• El Hajj M, Krajcer Z . The Role of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients With Bicuspid Valves in 2023. (viictr.org)
  • Objectives Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established treatment for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. (bmj.com)
  • 5 For patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS), valvular replacement has been increasingly performed via a femoral catheter technique called transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). (bmj.com)
  • Percutaneous Valvular interventions including aortic valve replacement need a special mention. (medginnie.com)
  • Retinal arterial occlusive events caused by cholesterol, fibrinoplatelet or calcific emboli are known to occur in individuals with atheromatous vessels and aortic valves especially during or after interventional procedures such as cardiac catheterisation and coronary artery bypass graft procedures. (bmj.com)
  • He is currently studying the biomechanical progression of aortic aneurysms by modeling the mechanical forces that act on the degenerating vessel wall. (pitt.edu)
  • The highly trained team of Electrophysiologists have tremendous experience in doing all kind of radiofrequency ablations, device implantations, electrophysiology studies, and pacemaker and resynchronization therapy. (medginnie.com)
  • With new social awareness regarding ED, many experts believe that future device implantations will become more prevalent because of failing medical therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Cost of Surgery just 1/6th of cost in USA, UK or Europe with finest quality implants, prosthesis and consumables imported from Leading International Companies. (medginnie.com)
  • Computer Navigation Surgery System for excellent outcomes and use of finest quality implants, prosthesis and consumables imported from Leading International Companies. (medginnie.com)
  • Dental implants are a type of dental prosthesis that can help to replace a missing tooth. (smilepoint.com.sg)
  • Dental implants are most vulnerable within the first 72 hours after implantation surgery. (smilepoint.com.sg)
  • [ clarification needed ] [4] Nonetheless, in the 1990s, the saline breast implant was mandated to be the prosthesis usual for breast augmentation surgery, the result of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 's (FDA) temporary restriction against the importation of silicone-filled breast implants. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it's important to consider the potential risks associated with penile implants, which include complications like erosion or mechanical failure. (actionalliance.co)
  • Treatment options include oral phosphodiesterase inhibitors, intraurethral or intracavernosal prostaglandins, vacuum erection devices, and surgical implants. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This prosthesis is generally considered for patients who are significantly obese, who have limited manual dexterity, or in whom abdominal hardware such as reservoir balloons cannot be implanted (ie, patients undergoing extensive abdominal/perineal surgery and those receiving peritoneal dialysis). (medscape.com)
  • Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). (edu.au)
  • The materials used ensure maximum durability, lasting for more than twenty years post-implantation. (vannistrigelli.com)
  • Furthermore, bioactive surfaces (PL and BIO) showed functional mechanical stability (resonance frequency analyses) as early as 4 weeks post implantation via increased total bone area (BAT=56% and 59%) ingrowth compared to SB (BAT=35%) and AE (BAT=35%) surfaces. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • In the present paper, blood vessel formation and maturation were studied within and around implanted micro-structured type-I collagen scaffolds at 10 weeks post implantation in adult rat mid-cervical spinal cord lateral funiculotomy injuries. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • The spatiotemporal distribution of pro-inflammatory (CD68+CD86+TNF-α+) and pro-remodeling (CD68+CD206+) macrophages, and the remodeling response in terms of vascularization, total number of infiltrating cells, presence of multinucleate giant cells (MNGC), and cell layer thickness around the implanted materials was evaluated at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 35 days post implantation. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Scaffolds were harvested 21 days post implantation and taken for histologic analysis to characterize the cellular infiltrate in response to the primary tumor. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Over 70% of eyes in both groups became medication-free by 6 months post implantation. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • and 3 and 12 months post implantation of the Ex-PRESS shunt. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Auditory and speech performance results were compared across both subject groups using the Category of Auditory Performance (CAP) and Speech Intelligibility Rate (SIR) tests, with measurements recorded one year post implantation. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • 0) questionnaires were used to assess the hearing-related quality of life in both groups at 1 year post implantation. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Early onset colonization of an implant is often caused by introduction of bacteria into the surgical site during placement of the implant, however, another source of bacteria is the blood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Implanted medical devices, such as intramedullary nails or total joint prostheses, encourage bacterial colonization at the site of implantation and are therefore highly susceptible to infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of them is in vitro endothelialization, i.e. colonization of the prosthesis with the patient's cells before the implantation procedure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Five principal types of tracheobronchial substitutes, including synthetic prostheses, bioprostheses, allografts, autografts and bioengineered conduits have been evaluated experimentally in numerous studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • usually associated with trazodone use, cocaine abuse, and sickle cell disease, may cause penile fibrosis and lead to ED by causing fibrosis of the corpora cavernosa and thus impairment of the penile blood flow necessary for erection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most fundamentally basic prosthesis is the semirigid rod prosthesis, which consists of 2 rodlike cylinders that are implanted in the corpora cavernosa. (medscape.com)
  • Device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels. (lookformedical.com)
  • In advanced stages of CVD, the only choice is the surgical intervention, in which damaged arteries are replaced with autologous vessels or synthetic prostheses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Implantation of synthetic grafts without this endothelium barrier may lead to surface protein adsorption followed by platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A foreign or synthetic material or part used to replace a body part is referred to as prosthesis. (swicofil.com)
  • Avascular necrosis can result from various factors, including steroid use or vascular diseases. (vannistrigelli.com)
  • The vascular loop structure within growing long bones slows the blood flow through the region, localizing bacteria that may be in the blood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cavernosal (abnormal arterial inflow) - Possible causes include vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Peyronie's disease and age. (uofmhealth.org)
  • The results of mechanical tests confirmed that designed prostheses had high flexibility (Young's modulus value of about 2.5 MPa) and good tensile strength (maximum axial load value of about 60 N), which meet the requirements for vascular prostheses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conclude the produced scaffolds meet the material and mechanical requirements for vascular prostheses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phalloarteriography - arteriogram of the penile vessels to determine candidates for penile revascularization. (uofmhealth.org)
  • [ 2 ] The surgical treatment of ED largely involves the placement of a penile prosthesis, although penile revascularization procedures have been described. (medscape.com)
  • Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. (lookformedical.com)
  • A knee prosthesis consists of artificial components simulating the anatomical parts of the natural joint. (vannistrigelli.com)
  • An artificial ligament is permanent and is able to react more with blood cells and the surrounding tissues, compared to an external bandage which is temporary and only contacts the outer skin tissue. (swicofil.com)
  • However, the clinical success of this procedure is limited by low availability of autologous blood vessels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tracheal reconstruction and replacement is a complex and vital surgical procedure with several indications, including primary tracheal neoplasm (adenoid cystic carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), thyroid cancer, extensive tracheoesophageal fistulas, unsuccessful previous surgery for benign tracheal diseases (re-stenosis, long-term stenosis that has been dilated or been non-surgically repaired) and, rarely, congenital tracheal stenosis. (ersjournals.com)
  • What does the procedure include? (agram-bolnica.hr)
  • During the procedure, the surgeon repairs or replaces the damaged valve to restore normal blood flow. (medginnie.com)
  • The procedure involves grafting a piece of a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to bypass a blocked or narrowed section of a coronary artery and improve blood flow to the heart muscle. (medginnie.com)
  • In a breast reconstruction procedure, a tissue expander (a temporary breast implant device) is sometimes put in place and inflated with saline to prepare (shape and enlarge) the recipient site (implant pocket) to receive and accommodate the breast implant prosthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patient notes and imaging findings were used to identify technical success, 30 day mortality, rupture rates during follow-up, postoperative complications including endoleaks, graft migration and any secondary interventions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Attempts to do this with the use of foreign materials led to chronic infection, airway obstruction, migration of the prosthesis, erosion into major blood vessels and proliferation of granulation tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Systemic disease-induced (state of the entire system) - Possible causes include chronic renal failure, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, recent heart attack CHF and liver failure. (uofmhealth.org)
  • After the initial healing phase, you may be able to have an occasional glass or two but remember that excessive alcohol consumption disrupts blood supply and can cause dental implant failure. (smilepoint.com.sg)
  • [ 1 ] This surgical treatment became the treatment of choice in men with significant organic ED. Although the popularity of the inflatable penile prosthesis increased during that time, its design suffered from unacceptable failure rates and the need for surgical revision. (medscape.com)
  • Heart failure develops when the heart, via an abnormality of cardiac function (detectable or not), fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues or is able to do so only with an elevated diastolic filling pressure. (medscape.com)
  • Popularly known as the Bypass Surgery, Cardiac bypass implanting a healthy or working blood vessel from any other part of the body to bypass the blocked vessel. (medginnie.com)
  • Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • A hematogenous infection, often from Staphylococcus aureus, originates from a secondary infection, most often from the skin, gums/teeth, or urinary tract, [ 1 ] and has traveled through the blood to the bone and implant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Symptoms for implant-related osteomyelitis are similar to those experienced by children with hematogenous osteomyelitis, to include local pain and inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These prosthesis are, therefore, suggested only in cases where there are limitations of manual ability of the patient or there are issues related to the high costs of implant. (medicaltourismitaly.com)
  • With individualized implant selection based on specific requirements and preferences , penile prosthesis surgery offers promising remedies for erection difficulties. (actionalliance.co)
  • Current research involving interventions to diminish the prevalence of such measures include investigating prophylactic and therapeutic remedies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Secondary end points included secondary interventions to correct EL1A, aneurysm rupture, and survival. (eur.nl)
  • This may include conservative management such as pelvic floor physical therapy, behavioral modifications, and medication, as well as surgical interventions ranging from minimally invasive procedures to complex reconstructive surgeries. (umn.edu)
  • Surgical interventions include dental restorations, extractions, and implantations. (medscape.com)
  • METHODS: Review of medical records and available imaging studies, including completion angiography and serial computed tomographic angiography, was performed for all patients undergoing ch-EVAR at our institution between September 2009 and January 2015. (bepress.com)
  • Regardless of the approach chosen, the surface of the prosthesis must enhance the adhesion and proliferation of ECs, to enable restoration of a functional endothelium and, as a result, to reduce clotting processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cavernosometry/cavernosography - invasive testing to determine the capacity of penile tissue to trap blood, by measuring its ability to trap infused saline under pharmacological stimulation. (uofmhealth.org)
  • We investigated the feasibility, efficacy, and morbidity of permanent interstitial 125 I seed implantation under image guidance as a salvage treatment for pediatric patients with recurrent or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Image guided permanent interstitial 125 I seed implantation as a salvage treatment appears to have a satisfactory outcome in children with recurrent or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the state of high pressure on the cavernous tissue can reduce the tropism and consequently increase the chances of perforation and extrusion of the prosthesis. (medicaltourismitaly.com)
  • This is because the body needs to rebuild tissue, bone cells and blood vessels for osseointegration. (smilepoint.com.sg)
  • A surgical instrument for being endoscopically or laparoscopically inserted to a surgical site for simultaneous stapling and severing of tissue includes electrically actuated deployment of buttress pads held on inner surfaces of upper and lower jaws of a staple applying assembly. (patsnap.com)
  • The coronary arteries lie on the outside of the heart and supply oxygenated blood to the heart tissue. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • When the heart tissue does not receive an adequate blood supply, it cannot function as well as it should. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • If the blood flow cannot be restored to the particular area of the heart muscle affected, the tissue dies. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • Prosthesis, usually heart valve, composed of biological material and whose durability depends upon the stability of the material after pretreatment, rather than regeneration by host cell ingrowth. (lookformedical.com)
  • If one disregards the financial considerations, predictability of the procedural outcome and certainty regarding the durability of TAVR prostheses are 2 of the main remaining restrictions to universal implementation. (ahajournals.org)
  • This prosthesis is chosen for its simplicity of usage and durability due to fewer vital moving parts. (medscape.com)
  • Neurologic (neurologic impairment or dysfunction) - Possible causes include retroperitoneal or pelvic surgery, spinal cord injury, neurologic disease (such as spina bifida, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease), diabetes mellitus, pelvic trauma, ETOH abuse, stroke and pelvic irradiation. (uofmhealth.org)
  • No severe adverse neurologic sequelae or blood vessel damage occurred. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neurologic causes include stroke, partial complex seizures, multiple sclerosis, peripheral and autonomic neuropathies, and spinal cord injuries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The implantation process involves inserting a prosthetic device into the penis and scrotum through surgical means. (actionalliance.co)
  • Elon Musk's brain-interface technology company Neuralink hopes to start implantation of brain chips in humans in 2022. (worldspiel.com)
  • The history of modern ED surgery began with the development of the inflatable penile prosthesis by Scott and Bradley in the early 1970s. (medscape.com)
  • The mitral valve is a Heart Valve Replacement that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle and controls the flow of blood from the atrium to the ventricle. (medginnie.com)
  • A damaged mitral valve can cause blood to flow back into the atrium, which can lead to heart problems. (medginnie.com)
  • The benefits of repairing the mitral valve include improved heart function, reduced symptoms, and a reduced risk of further heart problems. (medginnie.com)
  • A prosthesis that gains its support, stability, and retention from a substructure that is implanted under the soft tissues of the basal seat of the device and is in contact with bone. (lookformedical.com)
  • Avascular necrosis, a condition where a portion of the knee bone loses its blood supply and deteriorates. (vannistrigelli.com)
  • A reproducible, preclinical model is essential to evaluate future methods used to mitigate blood-borne bacteria hardware and bone infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. (edu.au)
  • The main indications for tracheal reconstruction include malignant tumours (squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma), tracheoesophageal fistula, trauma, unsuccessful surgical results for benign diseases and congenital stenosis. (ersjournals.com)
  • J.. Congenital causes include viral infections, drug reactions, and women largely still remains a considerable literature on men and women. (ben.edu)
  • Continually, it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, coronary artery bypass grafting), correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and atherosclerosis. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • catheterization and invasive measurement of pressure in the cavities of the heart, main vessels in case of congenital or acquired heart diseases. (dobrobut.com)
  • The ability to maintain an erection depends on the interaction of the nervous system, hormones and the blood vessels. (umn.edu)
  • Only procedures involving ≥1 renal artery with or without visceral snorkel stents were included. (bepress.com)
  • It is converted into silk fibers at the silkworm's spinnerets under mechanical forces including shear stress and pressure. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanical rods: Dura II (AMS [formerly produced by Timm Medical Technologies]) prostheses have a series of polyethylene segments that articulate in a ball and socket arrangement and are held in place by a central spring. (medscape.com)
  • In physiological conditions, the lumen of the blood vessel is covered with endothelial cells (ECs), which actively counteract the processes of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation through the synthesis and secretion of various bioactive substances e.g.: nitric oxide, heparan sulphate, prostacyclin [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment is dependent on the severity of BPH, but can include prescription drugs, minimally invasive treatments, or surgery. (umn.edu)
  • Treatment options include both surgical and non-surgical approaches. (umn.edu)
  • Treatment for hematuria varies, so generally, patients need a series of tests, including urinalysis, kidney imaging or other tests to find the cause and treat the condition. (umn.edu)
  • Some treatment options for patients include state-of-the-art minimally invasive surgery, comprehensive metabolic evaluation and dietary counseling. (umn.edu)
  • A penile prosthesis is the best surgical option for the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction. (medicaltourismitaly.com)
  • Adult patients with mucoviscidosis receive comprehensive Treatment including the departments of Endocrinology, physical Therapy, gastroenterology, medical psychology, microbiology etc. (uniklinikum-dresden.de)
  • Coronary artery bypass surgery is performed to treat a blockage or narrowing of one or more of the coronary arteries, thus restoring the blood supply to the heart muscle. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • In this method chest is opened (breastbone (sternum) is cut in half and spread apart) heart is exposed, tubes are inserted into the heart so that the blood can be pumped through the body during the surgery by a cardiopulmonary bypass machine (heart-lung machine). (drnishantchandel.com)
  • During this period "Bypass machine" is necessary to circulate blood in whole of the body, after surgeon to performs the bypass operation the heart is restarted by giving some medicines, as the heart starts beating again, the blood circulation is again shifted by gradually loading heart from pump to heart. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • Of these individuals, 30% suffer from arthritis, often only resolvable through knee prosthesis surgery. (vannistrigelli.com)
  • In all these cases, knee prosthesis surgery helps restore joint stability and functionality, eliminating pain and movement restrictions. (vannistrigelli.com)
  • Depending on the stage and severity of the cancer, treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and biologic therapy. (umn.edu)
  • If you are taking medicines that prevent blood clotting (Martefarin, Pradaxa, Eliquis, Xarelto, etc.) you should notify the interventional cardiologist one week before the scheduled surgery to agree about the time of discontinuation of therapy. (agram-bolnica.hr)
  • The process requires surgery and implantation of a titanium screw that will act as a replacement for the root of the missing tooth. (smilepoint.com.sg)
  • Something even more terrifying is that alcohol increases fat content in the blood, which can cause the formation of clots in the jaw and complicate surgery. (smilepoint.com.sg)
  • X-ray endovascular surgery is a scientific advancement in medicine, a technique of intervention in the human body through the vessel wall. (dobrobut.com)
  • Endovascular surgery opens up great opportunities for assessing vasculature condition and blood flow in any organ of the human body. (dobrobut.com)
  • The two-stage technique includes minimal dissection of the mediastinal structures, an arch-first technique using a trifurcated graft, and construction of a classical elephant trunk through a partial transverse incision distally in the old graft or in the aorta just distal to the old graft. (touro.edu)
  • Endothelial coverage after 1, 3, and 7 days of culture on flat samples (2D model) was higher on Nano prostheses as compared with Micro scaffolds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Endothelial dysfunction is a disease of the endothelial lining of the small arterioles that reduces the ability to vasodilate when needed to increase blood flow. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The injury may be trivial or involve only microscopic vessels and tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Implantation of nonviable tissues-chemically treated, frozen or lyophilized-has been associated with poor functional results. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nicotine in cigarettes also restricts the flow of blood and oxygen to the bones and oral tissues, impeding the healing process. (smilepoint.com.sg)
  • The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, so that the body's tissues can receive oxygen and nutrients. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • This includes an emerging class of mechanically superior biomaterials based on microstructural features and designs found in nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prosthesis can have a mechanically jointed "backbone" or have a malleable one that allows the phallus to be dressed in the upward or downward position. (medscape.com)
  • Additional laboratory evaluation commonly includes a urinalysis, PSA, thyroid studies, fasting lipid profile, liver function studies, screening for diabetes and a complete blood count (CBC). (uofmhealth.org)
  • The modern low-dose angiograph allows to receive the coherent picture of vessel construction in the body by means of radiation and to reveal pathologies. (dobrobut.com)
  • The dental prosthesis is used for cosmetic or functional reasons, or both. (lookformedical.com)
  • Dental implantation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The teeth are involved in all 3 roles, and dental diseases can be a source of multiple problems, including oral and systemic infections and difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or phonation. (medscape.com)
  • If the blood supply to the heart muscle continues to decrease as a result of increasing obstruction of a coronary artery, a myocardial infarction, or heart attack, may occur. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • In patients with recognized chronic conditions, the focus will be on a genital exam, and will include cardiovascular examination for cardiovascular risk assessment. (uofmhealth.org)
  • This lack of rigidity seems to be the result of compromise to the distal penile blood supply. (medscape.com)
  • Thus providing a reservoir for blood, left in is often how too much viagra situ cells. (ben.edu)
  • Dense fibroadhesive scarring and poor blood vessel-maturation hamper the integration of implanted collagen scaffolds in an experimental model of spinal cord injury. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • This was a retrospective study of 10 patients who underwent percutaneous ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) guided permanent 125 I seed implantation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hematuria occurs when red blood cells are present in the urine. (umn.edu)
  • Here he also utilizes mesenchymal stem cells or their products incorporated in a biodegradable scaffold that undergoes substantial in vivo remodeling to develop a native-like blood vessel. (pitt.edu)
  • One study showed that people who followed diets that included higher amounts of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and lower amounts of red meat, full-fat dairy products, and sugar also had a lower risk of erectile dysfunction. (rockhardpill.com)
  • You can reduce your risk of developing erectile dysfunction by making lifestyle choices that help keep your blood vessels healthy and prevent type 2 diabetes. (rockhardpill.com)
  • Furthermore, functional deficits in P23H transgenic pigs consistent with their retinal degeneration phenotype were observed, including decrease in the S and M cone function and lack of rod photoreceptor function. (nature.com)
  • This blood does not give oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the narrowing of the coronary arteries (the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle), caused by a buildup of fatty material within the walls of the arteries. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • This buildup causes the inside of the arteries to become narrowed, limiting the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. (drnishantchandel.com)
  • Concepts are listed by decreasing relevance which is based on many factors, including how many publications the person wrote about that topic, how long ago those publications were written, and how many publications other people have written on that same topic. (uchicago.edu)
  • Psychologic factors, whether primary or reactive, must be considered in every case of ED. Psychologic causes of primary ED include guilt, fear of intimacy, depression, or anxiety. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is therefore necessary to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of image guided permanent implantation of 125 I seeds as a salvage therapy for locally recurrent STS in children and to determine local control, survival, and complications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Part D plans provide prescription drug coverage that includes most chemotherapy medications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These difficulties are exacerbated by the fact that most pediatric patients undergo complex multidisciplinary management including numerous surgical procedures, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and various combinations of these treatments. (biomedcentral.com)