• Of the numerous lipid classes implicated in eliciting lipotoxicity, sphingolipid: ceramides are among the most deleterious as they modulate signaling pathways involved in regulating glucose metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Results: PI3Kα inhibition in mouse primary brown adipocytes in vitro, did not inhibit β-adrenoceptor stimulated glucose uptake, GLUT1 synthesis, GLUT1 translocation or respiration. (monash.edu)
  • Indeed, it may influence multiple physiological mechanisms related to human health, i.e. synthesis of micronutrients, defence against pathogens, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune function [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • Lipogenesis is the term used to describe the synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids from acetyl coenzyme A. In contrast, lipolysis involves the breakdown of triglycerides, leading to the formation of fatty acids. (biyokimya.vet)
  • This intricate balance involves lipogenesis, a process of creating fresh fatty acids from acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and TG synthesis. (biyokimya.vet)
  • The metabolism of glucose generates acetyl-CoA, a pivotal component for fatty acid synthesis. (biyokimya.vet)
  • It also stimulates the synthesis of proteins in tissues such as muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • ASP increases the efficiency of triacylglycerol synthesis in adipocytes leading to enhanced postprandial lipid clearance. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In the basal state, the effects of GH on protein metabolism are modest and include increased protein synthesis and decreased breakdown at the whole body level and in muscle together with decreased amino acid degradation/oxidation and decreased hepatic urea formation. (scienceopen.com)
  • When activated, AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits enzymes involved in ATP-consuming processes, such as fatty acid synthesis (e.g., acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC) and protein synthesis (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR). (alliedacademies.org)
  • In the liver and muscles, it increases glycogen synthesis which is the immediate storage form of glucose. (advochealth.com)
  • In muscle tissue protein synthesis is increased. (advochealth.com)
  • Our goal is to identify the metabolic pathways between lipid synthesis and antioxidant defense involved in FAHFA biosynthesis, to examine the substrate specifity of the candidate enzyme, and to introduce a methodology for the quantification of metabolic fluxes through redox reactions linking central carbon metabolism and nicotinamidadene cofactor-driven reductive biosynthesis. (cas.cz)
  • It stimulates fatty acid synthesis in liver. (howmed.net)
  • Insulin increase protein synthesis by increasing amino acid transport into the cells as well as by increasing DNA transcription and RNA translation. (howmed.net)
  • 2. Cholesterol is an extremely important biological molecule that has roles in membrane structure as well as being a precursor for the synthesis of the steroid hormones, the bile acids, and vitamin D.Both dietary cholesterol, and that synthesized de novo, are transported through the circulation in lipoprotein particles. (vpncy.com)
  • PPARα activates fatty acid catabolism, stimulates gluconeogenesis and ketone body synthesis and is involved in the control of lipoprotein assembly [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The fact that our study demonstrates that LXR does both-it binds to glucose and it induces fatty acid synthesis-is significant and makes LXR a potential target for diabetes and obesity treatments. (scripps.edu)
  • LXR can sense surplus glucose, induce fatty acid synthesis, and prompt the liver's export of triglycerides into the bloodstream. (scripps.edu)
  • GH initially exerts insulin -like effects, increasing glucose uptake in muscle and fat, stimulating amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in liver and muscle, and inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
  • The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
  • Herein we discuss and summarizes recent findings that implicate ceramides as a key contributor to adipocyte dysfunction underlying metabolic diseases and how depletion of ceramides can be exploited to improve metabolic health. (frontiersin.org)
  • Objective: β-adrenoceptor mediated activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been associated with improvements in metabolic health in models of type 2 diabetes and obesity due to its unique ability to increase whole body energy expenditure, and rate of glucose and free fatty acid disposal. (monash.edu)
  • Among microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are modulators of different metabolic pathways. (springer.com)
  • Two years ago, the international research team first demonstrated that adipose tissue offers beneficial metabolic effects in response to exercise. (newswise.com)
  • The experiment showed a number of positive metabolic effects in the mice, including improved glucose tolerance and increased fatty acid uptake. (newswise.com)
  • Epidemiological studies show that chronic stress increases the risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Leptin treatment dramatically improves metabolic abnormalities (insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia) in patients with relative leptin deficiency due to lipoatrophy. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The most prominent metabolic effect of GH is a marked increase in lipolysis and FFA levels. (scienceopen.com)
  • They modulate energy metabolism through the deacetylation of various substrates, including transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, and histones. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Consistent gut bacterial and short-chain fatty acid signatures in hypoabsorptive bariatric surgeries correlate with metabolic benefits in rats. (ulaval.ca)
  • Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (cas.cz)
  • Chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may eventually cause tissue damage in obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may eventually cause tissue damage in metabolic diseases, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Production, Regulation, and Action of Thyroid Hormones Early Studies on the Thyroid Gland Gross and Microscopic Metabolism is organized into complex, step-dependent reactions called metabolic pathways. (vpncy.com)
  • The main metabolic differences between HHS and DKA are the extreme elevations of glucose seen in HHS and the lack of significant ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
  • Overweight youth are more susceptible to metabolic disorders, since the accumulation of body fat, especially in the abdominal region, generates an increase in fatty acids circulating in the bloodstream, which consequently impairs insulin signaling and leads to a reduction in sensitivity of receptors and tissue response to cellular actions that are mediated by this hormone 1,3,4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In obesity the inherent capacity of adipose tissue to store and sense nutrients is compromised, causing spillover of the intermediate lipid metabolites into circulation and resulting in their ectopic deposition in tissues not suitable for lipid storage, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Type 2 diabetes is increasingly common primarily because of increases in the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and obesity. (justia.com)
  • The westernization transition is usually accompanied by increases in obesity, decreases in physical activity and alterations in dietary intake toward more calories, fat and non-complex carbohydrates. (justia.com)
  • One potential benefit of fenugreek is improving elevated blood glucose and lipid levels associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity. (lww.com)
  • Increased ANGPTL3, 4 and ANGPTL8/betatrophin expression levels in obesity and T2D. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • It's known that fat cells secrete proteins called adipokines, and that many adipokines increase with obesity, having harmful effects on metabolism and health. (newswise.com)
  • In mice, ASP deficiency results in reduced body fat, obesity resistance, and improved insulin sensitivity. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Human gut microbiota after bariatric surgery alters intestinal morphology and glucose absorption in mice independently of obesity. (ulaval.ca)
  • Adipose tissue in obesity becomes refractory to suppression of fat mobilization by insulin, and also to the normal acute stimulatory effect of insulin on activation of lipoprotein lipase (involved in fat storage). (cambridge.org)
  • The effects of SIRT1 on integration of metabolism and inflammation may provide a therapeutic target for treatment of obesity-related diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Obesity element binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase. (cdc.gov)
  • Obesity was defi ned expression chronically in tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • Elevated levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia) also have implications for the pathogenesis of obesity and have been linked to deteriorated glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • As β-adrenoceptor agonist administration results in increased hepatic gluconeogenesis that can consequently result in secondary pancreatic insulin release, there is uncertainty regarding the importance of insulin and the subsequent activation of its downstream effectors in mediating β-adrenoceptor stimulated glucose uptake in BAT. (monash.edu)
  • Starvation triggers lipolysis, yielding glycerol for hepatic gluconeogenesis and free fatty acids for oxidation, catering to the energy requirements of other organs. (biyokimya.vet)
  • Many hormones affect fuel metabolism, including those that regulate appetite as well as those that influence absorption, transport, and oxidation of foodstuffs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • To understand why this is true, it is helpful to look at the myocardium's 50% to 70% of total energy is obtained from the oxidation of fatty acids, with the rest being primary obtained from carbohydrates like glucose and lactate. (radtechonduty.com)
  • Conversely, it activates enzymes involved in ATP-generating processes, such as fatty acid oxidation (e.g., carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CPT1) and glucose uptake (e.g., translocation of GLUT4). (alliedacademies.org)
  • Endurance training characteristically increases fat oxidation during moderate intensity exercise by accelerating the oxidation of intramuscular triglyceride without increasing the mobilization or oxidation of plasma FFA. (pfeiffertheface.com)
  • Increased plasma free fatty acids lead to an activation of carnitine transport mechanism resulting in increased beta oxidation increased plasma levels of Acetyl-CoA. (howmed.net)
  • TGF-B2 is an Exercise-Induced Adipokine that Regulates Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism. (newswise.com)
  • Insulin signaling pathway activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates and activates Akt (also known as protein kinase B). Akt regulates glucose transport by promoting the translocation of glucose transporters, such as GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Insulin also increases the cellular uptake of amino acids and some electrolytes such as potassium into the cell. (advochealth.com)
  • It involves the omission of threonine in position B30 and the addition of a C14 fatty acid chain to the amino acid located at position B29 (these are all names of amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins such as insulin). (advochealth.com)
  • Absence of insulin leads to increased protein catabolism and depletion of protein stores which leads to an increase in plasma amino acids. (howmed.net)
  • Recent studies focusing on the intricate network of lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acids metabolism 23 October 2011. (vpncy.com)
  • PPARγ2, which is generated by alternative splicing, contains an additional 28 amino acids at the N-terminal end relative to PPARγ1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genes activated by PPARG stimulate lipid uptake and adipogenesis by fat cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • They can affect lipid uptake (how we use fat) and adipogenesis (the creation of new fat cells). (stumptuous.com)
  • Lipid uptake occurs through caveolae, plasma membrane invaginations formed by caveolins (CAV) and caveolae-associated protein 1 (CAVIN1). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Remarkably, they increase lipid uptake and M2 inflammatory macrophage infiltration in the primary tumors and metastasis to distant sites. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Methods: Using a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase α (PI3Kα), which effectively inhibits the insulin signaling pathway, we examined the effects of various β-adrenoceptor agonists, including the physiological endogenous agonist norepinephrine on glucose uptake and respiration in mouse brown adipocytes in vitro and on glucose clearance in mice in vivo. (monash.edu)
  • On the contrary, lipolysis entails the catabolic breakdown of stored TGs within adipocytes, liberating free fatty acids and glycerol. (biyokimya.vet)
  • Adipocytes produce a number of hormones that have wide-ranging effects on energy intake, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including nutrient partitioning and fuel selection. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The present article discusses how accumulation of triacylglycerol in adipocytes can lead to deterioration of the responsiveness of glucose metabolism in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
  • These agents include various polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid and arachidonic acid metabolites such as certain members of the 5-hydroxyicosatetraenoicacid and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid family, e.g. 5-oxo-15(S)-HETE and 5-oxo-ETE or 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid family including 15(S)-HETE, 15(R)-HETE, and 15(S)-HpETE, the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), its metabolite THC-COOH, and its synthetic analog ajulemic acid (AJA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, in the postprandial period especially, there is an excess flux of circulating lipid metabolites that would normally have been 'absorbed' by adipose tissue. (cambridge.org)
  • Free fatty acid uptake becomes progressively greater, so that after 3-4 h of moderate exercise, free fatty acids are the predominant fuel being utilized. (pfeiffertheface.com)
  • The influence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the free fatty acid (FFA) response during and after submaximal exercise was studied in a group of normal volunteers. (pfeiffertheface.com)
  • Thus and increase in plasma free fatty acid levels occurs. (howmed.net)
  • PPARG knockout mice are devoid of adipose tissue, establishing PPARG as a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mice, blocking ceramide production improves insulin sensitivity, prevents β-cell failure, resolves hepatic steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and prevents atherosclerosis, and heart failure ( 6 - 22 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We used loss- and gain-of-function approaches including genetic manipulation of the lipolytic enzyme Pnpla2 , change in environmental temperature, and lifestyle interventions to comprehensively test the premise that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is coupled with enhanced glucose tolerance in female mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Here, we aimed to explore the effects and the related mechanism of dietary AMP supplementation on food intake, body composition, energy expenditure, and lipid metabolism in male mice. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
  • Furthermore, overexpression of ANGPTL8 in livers of mice doubles plasma triglyceride levels, but does not alter beta cell expansion nor glucose metabolism. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • Not only did exercise-stimulated TGF-beta 2 improve glucose tolerance, treating obese mice with TGF beta 2 lowered blood lipid levels and improved many other aspects of metabolism. (newswise.com)
  • S. H. Kim and coworkers (" Citrus junos Tanaka peel extract exerts antidiabetic effects via AMPK and PPAR- both in vitro and in vivo in mice fed a high-fat diet ") indicate that the ethanol extract of the peel of Citrus junos in vitro stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotube cells. (hindawi.com)
  • On the HF-MCD diet, the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt mice showed more browning of the WAT and increased thermogenesis. (springer.com)
  • Gut microbiota-based vaccination engages innate immunity to improve blood glucose control in obese mice. (ulaval.ca)
  • Exercise training prevented weight gain in db/db + Ex mice, but it did not reduce glucose and insulin levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exercise increased citrate synthase and mitochondrial complex I activity, subunits of mitochondrial complexes (I, II, and V) and PGC1α at protein level in kidney of db/db + Ex mice compared with non-exercise db/db mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To generate mice lacking TGs in adipose tissue (ADGAT DKO), we crossed adipose tissue-specific Dgat1 knockout mice (Cre-transgene expressed under control of the mouse adiponectin promoter 3 ) with Dgat2 flox mice 4 . (elifesciences.org)
  • Thermogenin (uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) , a distinctive molecule inherent to cold-induced thermogenesis, assumes a crucial role as it is selectively expressed within brown adipose tissue. (biyokimya.vet)
  • Instances of cold exposure and heightened nutritional intake trigger a surge in brown adipose tissue activity, accompanied by elevated expression levels of norepinephrine and UCP1, which emanate from the central nervous system. (biyokimya.vet)
  • Diffuse uptake in the bowel is often associated with normal findings at colonoscopy, whereas focal uptake may indicate inflammation. (radtechonduty.com)
  • SIRT1 regulates metabolism and inflammation in various tissues [ 4 ] which can be the key regulator of exercise-mediated protection against diabetes at tissue level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that depletion of CAVIN1 in prostate stromal cells markedly reduces their lipid droplet accumulation and increases inflammation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Leptin, a key player, responds to factors such as excessive energy intake, insulin levels, and glucose levels, resulting in varying production rates. (biyokimya.vet)
  • Zhu's study found that diet and exercise therapy for obese postmenopausal women can significantly improve blood lipid levels, improve insulin resistance, reduce plasma insulin levels and effectively prevent type 2 diabetes ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • This scenario occurs because plasma insulin levels fall, resulting in increased decomposition of fat cells from adipose tissue and the subsequent increase of fatty acid levels in the plasma. (radtechonduty.com)
  • In this study, we examine the association of genetic variants that abolish ANGPTL4 function with fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and risk for type 2 diabetes in 58,124 individuals of European ancestry sampled from a large US health care population, and in 13 additional datasets comprising 82,766 type 2 diabetes cases and 498,761 controls. (nature.com)
  • In type 2 diabetes someone usually starts around 10 units per day or 0.1-0.2mg/kg/day and the dosage is slowly increased until glucose control is achieved. (advochealth.com)
  • Kooy et al found improved body weight, glycemic control, and insulin requirements when metformin was added to insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (medscape.com)
  • Some lifestyle changes, including weight reduction, increased levels of physical activity and changes in eating habits can prevent, or at least delay, the onset of type 2 diabetes 2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Carriers of p.E40K, a variant that abolishes ANGPTL4 ability to inhibit lipoprotein lipase, have lower odds of T2D (odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.92, p = 6.3 × 10 −10 ), lower fasting glucose, and greater insulin sensitivity. (nature.com)
  • This situation leads to fat deposition in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
  • Glucose is converted into glycerol in adipose tissues and thus insulin promotes deposition of fat. (howmed.net)
  • Adv 36 DNA persists in multiple tissues of infected sition of visceral fat disproportional to total fat deposition animals for long periods after initial infection ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast to the negative effects of many adipokines, our study identified transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) as an adipokine released from adipose tissue (fat) in response to exercise that actually improves glucose tolerance," says Laurie J. Goodyear, PhD, Head of Joslin's Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism and study co-author. (newswise.com)
  • Handbook of Physiology, The Endocrine System, The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism. (vpncy.com)
  • Wedding invitation microsoft word template free Photoscape 3.2 free download Bluetooth marketing examples Indiana jones soundtrack free mp3 download Download music from radio Photoscape 3.2 free download Bluetooth marketing examples Indiana jones soundtrack free mp3 Physiology I. Nutritional Food and Energy Metabolism. (vpncy.com)
  • American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. (lu.se)
  • Many insulin sensitizing drugs (namely, the thiazolidinediones) used in the treatment of diabetes activate PPARG as a means to lower serum glucose without increasing pancreatic insulin secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cause of pancreatic "exhaustion" remains unknown, however lipo- and glucotoxicity with an increased level of oxygen radical stress are discussed more recently. (justia.com)
  • c Somatostatin's effects on metabolism are indirect via suppression of secretion of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone and by effects on gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying time, and pancreatic exocrine secretion (see text). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Chlorpropamide may increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • Tolbutamide increases insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas (within 20 minutes of oral administration), which, in turn, reduces blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)
  • One of the major arguments for the role of behavioural factors in the etiology of diabetes has been the rapid increase in the prevalence and incidence of the disease in populations undergoing rapid westernization. (justia.com)
  • In addition, estrogen regulates fat distribution and adipocyte differentiation and increases visceral fat, leading to increased risk of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Human investigations suggest that fenugreek can be beneficial as an adjunct in controlling high blood glucose and lipid levels in people with diabetes. (lww.com)
  • Newswise - BOSTON - (February 11, 2019) - It's well-known that exercise improves health, but understanding how it makes you healthier on a molecular level is the question researchers at Joslin Diabetes Center are answering. (newswise.com)
  • This ability of GH to induce insulin resistance is significant for the defense against hypoglycemia, for the development of "stress" diabetes during fasting and inflammatory illness, and perhaps for the "Dawn" phenomenon (the increase in insulin requirements in the early morning hours). (scienceopen.com)
  • Taking zinc by mouth might help to improve blood sugar control by a small amount in people with diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Otto S. , now a third-year medical student, was assigned to do a history and physical examination on a newly admitted 47-year-old patient named Chet S. had consulted his physician for increasing weakness and fatigue and was found to have a severely elevated serum glucose level. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Mechanistically, inhibition of MAP7D3 could significantly increase the sensitivity of metastatic TNBC cells to docetaxel and gemcitabine treatment by reducing the expression of proteins related to breast cancer-initiating cells (BCICs) and drug resistance, as well as suppressing the activity of Rac1. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conversely, fasting initiates the lipolytic pathway, prompting the breakdown of TGs and the subsequent release of fatty acids from adipose stores. (biyokimya.vet)
  • Conversely, despite increased LBM and decreased fat mass, patients with acromegaly are consistently insulin resistant and become more sensitive after appropriate treatment. (scienceopen.com)
  • Glucose transporter 4 translocation was confirmed by determining the uptake of glucose in the presence of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and PI3K inhibitors. (wiley.com)
  • Combination treatment with the hypomethylating agent decitabine and synthetic glucocorticoid significantly increased the expression of microRNA-708, reactivated DNMT-suppressed pathways, and decreased the expression of multiple metastasis-promoting genes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and IL-1ß, leading to the suppression of breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as reduced tumor growth and distant metastasis in the TNBC xenograft mouse model. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, in this study, we made an effort to discriminate between the two pathways and address whether the insulin signaling pathway is dispensable for the effects of β-adrenoceptor activation on glucose uptake in BAT. (monash.edu)
  • Energy metabolism is governed by intricate signaling pathways that sense nutrient availability, energy demands, and cellular stress. (alliedacademies.org)
  • This article explores the pathways of cellular signaling in energy metabolism, highlighting their physiological roles and implications in pathological conditions. (alliedacademies.org)
  • 3 Text Recurring motifs of regulation Interplay of pathways Three key crossroads glucose 6-phosphate pyruvate acetyl-CoA Introduction. (vpncy.com)
  • DNA microarray analyses using these cell lines were performed with or without adding each subtype ligand and provided much important information on the PPAR target genes involved in lipid metabolism, transport, storage and other activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the thermogenic arm of this phenomenon has been studied in great detail, the underlying mechanisms involved in β-adrenoceptor mediated glucose uptake in BAT are relatively understudied. (monash.edu)
  • Chronic stress is associated with increased risk of glucose intolerance and cardiovascular diseases, albeit through undefined mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mechanisms responsible for the increased adipos- of Patient with ity are changes in gene expression of multiple enzymes and transcription factors by the virus ( 8-15 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This glucose serves as the primary source of energy for our cells and is obtained from the carbohydrates we consume. (diabetescompass.com)