Infection genus viruses semliki forest virus. Medical search. Frequent questions

genus Alphavirus , family Toga- The Case viridae ) is a single-stranded positive RNA virus that On January 8, 2015, an 8-year-old boy was examined at was first isolated in Trinidad in 1954 ( 1 ) and is one of the the school clinic because of fever and abdominal pain. (cdc.gov)
ONNV is a togavirus (family Togaviridae), genus Alphavirus, is closely related to the chikungunya and Igbo Ora viruses, and is a member of the Semliki Forest antigenic complex. (wikipedia.org)
Kielian, M 1995, ' Membrane fusion And the Alphavirus Life Cycle ', Advances in Virus Research , vol. 45, no. (elsevierpure.com)
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) are closely related members of the Semliki Forest virus antigenic complex classified as belonging to the genus Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, we constructed a recombinant Alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicon vector DREP to express EBOV GP and matrix viral protein (VP40). (frontiersin.org)
genus Alphavirus , family Togaviridae ) is a single-stranded positive RNA virus that was first isolated in Trinidad in 1954 ( 1 ) and is one of the viruses that comprise the Semliki Forest virus complex ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
Since May 2014, when chikungunya virus (CHIKV) swept across the island of Hispaniola, researchers at the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL, USA) have studied alphavirus and flavivirus transmission in Haiti in collaboration with the Christianville Foundation. (blogspot.com)
CHIKV is a small (60 - 70 nm) spherical enveloped virus with single- stranded positive sense RNA molecule and belongs to the genus Alphavirus, which included more than 30 species of arthropod borne viruses [1], and the family Togaviridae (Figure 1). (actascientific.com)
Equine arboviral encephalomyelitis is due to infection with arthropod-borne viruses typically belonging to the families Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus ) or Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus ). (msdvetmanual.com)
Sindbis viruses are enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses, belonging to the genus of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that has more than 30 members [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Alphaviruses comprise a genus of the family Togaviridae, currently containing about 26 members, including the well-characterized prototype viruses, semliki forest virus (SFV) and sindbis virus (SV). (elsevierpure.com)
Diagram shows the RNA viruses/Togaviridae family viruses/Alphaviruses [Modified from 41]. (actascientific.com)

It is difficult to separate clinical presentations of CHIKF from other arthropod-transmitted alphaviruses like Barmah Forest virus, Ross River virus, Semliki Forest virus, O'nyong-nyong, Mayaro, Sindbis and similar viruses. (actascientific.com)
As a Sindbis-like virus (SINLV), XJ-160 virus was isolated from a pooled sample of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China, in 1990. (biomedcentral.com)
On basis of pBR-XJ160, the effects of substitutions within nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) or nsP2 on the infectivity and pathogenesis of Sindbis virus (SINV) have been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to the relative difficulty and risk of handling these dangerous pathogenic alphaviruses, Sindbis virus (SINV), that normally causes a mild rash and arthritis in humans but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in mice, has been used extensively as a model system for the study of the infectivity and pathogenesis of alphaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Sindbis virus genome is a single strand of positive-sense RNA of approximately 12 kb which is capped at the 5' terminus and polyadenylated at the 3' terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on the divergence of nucleotide sequencing and biological characteristics, Sindbis virus can be divided into two groups: SINV and Sindbis-like virus (SINLV) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In 1990, we have reported the isolation of a Sindbis-like virus from a pool of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China during an arbovirus survey. (biomedcentral.com)
Biological and serological studies show this virus is a new subtype of Sindbis virus firstly isolated in China. (biomedcentral.com)
Complete sequence of the genomic RNA of XJ-160 virus contains 11626nt and shows typical genomic organization of Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
However, nucleotide difference between XJ-160 virus and prototype Sindbis virus (AR339 strain) is 18%, much more than the nucleotide difference (2~7%) among the Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, XJ-160 virus possesses some special biological characteristics, for example, we found that XJ-160 virus can be neutralized by anti-Sindbis antibody, but SINV can't be neutralized by anti-XJ-160 antibody, i.e. it has nonreciprocal serological reaction between XJ-160 virus and SINV. (biomedcentral.com)

Since May 2014, when chikungunya virus (CHIKV) described by Santiago et al. (cdc.gov)
A 2015 study indicated that ONNV is endemic in coastal East Africa, along with chikungunya virus. (wikipedia.org)
Chikungunya virus has been present mostly in developing countries, causing millions of infections, while Mayaro virus, a close relative, has been limited to the Caribbean and tropical regions of Latin America. (bvsalud.org)
Our results demonstrate that previous chikungunya virus infection is able to reduce the severity of clinical outcomes during secondary Mayaro infection. (bvsalud.org)
Chikungunya fever, a re-emerging viral disease affecting both old and new world countries is caused by Chikungunya virus, an RNA virus belonging to Alphaviridae. (actascientific.com)
Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) was first detected in 1952, during a febrile outbreak on the Makonde Plateau, a border area between Mozambique and Tanzania [1]. (actascientific.com)
They are transmitted through blood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes and ticks, and include viruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). (encyclopedia.pub)

Our findings shed light on how preexisting immunity to arthritogenic alphaviruses may affect secondary infection, which may further develop relevant influence in disease outcome and viral transmission. (bvsalud.org)
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Madariaga virus (MADV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex (VEEV) are New World alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
Other alphaviruses associated with equine encephalitis are Semliki Forest virus in Africa and Ross River virus in Australia and the South Pacific. (msdvetmanual.com)
Infection with alphaviruses is common in the Chinese population. (biomedcentral.com)

The clinical presentation can mimic that of chikungunya, previously isolated from members of this school cohort dengue, and Zika virus infections. (cdc.gov)
ples were obtained from 177 children who met the crite- Furthermore, no CHIKV- or Zika virus-specific amplicons ria for acute undifferentiated febrile illness. (cdc.gov)
Zika virus is found in parts of South and Central America, the Caribbean, the Pacific islands, Africa and Asia. (leeds.ac.uk)
There are currently no specific treatments or vaccines for dengue, Zika, and other potentially serious mosquito-borne viruses including Chikungunya, West Nile virus, Semliki Forest virus and Rift Valley fever virus. (leeds.ac.uk)
The clinical presentation can mimic that of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika virus infections. (blogspot.com)
Zika virus and enterovirus D68 have been previously isolated from members of this school cohort ( 7 , 8 ). (blogspot.com)
18] for Zika Forest. (cdc.gov)
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne fl avivirus fi rst studies in the absence of epidemics ( 6 - 8 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
in all cases infection appeared relatively mild, self- sus monkey during a yellow fever study in the Zika forest limiting, and nonlethal ( 6 , 8 - 10 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
In most cases, Zika virus infection causes a mild, self-limited illness. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Owing to the mild nature of the disease, more than 80% of Zika virus infection cases likely go unnoticed. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] The spectrum of Zika virus disease overlaps with other that of arboviral infections, but rash (maculopapular and likely immune-mediated) typically predominates. (medscape.com)
In April 2016, a deputy director at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warned that the risk of Zika virus infection in the United States may have been previously underestimated, citing the increased range of the mosquito vectors (now in 30 US states, up from 12 as previously thought) and the travel risks associated with the 2016 Olympics in Brazil. (medscape.com)
Zika virus was first described in a febrile rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Entebbe, Uganda, and was reported in a human field worker shortly thereafter. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Currently, Zika virus is known to be widely distributed outside of Africa. (medscape.com)
Zika virus infection is among the nationally notifiable diseases in the United States. (medscape.com)
State and local health departments should be informed by healthcare professionals of suspected cases of Zika virus infection to facilitate diagnosis and to reduce the risk of local transmission. (medscape.com)
The CDC has released a map of potential Zika virus spread in the United States based on the estimated range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
For the latest information concerning Zika virus, see also Medscape's Zika Virus Resource Center. (medscape.com)
Zika virus is well-adapted to grow in various hosts, ranging from arthropods to vertebrates. (medscape.com)
Sirohi et al described the structure of mature Zika virus based on cryoelectron microscopy. (medscape.com)
The global prevalence of Zika virus infection has not been widely reported owing to asymptomatic clinical course, clinical resemblance to other infection with other flaviviruses (dengue, chikungunya), and difficulty in confirming diagnosis. (medscape.com)

The potential emergence and spread of Mayaro virus to other high-risk areas have increased the scientific community's attention to an imminent worldwide epidemic. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we designed an experimental protocol of chikungunya and Mayaro virus mouse infection, which develops a measurable and quantifiable disease that allows us to make inferences about potential immunological effects during secondary virus infection. (bvsalud.org)

We observed that the preexistence of CHIKV immunity conferred partial cross-protection against secondary MAYV infection, reducing disease severity, tissue viral load, and histopathological scores. (bvsalud.org)
We provide scientific understanding of immunological features during secondary infection with the closely related virus, thus assisting in better comprehending viral transmission and the pathological outcome of these diseases. (bvsalud.org)
In particular, the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are of notable significance for the control of viral infections. (mdpi.com)
Dissociation of progeny vaccinia virus from the cell membrane is regulated by a viral envelope glycoprotein: effect of a point mutation in the lectin homology domain of the A34R gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
however, serologic testing and necropsy are required for definitive diagnosis of viral infection and subsequent encephalomyelitis. (msdvetmanual.com)
The ability of their vector to enhance viral pathogenesis and transmission makes the development of treatments against these viruses challenging. (encyclopedia.pub)
Neutrophils are generally the first leukocytes to be recruited to a site of infection, playing a major role in regulating inflammation and, as a result, viral replication and dissemination. (encyclopedia.pub)
Arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses have a unique effect on neutrophil function since viral factors as well as vector factors can affect the activity of these cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
However, the role of these cells during viral infection is not yet fully understood [ 16 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid is highly acid labile and tends to dissociate into pentameric subunits at acidic condition to release viral RNA for initiating virus replication. (biomedcentral.com)

These arthropod-borne viruses are a large group consisting of viruses from a wide range of families. (encyclopedia.pub)

Z ported human infections indicated that clinical characteris- ika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus in the tics of infection with ZIKV included fever, headache, mal- family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus . (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
The virus resembles other known flavivirus structures with the exception of approximately 10 amino acids surrounding the Asn154 glycosylation site in each of the 180 envelope glycoproteins comprising the icosahedral shell, the carbohydrate moiety of which may be the attachment site of the virus to host cells. (medscape.com)

It is the only virus whose primary vectors are anopheline mosquitoes (Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae)[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
The first virus isolates were obtained during this outbreak from mosquitoes and human blood samples collected from Gulu in northern Uganda in 1959. (wikipedia.org)
University of Leeds Virus Host Interaction Team researchers have discovered that the molecule, called sialokinin, makes it easier for a number of viruses to pass from mosquitoes to humans, where they can then take hold - leading to unpleasant and potentially deadly diseases. (leeds.ac.uk)
She said: "Our findings may also explain why some mosquitoes can spread infection to humans, while some cannot. (leeds.ac.uk)
Anopheles mosquitoes cannot spread most viruses. (leeds.ac.uk)
Viruses spread by mosquitoes are known as arboviruses. (leeds.ac.uk)
Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Ilheus virus (ILHV) are flaviviruses maintained by enzootic transmission networks between mosquitoes and birds. (bvsalud.org)
A total of 54,878 mosquitoes comprising 46 species from eight genera were collected. (cdc.gov)

Neutrophils during Arboviral Infections" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11625 (accessed December 10, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
In this review, we highlight the major findings from recent years regarding the role of neutrophils during arboviral infections. (encyclopedia.pub)
Better understanding of neutrophil pathways involved in effective protection against arboviral infections can help identify potential targets for therapeutics. (encyclopedia.pub)
In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in understanding the beneficial and detrimental nature of neutrophils during arboviral infections. (encyclopedia.pub)

In addition, we have developed XJ-160 virus-based vector system, including replicon vector, defective helper (DH) plasmids and the packaging cell lines (PCLs). (biomedcentral.com)

netic and serologic properties of the ZIKV associated with In 1977, ZIKV infection was confi rmed among 7 pa- this epidemic. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Several ZIKV human recent fl avivirus infection in several patients. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

The Aedes genus of mosquito, which is found on all continents except Antarctica, spreads arboviruses. (leeds.ac.uk)
Its transmission cycle is thought to occur mainly through mosquito vectors, especially those of genus Haemagogus ( 3 ), but Aedes spp. (blogspot.com)

He had no rash and no mosquito vectors, especially those of genus Haemagogus conjunctivitis. (cdc.gov)
Common symptoms of infection with the virus are polyarthritis, rash and fever. (wikipedia.org)
Similar to other SINVs, XJ-160 virus causes fever, rash, and arthritis in humans but causes an age-dependent encephalitis in mice. (biomedcentral.com)

Author Manuscript questions or to monitoring vectors during outbreaks, such as the O'nyong-nyong virus(ONNV) outbreak in 1996 [19, 20]. (cdc.gov)
However, existing virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and/or overexpression vectors suitable for soybean have various drawbacks that hinder their widespread adoption. (researchsquare.com)

His viruses that comprise the Semliki Forest virus complex ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

CHIKV is the causative agent of large outbreaks worldwide, and MAYV infection represents a growing public health concern in Latin America, causing sporadic cases and geographically limited outbreaks. (bvsalud.org)
Considering the relationship between CHIKV and MAYV, the present study aimed to evaluate if preexisting CHIKV immunity protects against MAYV infection. (bvsalud.org)
Interestingly, CHIKV antibodies from humans and mice showed low cross-neutralization to MAYV, but neutralizing activity significantly increased after secondary infection. (bvsalud.org)

CHIKV is now included in the re-emerging virus group, particularly due to its recent expansion in the Americas. (actascientific.com)

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. (lookformedical.com)

Notably, 11.9% of dengue-like disease patients showed VEEV infections. (bvsalud.org)

The explosion of information in modern cell biology has in many cases been fostered by the use of viruses as experimental paradigms Subjects as wide ranging as RNA splicing, DNA replication, on cogenes, cell polarity, and membrane protein biosynthesis have all taken advantage of the experimental manipulability, high signal-to-noise ratio, and defined components of virus systems. (elsevierpure.com)
Rubella Virus Replication and Links to TeratogenicityJIA-YEE LEE* ANDD. (vdocuments.net)
2 incompatible viruses that were interfering with the replication of each other. (blogspot.com)
The production of several different virus particles in the VV replication cycle represents a coordinated strategy to exploit cell biology to promote virus spread and to aid virus evasion of antibody and complement. (microbiologyresearch.org)

There are five species of EBOV, including Zaire virus (ZEBOV), Sudan virus (SEBOV), Taï Forest virus (TEBOV), Bundibugyo virus (BEBOV), and Reston virus (REBOV). (frontiersin.org)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
The number of species collected varied from 17 in the genus Culex to 1 in the genus Lutzia . (cdc.gov)

IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne viruses have a worldwide impact, especially in tropical climates. (bvsalud.org)

Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

The o'nyong'nyong virus (ONNV) was first isolated by researchers at the Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe, Uganda, during a large outbreak of a disease in 1959 that resembled dengue fever. (wikipedia.org)
These viruses cause human disease, with sudden fever and joint inflammation that can persist for long periods. (bvsalud.org)
The most common symptoms are a debilitating fever and headache, but more serious disease can occur and some infections prove fatal. (leeds.ac.uk)
Alpha viruses are not found in the Antarctica, and they are also sensitive to temperature above 58°C. Ecological pattern and vector transmission of Alpha viruses is similar to many Flaviviruses like dengue fever virus and yellow fever virus. (actascientific.com)

The virus can infect humans and may cause disease. (wikipedia.org)
But experts did not know what role it played in helping the virus to infect the body. (leeds.ac.uk)
Inspecting the behaviour of sialokinin on skin cells from mice, the team discovered that the molecule causes blood vessels to become permeable, allowing contents to leak out into the skin - which inadvertently helps viruses to infect the host. (leeds.ac.uk)
The research team says future work should focus on identifying the other factors in mosquito saliva that help viruses infect hosts, and developing therapeutics to target and block them. (leeds.ac.uk)
In addition, some viruses such as influenza, specifically H5N1, and West Nile virus are known to infect and replicate within neutrophils, using these cells as reservoirs for dissemination, although mechanisms involved in this phenomenon remain unclear [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
The South American variant, now called Madariaga virus (MADV), is less pathogenic and is confined to Central and South America. (msdvetmanual.com)

Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS . (lookformedical.com)
Vaccinia virus produces four different types of virion from each infected cell called intracellular mature virus (IMV), intracellular enveloped virus (IEV), cell-associated enveloped virus (CEV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). (microbiologyresearch.org)
Nucleotide sequence of 21·8 kbp of variola major virus strain Harvey and comparison with vaccinia virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Loss of immunogenic properties of vaccinia virus inactivated by formaldehyde. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The mode of entry of vaccinia virus into L cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Lipase activities of p37, the major envelope protein of vaccinia virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Origin of the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Extracellular vaccinia virus formation and cell-to-cell virus transmission are prevented by deletion of the gene encoding the 37,000-Dalton outer envelope protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Role of cell-associated enveloped vaccinia virus in cell-to-cell spread. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Sequence analysis, expression, and deletion of a vaccinia virus gene encoding a homolog of profilin, a eukaryotic actin-binding protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Glycoprotein (GP) is the major protective antigen of EBOV, and can generate virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expression with matrix protein (VP40). (frontiersin.org)
The expelling of virus particles from the body. (lookformedical.com)
[4] Four years later, in 1994, a researcher was exposed to the virus in a level 3 biohazard facility at Yale University when a centrifuge bottle cracked, leaked, and released aerosolized virus particles. (mdwiki.org)

All sequenced samples were characterized as genotype A. CONCLUSION: The high rate of HBV infections found in this study suggests the possibility of HBV transmission due to risk factors displayed by some patients, and highlights the importance of vaccination of susceptible patients and the staff of that institution. (bvsalud.org)
Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
This group of viruses have been known to cause significant morbidity and mortality around the world, with the potential to spread quickly and expand their geographical range due to their distinct mode of transmission using arthropods. (encyclopedia.pub)

Interestingly, Anthony Samsel, a public health research scientist, and Zen Honeycutt, founder and director of Moms Across America, have independently found glyphosate contamination in live virus vaccines that do not contain aluminum adjuvant. (onedaymd.com)
The study of pH stability of FMDV not only contributes to the exploration of molecule and mechanism information for FMDV uncoating, but also enlightens the development of FMDV vaccines, including the traditionally inactivated vaccines and the new VLP (virus-like particle) vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans, and no approved therapeutics or vaccine is currently available. (frontiersin.org)

RESULTS: It was observed a global prevalence of 12.9% (43/333) for HBV infection markers, considering HBsAg and/or anti-HBc positivity. (bvsalud.org)

The genome of camelpox virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We describe the development of a new vector based on cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), a plus-strand RNA virus with its genome divided into two RNA segments, RNA1 and RNA2. (researchsquare.com)

We isolated this virus from a child cultured by using cell lines and conditions as previously with acute febrile illness in rural Haiti, confirming its role as a cause of mosquitoborne illness in the Caribbean region. (cdc.gov)
The University of Florida has protocols in place for the collection of diagnostic blood samples from children seen at the school clinic with acute undifferentiated febrile illness (i.e., febrile illness with no localizing signs, such as would be expected with pneumonia, urinary tract infections, etc. (blogspot.com)

An antigenic difference between intracellular and extracellular rabbitpox virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The heterogeneity among this exceptionally large group of viruses makes developing therapeutics challenging. (encyclopedia.pub)

Seven virus-encoded proteins have been identified that are components of IEV, and five of them are present in CEV or EEV. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The roles of these proteins in virus morphogenesis and dissemination, and as targets for neutralizing antibody are reviewed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The virus capsid is assembled by 60 copies of each of four structure proteins (VP1-4) in a stepwise process [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

As a result, FZ constructs destined for soybean can be first delivered to N. benthamiana in order to propagate the modified viruses to high titers. (researchsquare.com)

Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of the diseasecommonly known as German measles. (vdocuments.net)

Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)

However, the acid stability of virus capsid is greatly required for the maintenance of intact virion during the process of virus culture and vaccine production. (biomedcentral.com)

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)
An attractive alternative is to administer transient gene silencing or overexpression with a plant virus-based vector. (researchsquare.com)
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an alternative functional genomics tool for soybean because it does not involve the generation of inheritable changes. (researchsquare.com)

The notion that rubella wasonly a mild illness of children was dispelled in 1941, whenNorman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmic surgeon, reportedthe devastating teratogenic effects of the virus (47). (vdocuments.net)

it is a robust, stable virion and is well suited to transmit infection between hosts. (microbiologyresearch.org)

IEV is formed by wrapping of IMV with intracellular membranes, and is an intermediate between IMV and CEV/EEV that enables efficient virus dissemination to the cell surface on microtubules. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)
The BR-XJ160 virus raised in BHK-21 cells was indistinguishable from the XJ-160 virus in its biological properties, including its plaque morphology, growth kinetics and suckling mouse neurovirulence. (biomedcentral.com)

Our research suggests that blocking sialokinin may be an exciting new approach that prevents severe disease following infection with numerous distinct viruses. (leeds.ac.uk)

Anatomy12

Organisms34

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes26

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care2

Alphavirus10

Togaviridae2

Sindbis11

Chikungunya virus7

Alphaviruses4

Zika22

Mayaro2

Viral10

Arthropod borne viruses1

Flavivirus2

Mosquitoes8

Arboviral4

Replicon vector1

ZIKV2

Aedes2

Rash3

Vectors2

Comprise1

MAYV3

CHIKV1

Family1

VEEV1

Replication4

Species4

Mosquito-borne1

Dengue virus1

Fever4

Infect5

Pathogenic2

VACCINIA VIRUS10

Particles3

Transmission3

Vaccines2

Humans1

Global prevalence1

Genome2

Febrile2

Rabbitpox1

Therapeutics1

Proteins3

Propagate1

Causative agent1

Diseases2

Capsid1

Gene3

Mild1

Hosts1

Intracellular1

Cells2

Severe1