contagious1

Neuraminidase inhibitors1

20221

Risk for complications2

Occurs2

Threats1

Cough2

Pandemic virus1

Preparedness2

Chemoprophylaxis1

MERS2

Immune8

Spread9

Mutation1

H3N21

Antibacterial1

Disease16

Coronavirus1

Patients10

Strain4

Zanamivir1

Prevention and control1

Antigenic3