Infect 1918 influenza activity against influenza a viruses antiviral agents. Medical search. Frequent questions

Patients with H1N1 influenza should wear a face mask when within 6 feet of others at home. (medscape.com)
The 2009 influenza A (H1N1) monovalent vaccine was released in mid October. (medscape.com)
Targeted populations recommended to receive the 2009 H1N1 vaccine included pregnant women, household contacts and caregivers of children younger than 6 months, healthcare and emergency medical services personnel, children aged 6 months to 18 years, young adults aged 19-24 years, and persons aged 25 through 64 years with conditions associated with higher risk of medical complications from influenza. (medscape.com)
Now H1N1 is a component of the trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines. (medscape.com)
A 2012 study in Denmark found no evidence of an increased risk of fetal death associated with exposure to an adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses have predominated overall, with both influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) circulating. (canada.ca)
2015) demonstrated that RBD of 1918 H1N1 NS1 interacted directly with second caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) of RIG-I, but no interaction was observed in case of Udorn H3N2 strain. (datexis.com)
Although the recent sporadic outbreaks of influenza A virus H5N1 and of a new variant of H1N1 in 2009 were less serious than initially feared, public health responses gave an indication of the potential for pandemic influenza A to wreak havoc amongst human populations. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
The nucleoprotein plays critical roles in viral RNA replication and genome assembly, and nucleozin was shown to block replication of H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 viruses in cell culture experiments and also to protect mice from lethal challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A H5N1. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
In a study to identify cellular proteins required by the H1N1 influenza virus, collaborators from Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yale Medical School, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute have now made an unexpected discovery. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
They then examined the effect of the knockdowns on H1N1 activity by measuring changes in the presence of viral protein on the surface on infected cells. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
The work identified more than 120 genes which were required to be expressed for H1N1 infectivity but, surprisingly, also identified a class of genes that permitted greater influenza replication when they were blocked. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
The pandemic swine flu (H1N1) virus has proved to be less lethal than originally feared but, although most infected individuals experience relatively mild and self-limiting symptoms, some patients with no previous underlying medical condition have died. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
An international team of researchers has now found a possible explanation of why some people develop severe pneumonia when infected with the H1N1 virus. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
A typical innate antiviral response with increased levels of chemokines IP-10, MCP-1 and MIP-1β and an absence of anti-H1N1 antibodies characterised the early response in all infected individuals, but elevated levels of IFN-γ and mediators that stimulate Th17 and Th1 responses were found only in hospitalised patients. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
[12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)
About 50 million population were killed over the world by 1918 H1N1 (Spanish flu), around 4 million people were killed worldwide by Asian flu (1957 H2n2) initiated in China, 2005 H5N1 (Bird flu) caused deaths of 1 million population over the world, as well as birds and 2009H1N1 (Swine flu), caused the death of 18000 people. (ijpsr.com)
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Spanish flu (H1N1) outbreak of 1918, which is recognized as the most lethal natural event in recent history. (virosin.org)
Oct 12, 2009 (CIDRAP News) - A collection of new studies is demonstrating once again the ability of the pandemic H1N1 virus to make some people desperately sick and is raising questions about the potential strain on critical-care resources this fall and winter. (umn.edu)
ECMO cases Down Under The third report, by a large team called the Australia and New Zealand Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Influenza Investigators, covers all patients treated with ECMO for H1N1-related ARDS in the two countries from June through August. (umn.edu)
We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
To confirm the importance of M2 splicing in the replication of H1N1 and H3N2, we treated infected cells with splicing inhibitor herboxidiene and analyzed the viral growth using plaque assay. (biomedcentral.com)
To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Flu vaccines usually work better against H1N1 viruses, which is another good reason to get vaccinated, since H1N1 is circulating too. (cdc.gov)

Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
Three types of influenza virus are known to affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A influenza has subtypes determined by the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
[7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
A few bat species were recently shown to be infected by influenza viruses originally designated as new influenza A subtypes H17N10 and H18N11. (cdc.gov)
Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2 and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) are recognized among influenza A viruses that have caused widespread human disease. (canada.ca)
Infection with a virus of one subtype confers little or no protection against viruses of other subtypes. (canada.ca)
Influenza A viruses are classified into several subtypes based on the structural proteins hemagglutinin (HA/H) and neuraminidase (NA/N), such as H1-H18 and N1-N11 [ 24 ]. (springeropen.com)
Thus far, influenza is classified on the subtypes of 18 hemagglutinins and 11 neuraminidases (Tong et al. (datexis.com)
During the last century, various subtypes of the influenza virus caused five pandemic respiratory diseases, and pigs were found to be a major reservoir of such viruses. (ijpsr.com)
This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)

Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
Influenza viruses have continually demonstrated an ability to cause major epidemics of respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)
A further indication of the impact of influenza epidemics is the significant elevation of mortality that often occurs. (cdc.gov)
Observations during influenza epidemics indicate that most influenza-related deaths occur among: (1) persons older than 65 years of age and (2) persons with chronic, underlying disorders of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and/or renal systems, as well as those with metabolic diseases (including diabetes mellitus), severe anemia, and/or compromised immune function. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift, along with waning immunity, results in annual influenza epidemics, since the protection that remains from past exposures to similar viruses is incomplete. (cdc.gov)
The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
For these reasons, major epidemics of respiratory disease caused by new variants of influenza continue to occur. (canada.ca)
Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Influenza is a serious health threat causing occasional pandemics and seasonal epidemics. (datexis.com)
the epidemics of "Asian" influenza in 1957 and "Hong Kong" influenza in 1968 together resulted in an estimated 1-4 million deaths. (who.int)
Being associated with seasonal influenza (flu) epidemics, IAVs have caused several pandemics worldwide, including the 1918 Spanish flu, which resulted in 50 million deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Licensure of a high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine for persons aged ≥65 years (Fluzone high-dose) and guidance for use-United States, 2010. (netce.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)

This season, influenza B is prominent in the Americas and Africa, and influenza A H3N2 comprises half the reported cases Prof. Emerita, Stanford University in Europe and Australia, and more than 75% of strains in ChinaA. (chestervetclinic.com)
In temperate South America, numbers of influenza cases began to increase in May, peaking around July with the largest numbers seen for A(H3N2), but showing a second peak in August with more influenza B strains and untyped influenza A strains (Figure 1). (chestervetclinic.com)
However, a new virus, variant H3N2 (H3N2v), associated with pigs and originally discovered in 2011, has cropped up this year in some human outbreaks periodically since July, 2012.1,B Although the strains of influenza circulating globally now are genetically slightly different from those in the current vaccine, the CDC feels that there will be significant cross-reactive protection, so they recommend that the vaccines not be changed. (chestervetclinic.com)
While H3N2 viruses are still most common, there is an increasing number of influenza B viruses being detected. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine effectiveness data for this season are not available yet, but we know that flu vaccines do not work as well against H3N2 viruses, which are predominant so far this season. (cdc.gov)

The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
More severe disease can result from invasion of the lungs by influenza virus (primary viral pneumonia) or by secondary bacterial pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is an infectious viral illness. (cdc.gov)
There are over 263 different human infecting virus species from 25 viral families that produce an ever-expanding range of illnesses, infections and complications. (dupischai.com)
Numerous viral species are zoonotic, meaning they can jump from animals and infect humans. (dupischai.com)
Antiviral drugs are the other option available for the treatment of influenza, which falls under three categories as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors [ 15 ] targeting the viral components, thwarted by newly emerging strains. (springeropen.com)
Immunological recognition of commensal microbes, such as bacterial species resident in the gut or lung as well as dormant viral species, i.e., cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in combination with a balanced immune regulation, is central to achieve immune-protection. (frontiersin.org)
The spectrum of influenza infection ranges from subclinical cases to fulminating viral pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Specific laboratory tests to confirm influenza include viral culture, rapid antigen detection, and serology. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
To evade host's innate immune response, influenza has evolved a few strategies for viral replication. (datexis.com)
Because of the important role of NS1 during viral infection, many attempts have been made to develop antiviral therapeutics targeting NS1. (datexis.com)
We also found that viral replication was suppressed in the presence of aptamers, which suggests that the selected RNA aptamers can be developed as a useful therapeutic agent in future. (datexis.com)
TWiEVO 95: Watering the viruses until they bloom November 14, 2023 Nels and Vincent discuss how the rewetting of seasonally dried soils, a critical event in Mediterranean grasslands that reactivates dormant soil microorganisms, leading to pulses of carbon and nitrogen mineralization, and is accompanied by a bloom of viral diversity, followed by extensive viral community turnover. (microbe.tv)
And the efficacy of the anti-virals (which was never very high) is being seriously undermined by Chinese Government-backed schemes to give the anti-viral drug amantadine to infected flocks of poultry in China. (healthdrugpdf.com)
The best defence against viral infection is to prepare your innate immune system, which is the body's first line of defence against invasion by bacteria and viruses. (healthdrugpdf.com)
B cell-tropic viruses may trigger aberrant immune responses in MS in genetically susceptible individuals owing, in part, to a failure in viral surveillance and clearance. (vitamindwiki.com)
The most compelling data supporting an etiologic role for viral involvement in MS have emerged for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). (vitamindwiki.com)
The decoding of the virus's genome showed it belonged a viral family known as beta-coronaviruses, to which the SARS1 and MERS viruses also belong. (thebulletin.org)

Our current top-down approach the Next Pandemic Will Not Work will not provide these countries with adequate supplies of If a pandemic form of infl uenza virus A (H5N1) vaccines and antiviral agents. (cdc.gov)
More than a decade ago, the fi rst human cases of dis- cess to a vaccine during the fi rst wave of a pandemic and ease caused by avian infl uenza virus A (H5N1) ap- perhaps throughout its duration" ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
As a result, virtually all industrialized countries and many there is suffi cient early warning that an outbreak of infl u- developing countries have mounted extensive pandemic enza (H5N1) is due to a virus that is capable of sustained preparedness efforts. (cdc.gov)
Several industrialized countries are stockpiling vac- with the clade 2 infl uenza virus A (H5N1) who did not re- cines against infl uenza virus A (H5N1) that might be used ceive antiviral treatment has died (Table 1) ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
If a pandemic virus were to emerge available in developing countries unless an international with a level of virulence approaching that of infl uenza virus mechanism exists to share such vaccine with them at low A (H5N1) in Indonesia, it could lead to a global population cost" ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
Experts believe that the increasing outbreaks of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry and humans have moved the world closer to a pandemic than any time since 1968. (who.int)
Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)
The most notorious ones being the avian influenza or bird flu, H5N1 and H7N9. (biomedcentral.com)

Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)
As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is the primary method opted for to prevent influenza infections. (springeropen.com)
As seen during the past influenza pandemics, the most effective mitigation measure is vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the use of vaccination at the early critical stages of an influenza pandemic has major challenges due to our inability to accurately predict the nature of the virus strain. (biomedcentral.com)

Unless advised by the CDC or regional health departments, clinicians do not routinely need to test for avian influenza. (medscape.com)
Countries where avian influenza has been reported. (medscape.com)
This statement contains new information on human and avian influenza epidemiology. (canada.ca)

Investigators must primarily identify fi rst 6-9 months of a pandemic outbreak, vaccine compa- agents for managing infection in populations and not simply nies will be only able to produce enough doses to vaccinate seek explanations for how they work. (cdc.gov)
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza-control options should also be made available to individuals who wish to reduce their chances of acquiring influenza infection or to reduce the severity of disease. (cdc.gov)
Guidance for Clinicians on the Use of RT-PCR and Other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection. (netce.com)
It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
Infection with influenza viruses can be asymptomatic or result in disease that ranges from mild to severe. (cdc.gov)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bd quinol oxidase (cyt bd), the alternative terminal oxidase of the respiratory chain, has been identified as playing a key role during chronic infection and presents a putative target for the development of novel antitubercular agents. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
[1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Scientists believe evolution of viruses and infection rates started increasing since the beginning of human civilizations, as we began living in communities, grew plants and domesticated animals. (dupischai.com)
In this article, we'll discuss top 10 chai tea spices that possess antiviral properties and help our body to fight infection, boost immunity while reducing inflammation and oxidative stress . (dupischai.com)
Influenza infection always poses a threat to human and animal health. (springeropen.com)
Chronic infections, particularly those which are primarily characterized by an asymptomatic intracellular life cycle, e.g., latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, present a unique premise to decipher the fine balance between protective host immune responses, immunopathology and full-fledged clinical disease. (frontiersin.org)
The most commonly used serologic test to document influenza virus infection is hemagglutination inhibition because it (and neutralization) is more sensitive than complement fixation and allows subtype and strain-specific antibody to be measured. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
Background It is to be determined whether people infected with SARS-CoV-2 will develop long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and retain long-lasting protective antibodies after the infection is resolved. (researchgate.net)
After SARS-CoV-2 infection, people are unlikely to produce long-lasting protective antibodies against this virus. (researchgate.net)
The objectives of the WHO global influenza preparedness plan are to reduce opportunities for human infection, strengthen the early warning system to early detect emergence of a pandemic virus and contain or delay spread at the source. (who.int)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), vitamin D, and smoking are among the most well-established environmental risk factors in MS. Infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by delayed primary EBV infection, increases the risk of developing MS. (vitamindwiki.com)
Our methodology was able to design effective NPI strategies, which were able to contain outbreaks by reducing infection attack rates (IAR) to below 10 % in low and medium virus transmissibility scenarios with 33 % and 50 % IAR, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)

So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
The world is currently in Phase 3 of the six-phase pandemic alert system, in which a new influenza virus subtype is causing disease in humans, but is not yet spreading efficiently and in a sustained way among humans. (who.int)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)

These recommendations extensively revise previous influenza vaccine recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) (superseding MMWR 1983;32:333-7) and provide information on the vaccine and antiviral agent available for control of influenza in the 1984-1985 influenza season and on target groups for which special influenza control programs are recommended. (cdc.gov)
Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-United States, 2012-13 influenza season. (netce.com)
Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)

Because of the increasing proportion of elderly persons in the U.S. population and because age and its associated chronic diseases are risk factors for severe influenza illness, the future toll from influenza may increase, unless control measures are used more vigorously than in the past. (cdc.gov)
Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
But maybe they've been evolving to be less severe, and maybe the spotty vaccinations we've had have been good enough to gradually suppress the virus. (fascinationplace.org)
There is an ominous expectation that a severe pandemic could occur and infect between 20 to 47 million people in the U.S. alone. (biomedcentral.com)
Flu viruses can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. (cdc.gov)

Most humans are not easily infected. (wikipedia.org)
Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully in Humans. (netce.com)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)
Many types of viruses infect all kinds of living organisms including plants, animals, humans and even microbes like bacteria. (dupischai.com)
3,5] Influenza A, Hepatitis B, HIV, SARS, MERS, Dengue and Yellow fever, Measles, Mumps and Smallpox all originate from zoonotic viruses capable of moving between humans and animals and responsible for recent infectious diseases in the past few decades. (dupischai.com)
Influenza pandemics are inherently unpredictable, caused by newly emerging viruses to which humans have little or no immunity and which develop the ability to infect and be transmitted efficiently for a sustained period of time in the community between humans. (cdc.gov)
It focuses on strengthening and building related capacities for epidemiological and laboratory surveillance of influenza both in animals and humans. (who.int)
These viruses can affect humans as well as some animals. (ijpsr.com)
These viruses are assumed to be zoonotic, which implies that the viruses can spread among creatures and humans 11 . (ijpsr.com)
Influenza is one of the oldest infectious diseases affecting humans. (virosin.org)
The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE , infecting B-cells in humans. (lookformedical.com)
Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)

A 2011 CDC analysis reaffirms the importance of vaccinating pregnant women regardless of trimester and prompt treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (ie, within 2 d of symptom onset) if influenza occurs during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Virus surface antigens hemagglutinin and neuraminidase continually change. (cdc.gov)
Neuraminidase inhibitors are again recommended as the first-line antiviral agents for the prevention of influenza rather than amantadine. (canada.ca)
Circulating strains of influenza A virus with resistance to existing neuraminidase inhibitors have already been discovered, and new molecular targets would provide additional protection in the event of a fresh outbreak. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)

The greatest impact of influenza is normally seen when new strains appear against which most of the population lacks immunity. (cdc.gov)
For about 20 years, efforts to reduce the impact of influenza in the United States have been aimed primarily at immunoprophylaxis of persons at greatest risk of serious illness or death. (cdc.gov)
In Canada, two available measures can reduce the impact of influenza: immunoprophylaxis with inactivated (killed-virus) vaccine and chemoprophylaxis or therapy with influenza-specific antiviral drugs. (canada.ca)
Immunization is the most effective means to reduce the impact of influenza. (canada.ca)

Such excess mortality is attributed not only to the direct cause of influenza pneumonia but also to an increase in deaths from cardiopulmonary disease. (cdc.gov)
A total of 470 patients hospitalized during January 1919-January 1920 and diagnosed with Spanish influenza (as "epidemic cold" or "pneumonia due to epidemic cold") fit the criteria for inclusion in the study. (blogspot.com)
The most common serious complications of influenza include exacerbation of underlying chronic pulmonary and cardiopulmonary diseases, such as worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and congestive heart failure, as well the development of pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
and projects future health care ease in children, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] needs.67,68 In addition to monitoring and identifying pneumonia, malaria). (cdc.gov)

Vaccines and antiviral drugs are recommended to deal with the situation. (springeropen.com)
PHIs include vaccines and antiviral drugs. (biomedcentral.com)

TWiV 1045: Less Lassa, CRISPR RNA viruses September 17, 2023 TWiV reviews a Lassa virus mRNA vaccine that confers protection against disease without inducing neutralizing antibodies, and a CRISPR-based method for engineering the genome of RNA viruses. (microbe.tv)
Because nucleic acid aptamers have comparable binding affinities with corresponding antibodies, they are regarded as potential candidates for the development of therapeutic agents or diagnostic probes (Brody and Gold, 2000). (datexis.com)
Conclusions Very few healthcare providers had IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, though a significant proportion of them had been infected with the virus. (researchgate.net)
Developing an effective vaccine is the main goal of clinicians and scientists, which is under clinical trials, and some vaccines which have been approved for the treatment such as COVAXIN, COVISHIELD, ASTRA Zenaca, and SPUTNIK V vaccines are being used to develop antibodies against COVID-19, but due to spread of variants of virus these vaccines are not supposed to be 100 percent protective against the virus. (ijpsr.com)

[15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)

Typical influenza illness is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, sore throat, and nonproductive cough and, unlike many other common respiratory infections, can cause extreme malaise lasting several days. (cdc.gov)
Notice to readers: considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. (netce.com)
Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
Influenza C is rarely reported as a cause of human illness, probably because most cases are subclinical. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
Virus can be isolated from nasal washing and nasopharyngeal swab specimens obtained within 3-4 days of illness. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
However, outbreaks of febrile respiratory illness cases during the winter through spring months are characteristic of influenza. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
In the past century, the world has witnessed three pandemics of influenza that started without warning and caused illness in more than 25% of the world's population. (who.int)
From face masks to social distancing, from antivirals to vaccines, these measures are predicated on the assumption that tiny viruses can cause serious illness and that such illness is transmissible person-to-person. (westonaprice.org)
As of February 16, 2018 most of the United States continues to experience intense and widespread flu activity, with record-breaking levels of influenza-like-illness and hospitalization rates recorded. (cdc.gov)
Most people with the flu have mild illness and do not need medical care or antiviral drugs. (cdc.gov)

Efforts to develop antiviral strategies for treating MS are underway. (vitamindwiki.com)

An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
Yet despite the legacy of the 1918 "Spanish flu," estimated to have killed at least 20 million people, 2 and the additional deaths, social disruption, and economic losses that resulted from pandemics in 1957 and 1968, the general public appears relatively unconcerned about the next "killer flu. (nationalacademies.org)
Considerably more attention has been focused on protecting the public from terrorist attacks than from the far more likely and pervasive threat of pandemic influenza-an event conservatively expected to cause between 2 and 8 million deaths (WHO, 2004a). (nationalacademies.org)
For a more detailed description of how estimates have been determined for the numbers of deaths caused by the 1918 influenza outbreak, see Barry's section in Chapter 1 . (nationalacademies.org)
Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States-2017-2018 Influenza Season. (netce.com)
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
The first and second waves of the Spanish influenza pandemic in Japan affected ≈21 million persons (257,000 deaths) and 2 million persons (127,000 deaths), respectively ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
It is estimated that the next influenza pandemic is likely to result in between 2 and 7.4 million deaths worldwide, including 150 000-750 000 deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)
The "Spanish" influenza pandemic occurred in 1918-1919 and resulted in an estimated 40-50 million deaths worldwide. (who.int)

A separate seasonal influenza vaccine was needed for the 2009/2010 influenza season because it was too late to incorporate the new strain into the regular influenza vaccine already in production. (medscape.com)

The regional strategy on pandemic influenza preparedness and response aims to complement the global preparedness plan through enhancing the capacity of countries to pre-empt an influenza pandemic , as well as to mitigate the negative effects of a full-blown pandemic. (who.int)

The incubation period of influenza is 2 days on average but may range from 1 to 4 days. (medscape.com)
The same is also true for the contagion rate, incubation period, true source of the virus. (energeticforum.com)

Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
Hence, strategic pandemic preparedness is a major concern, as we must be reasonably assured that we can contain a pandemic influenza outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)

A step forward in the treatment of influenza. (netce.com)

Drift occurs in all three types of influenza virus (A, B, C). (cdc.gov)

This statement discusses the presently available medical-control measures, immunoprophylaxis with vaccines, and prophylaxis or therapy with the antiviral drug, amantadine. (cdc.gov)

The length of hospitalization of patients with acute infectious diseases, including Spanish influenza, is associated with disease severity. (blogspot.com)
In 1898, Landsteiner began a 10-year stint at the University of Vienna, where he described for the first time the ABO blood groups, work that subsequently brought him a Nobel Prize, and also worked on infectious diseases, including T. pallidum , the causative agent of syphilis. (springer.com)

The causative agents, influenza viruses, belong to the family of Orthomyxoviridae and have single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome of 8 segments. (datexis.com)
Influenza , kang luwih ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud lelara nular kang disebabaké déning virus RNA saka famili Orthomyxoviridae (virus influenza), kang nyerang unggas lan mamalia . (wikipedia.org)
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)

Changes in influenza viruses can take the form of antigenic drift or antigenic shift. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift involves small mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that lead to changes in HA and NA that accumulate over time, resulting in the emergence of novel strains that the human immune system may not recognize. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift is the primary reason people can get influenza more than once and why it is necessary to annually review and update the composition of influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
An antigenic shift may result in a worldwide pandemic if the virus is efficiently transmitted from person to person. (cdc.gov)
since the late 19th century, five antigenic shifts have led to pandemics in 1889-1891, 1918-1920, 1957-1958, 1968-1969, and 2009-2010. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
The antigenic components of the influenza vaccine have been updated for the 2007-2008 season. (canada.ca)
Although influenza B viruses have shown more antigenic stability than influenza A viruses, antigenic variation does occur. (canada.ca)
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)

Interregional Spread of Influenza through United States Described by Virus Type, Size of Populations and Commuting Rates and Distance. (netce.com)
Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)

This number is less than the com- in which countries these agents are produced and defi ne bined populations of the 9 countries that produce almost all patterns of distribution and costs. (cdc.gov)
Other populations at high risk for influenza-related complications are also increasing, due, for example, to the success of intensive-care units for neonates, better management of diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, and better survival rates for organ-transplant recipients. (cdc.gov)
I will focus my report on the real-world data on treatment with direct acting antivirals (DAA), those obtained in some selected populations (genotype 3, acute hepatitis C, persons who inject drugs [PWID], decompensated cirrhosis), the problem of NS5A-associated resistance associated variants (RAVs), and some of the results of soon-to-be-approved medications. (hepbcppa.org)

As early as 1799, researchers puzzled over the cause of influenza, which appeared suddenly-often in diverse places at the same time-and could not be explained by any theory of contagion. (westonaprice.org)

At least four pandemics of influenza occurred in the 19th century, three in the 20th century, and one thus far in the 21st century. (cdc.gov)

2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 2,5--7 ). (cdc.gov)

High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
NPIs are actions, apart from getting vaccinated and taking medicine, which people and communities can take to help prevent the spread of respiratory illnesses like influenza. (cdc.gov)
Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that belongs to the family Coronaviridae that caused disorders, for example, sickness of respiration or gastrointestinal tract illnesses. (ijpsr.com)

Furthermore, influenza frequently infects individuals, who, because of their ages or underlying health problems, are poorly able to cope with the disease and often require medical attention, including hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
Persons 65 years of age and older, young children, pregnant women, and persons of any age with certain underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza and hospitalization. (cdc.gov)

TWiV 1047: Long COVID and avian flu in ferrets September 24, 2023 TWiV explains a study of postacute sequelae of COVID-19 at 2 years, and airborne transmission of human-isolated avian H3N8 influenza virus between ferrets. (microbe.tv)
Matters Microbial #18: The Perfect Predator: Why Phage is Rage November 30, 2023 Today Dr. Steffanie Strathdee, Associate Dean of Global Health Sciences at UC San Diego and Co-Director at the Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, will chat with us about how bacteriophages-viruses that attack bacteria-changed her life and are becoming part of our future. (microbe.tv)

And, why the flu shot is only effective between 10%-15%, [1] depending on the influenza strain? (dupischai.com)
2). Moreover, antiviral medications, which can ameliorate symptoms if provided within 48 hours of onset, may be reserved for treatment only, may not be effective against a new pandemic strain, or may quickly become ineffective due to the emergence of drug resistance. (cdc.gov)
I do find this a little surprising: The Omicron variant and its many sub-variants are the dominant strain of the virus, are massively transmissible, and haven't gone away. (fascinationplace.org)

Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Infections are caused by infectious agents (pathogens) including: Bacteria (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
National influenza surveillance is coordinated through the Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). (canada.ca)
Globally, influenza virus infections present a potential threat to human and animal health due to frequent reassortant and novel mutant strains [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
In general, serology is a sensitive technique for establishing influenza infections. (antiinfectivemeds.com)

To the researchers' surprise, increased expression of IFITMs also blocked the replication of completely different viruses, including strains of West Nile and Dengue viruses. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
Her studies have contributed in many areas of virology, notably virus structure, assembly, RNA replication and virus release. (scitechnol.com)
COVID-19 was compared with dengue fever, for which oral vitamin D supplements of 4,000 IU for 10 days were significantly more effective than 1,000 IU in reducing virus replication and controlling the "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system over-reaction) responsible for fatalities. (frontiersin.org)

Although the proteins are not effective against all viruses, the discovery could lead to new antiviral therapeutics. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)

14. Olsen C. Influenza: Pigs, People and Public Health. (netce.com)

Just over hundred years ago, Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper identified a virus, later termed poliovirus, as the causative agent of poliomyelitis. (springer.com)
In 1909, Landsteiner and Popper reported the identification of a virus, subsequently called poliovirus (PV), as the causative agent of poliomyelitis [ 20 ]. (springer.com)

Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)

It's not uncommon for second waves of B virus activity to occur during a flu season. (cdc.gov)

This innate immunity is accomplished by pattern-recognition receptors such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs) (Kaisho and Akira, 2006) or retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) of the host cells (Yoneyama and Fujita, 2004), followed by production of antiviral cytokine interferons (IFNs). (datexis.com)
After this time the genetic make-up of a 'flu virus has changed so much that immunity built up from previous strains becomes irrelevant, so that herd immunity, our main defence against pandemics, has become negligible. (healthdrugpdf.com)
Currently there are many influenza viruses circulating in different parts of the world with the potential to mutate into highly pathogenic forms for which there is no immunity in the current human population. (biomedcentral.com)

Peak virus shedding usually occurs from 1 day before onset of symptoms to 3 days after. (cdc.gov)
Adults spread influenza to others during a period from 1 day before symptom onset to up to 7 days afterwards. (canada.ca)
B cells are now known to play a major role in disease, demonstrated by the highly impactful effect of a B cell-depleting antibody on controlling MS. The idea that a virus may play a role in the development of MS has a long history and is supported mostly by studies demonstrating a link between B cell-tropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and disease onset. (vitamindwiki.com)

Various strategies such as antiviral, antibacterial, and antimalarial drugs have been employed to treat COVID- 19, but they were found to relieve the symptoms only. (ijpsr.com)
These are very smart viruses as they exhibit reactions and symptoms differently in the host system. (ijpsr.com)
He repeated the then-common belief that the accumulation of electricity in the body causes the symptoms of influenza and that outbreaks were due to atmospheric "influences"-hence the name influenza. (westonaprice.org)

The campaign was initiated and developed by Dr. George F. Gao in collaboration with other world's leading influenza specialists. (virosin.org)

[8,9] However, these viruses were shown to be incompetent for reassortment with other influenza A viruses, a hallmark of the species, indicating that they are not true influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
But many viruses can exist in species for a long time and burgeon before they display another of their jaw-dropping attributes: mutation. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
Sometimes mutations can allow viruses to make a dramatic leap from one species to another, particularly if they are close by and have close contact with the original host. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)

Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2022-23 influenza season. (netce.com)
The "World Flu Day" initiative aimed to raise public awareness about influenza, to accelerate scientific innovation and international cooperation on influenza surveillance, and to push for stronger global support on influenza prevention and control. (virosin.org)

These novel strains are the influenza virus's evolutionary adaptations to a strong population-wide immune response. (cdc.gov)
To prevent the amplification of influenza, the host cells initiate innate immune response by recognizing conserved motif or pathogen-associated molecule patterns of incoming pathogen. (datexis.com)
Although gaps remain in our understanding of the etiology of MS, the role, if any, of viruses in propagating pathogenic immune responses deserves attention. (vitamindwiki.com)
Vitamin D deficiency also increases the activity of the X-chromosome-linked "Renin-Angiotensin" System, making vitamin D deficient individuals (especially men) more susceptible to COVID-19's deadly "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system overreaction). (frontiersin.org)

A potent influenza pandemic emergency crisis would likely last much longer than most other emergency events, and the resources needed to address the crisis such as supplies of vaccines, antiviral drugs, healthcare providers, hospital beds and medical supplies would be limited. (biomedcentral.com)
CDC recommends that antiviral drugs be used early to treat people who are very sick with the flu (for example, people who are in the hospital) and people who are sick with the flu and are at high risk of serious flu complications, either because of their age or because they have a high risk medical condition. (cdc.gov)

These particles are so minuscule that 100 million of them might fit on the head of pin - and that tiny mess itself could be contagious enough to infect and sicken 1,000 of us . (patrickmalonelaw.com)
A number of countries worldwide have blocked the export of face masks and other medical supplies in order to preserve their own stocks as they come face to face with the highly contagious virus. (pakistanthinktank.org)

The United States is just beginning its influenza season, so the epidemiology is not known yet (Figure 2). (chestervetclinic.com)

and the A/Shanghai/2/2013 viruses was completely inhibited at 250 ?M and 31.25 ?M of oseltamivir carboxylate, respectively. (flutrackers.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms70

Diseases23

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations2

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Named Groups2

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H1N137

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H3N25

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H5N110

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Incubation period2

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Infectious diseases2

Orthomyxoviridae3

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Spread of Influenza2

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20232

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