Inbreeding. Medical search. Frequent questions

The proportion of an individual's genome that is identical by descent (GWIBD) can be estimated from pedigrees (inbreeding coefficient 'Pedigree F') or molecular markers ('Marker F'), but both estimators come with error. (nature.com)
A group of biologists from Spain developed an extended pedigree of more than 3,000 individuals over 16 generations so that they could calculate the "inbreeding coefficient" of the Spanish Hapsburg kings. (smithsonianmag.com)
The inbreeding coefficient is a measure of relatedness between two individuals. (smithsonianmag.com)
Thus, a first-cousin marriage has a coefficient of inbreeding F =1/16. (smithsonianmag.com)
Over time, the biologists calculated, the inbreeding coefficient rose from 0.025 for Philip I, the founder of the dynasty, to 0.254 for Charles II. (smithsonianmag.com)
His inbreeding coefficient--0.254--is as high as that expected from a parent-child or a brother-sister relationship (double eww). (smithsonianmag.com)
The values of the mean inbreeding coefficient were found to be low during the whole period, reaching a peak of 22.94 × 10 -4 during the period 1902-1911. (karger.com)
The aim was to develop a general and exact equation for the inbreeding coefficient of a Syn TC ( F m f S y n T C ) because of its relationship with the mean of economically important traits. (techscience.com)
Recent research has concluded that high inbreeding coefficients may lead to an increased risk of Vizsla Inflammatory Polymyopathy (VIP) (formerly Vizsla Polymyositis), therefore it would be wise to check that any proposed mating would result in a low inbreeding coefficient, while taking into account all the other factors - temperament, hip-scores etc. (vizsla.org.uk)
The average inbreeding coefficient for the Hungarian Vizsla is 5.3% (May 2015). (vizsla.org.uk)
The degree of inbreeding can be measured by using an inbreeding coefficient. (vizsla.org.uk)
The lower the degree of inbreeding, the lower the inbreeding coefficient. (vizsla.org.uk)
Breeders should be aware that the inbreeding coefficient is a measurement of risk and does not guarantee that puppies produced will or will not have any inherited health conditions. (vizsla.org.uk)
View your dog's inbreeding coefficients on Mate Select The Kennel Club's online health resource, Mate Select, provides breeders with inbreeding coefficient calculators. (vizsla.org.uk)
These resources provide information about how a specific inbreeding coefficient for a mating is calculated, which includes how many generations the pedigree data extends back to in order to calculate a particular result. (vizsla.org.uk)
An inbreeding coefficient of 0% indicates a dog that comes from two unrelated parents. (vizsla.org.uk)
An inbreeding coefficient of 12.5% would equate to the genetic equivalent of a dog produced from a grandfather to granddaughter mating. (vizsla.org.uk)
When choosing a potential mate for your dog, the Kennel Club recommend that breeders use Mate Select to calculate the inbreeding coefficient of the puppies that could be produced from a hypothetical mating. (vizsla.org.uk)
The current Kennel Club breeding guidelines are that, where possible, breeders should produce puppies with an inbreeding coefficient which is at, or below, the breed average. (vizsla.org.uk)
The breed average is recalculated annually and is presented each time you use the Kennel Club's inbreeding coefficient calculators. (vizsla.org.uk)
Your decision should be well balanced between the inbreeding coefficient and the good qualities of the sire/dam that you are considering. (vizsla.org.uk)

In extreme cases, this usually leads to at least temporarily decreased biological fitness of a population (called inbreeding depression), which is its ability to survive and reproduce. (wikipedia.org)
Inbreeding can significantly influence gene expression which can prevent inbreeding depression. (wikipedia.org)
When deleterious recessive alleles are unmasked due to the increased homozygosity generated by inbreeding, this can cause inbreeding depression. (wikipedia.org)
We are generally interested in estimating GWIBD because it is most directly related to the homozygous mutational load and inbreeding depression. (nature.com)
This is referred to as inbreeding depression . (icbf.com)
Inbreeding depression particularly affects less visible traits like reproductive and health traits, along with the more visible, growth, lactation and survival. (icbf.com)
Inbreeding depression was expressed as a reduction in post weaning gain of 240g per percentage increase in inbreeding in the US Limousin population (Gengler et al. (icbf.com)
The higher the level of inbreeding in an individual the greater the inbreeding depression. (icbf.com)
This word has negative connotations and is often associated with genetic defects and inbreeding depression. (thesaurus.net)
The present research problem is an attempt to gain further evidence on this point by means of a critical evaluation of the relationship between the inbreeding depression of a set of diallel crosses and the combining ability level of the inbred corn lines used as parents. (unl.edu)
This could increase the chances of a dog being at risk for both known and unknown inherited disorders and can lead to inbreeding depression. (vizsla.org.uk)
Inbreeding depression is an overall decrease in general fitness, or general health, and may reduce, across the breed, things like litter sizes and fertility. (vizsla.org.uk)
This study looks at the magnitude and variation in selfing and the impact in inbreeding depression across several E. globulus families collected over the years in a seed orchard. (sisef.it)
The results showed a significant inbreeding depression, with a height growth reduction of 15% in selfed progeny, when compared with crosses from unrelated parents. (sisef.it)
These inbreeding depression values varied among families, ranging between 7% and 24%, evidencing the importance of genetic background. (sisef.it)
The genetics of inbreeding depression. (bvsalud.org)

Recombinant inbred strains derived from crosses between high and low activity strains exhibit segregation characteristic of a single allele difference. (jci.org)
Southern analyses using a 5'DI probe identified a restriction fragment length variant that segregated with 5'DI activity in 33 of 35 recombinant inbred strains derived from four different pairs of high and low activity parental strains. (jci.org)
The creation of ultra-high density genetic maps using large populations of advanced recombinant inbred lines (RILs) is an efficient way to identify QTL for complex agronomic traits. (biomedcentral.com)

2018 For cancer research, this meant a stable breeding strain by which to study the biological and genetic nature of cancer in mice inbred with cancerous tumors-a realization that has defined mouse model research to this day. (merriam-webster.com)
The inbred CBA/CaJ (CB) and hybrid CBB6F1 strains of mice exhibited only temporary threshold shift with rapid recovery after exposure to 110 decibels for 1 or 2 hours, and they exhibited no evidence of any AHL. (cdc.gov)
The inbred C57BL/6J-mice (B6) and hybrid B6D2F1-mice demonstrated extensive permanent threshold shift and subsequent onset of AHL. (cdc.gov)
The findings demonstrated the advantages of using inbred and F1 hybrid strains of mice which are genetically well defined, numerous and readily available. (cdc.gov)
Strains of laboratory mice that are inbred for higher metabolic rates show stronger immune responses to immune challenge with stronger antigen-specific IgM production than strains bred for lower metabolic rates. (cdc.gov)

While there is a difference between the statistical measurement of inbreeding co-efficients and the actual level of inbreeding at a genomic level, it is worth noting that there have been two genetic papers recently released that seem to concur with the statistical findings of Parry and Dink. (bloodhorse.com)
Going forward, with more animals genotyped, there is an opportunity to carry out analysis using genomic inbreeding. (icbf.com)
Genomic inbreeding measures the relationship between two animals by assessing the level of homozygosity in their genes, and therefore providing a more accurate measure of inbreeding of an animal. (icbf.com)
As breeders usually check pedigrees when planning matings, genomic inbreeding can provide a further insight into the genetic make-up of the animals, as while there may be an overlap in the pedigree of two animals, the reality may be that these animals have no genes in common. (icbf.com)

The MPDt systematically characterizes biochemical and behavioral phenotypes of 40 commonly used and genetically diverse inbred mouse strains. (jax.org)
Physiological and genetic analyses of inbred mouse strains with a type I iodothyronine 5' deiodinase deficiency. (jci.org)
Inbred mouse strains differ in their capacity to deiodinate iododioxin and iodothyronines, with strains segregating into high or low activity groups. (jci.org)
Susceptibility of inbred and F1 hybrid strains to noise-induced hearing loss. (cdc.gov)

In addition to the high inbreeding coefficients, the biologists cited two other lines of evidence that inbreeding was the cause of the Spanish Hapsburgs' demise: First, the family experienced a high rate of infant mortality, with half of the children failing to reach age one (compared with 80 percent survival at that time in Spanish villages). (smithsonianmag.com)
Although the Kennel Club recommends breeding at lower inbreeding coefficients, there are similarly other important factors to also consider when deciding whether two dogs should be mated together, such as temperament, available health test results etc. (vizsla.org.uk)

Ashley Braun, Longreads , 24 Oct. 2019 Self-fertilization, like inbreeding in animals, should pair up harmful recessive mutations, so Schwoch expected the crosses that used pollen from one stem on flowers from another to do better. (merriam-webster.com)
Inbreeding between related parents and especially from self-crosses is known to cause diminished growth and developmental abnormalities in the resulting progeny. (sisef.it)
This was associated with specific, unrelated, crosses and not to high inbreeding rates such as found among selfed progeny. (sisef.it)

For example, in livestock breeding, breeders may use inbreeding when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock and for producing distinct families within a breed, but will need to watch for undesirable characteristics in offspring, which can then be eliminated through further selective breeding or culling. (wikipedia.org)
I know we can't fully stop people from inbreeding their animals but, I think there should be consequences for the people who get caught for doing this in a backyard/puppy mill situation, 'cause I know that on some occasions registered breeders do inbreed their animals for a few different reasons like wanting certain traits, keeping the bloodline clean etc. (ipetitions.com)
These statistical inbreeding co-efficients would give breeders at least some guide as to the level of inbreeding that a particular foal or racehorse has. (bloodhorse.com)

Previous studies of DNA extracted from Neanderthal remains revealed that these Eurasian hominids were much more inbred and less genetically diverse than modern humans. (newswise.com)

Inbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive traits. (wikipedia.org)
The avoidance of expression of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by inbreeding, via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing. (wikipedia.org)
Inbreeding is also used to reveal deleterious recessive alleles, which can then be eliminated through assortative breeding or through culling. (wikipedia.org)
The probability that an individual would inherit two recessive traits would be extremely low, but inbreeding made that much more likely. (smithsonianmag.com)
The inbred children are also at higher risk of rare recessive genetic disorders, though the researchers didn't include any data on those. (discovermagazine.com)

Furthermore, it only takes three or four generations of inbreeding to purge the gene pool of many of the mutations that initially make it harmful, says Shields. (bioedonline.org)
Generations of inbreeding left him infertile, in addition to numerous additional health problems. (discovermagazine.com)

however, because the increased proportion of deleterious homozygotes exposes the allele to natural selection, in the long run its frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred populations. (wikipedia.org)
Many vulnerable populations in fragmented habitats face similar genetic problems to the Neanderthals: inbreeding, low genetic diversity, and accumulation of harmful mutations. (newswise.com)
While they used slightly different populations, both Parry and Dink came to similar conclusions, that despite conferring no particular benefit, inbreeding is on the rise in terms of the percentage of horses that were inbred, rising from 5% in populations bred in the 1990s towards 10% for those bred in the last decade. (bloodhorse.com)
One management strategy for overcoming these problems is genetic rescue-improving the health of an inbred population by outcrossing it with other populations. (phys.org)
Synthetic varieties (SVs) of maize ( Zea mays L.), also called simply synthetics, are populations generated by randomly mating their parents, usually unrelated inbred lines. (techscience.com)
Inbreeding is often avoided in natural populations by passive processes such as sex-biased dispersal. (lancs.ac.uk)

groups of Neanderthals and other ancient humans seem to have inbred frequently, but among modern humans, there was much more contact between different groups. (merriam-webster.com)
But we can say confidently, some Neanderthals were inbred and that didn't help their chances of surviving. (uncommondescent.com)
Hey, if inbreeding took down royal dynasties, it may have taken a toll on Neanderthals, too. (uncommondescent.com)
Neanderthals Were Inbreeding. (uncommondescent.com)

Evolutionary theory suggests this is a poor starting point since inbreeding can quickly lead to an accumulation of harmful mutations and genetic variants followed by disease and death. (eurasiareview.com)

An individual who inherits such deleterious traits is colloquially referred to as inbred. (wikipedia.org)
The average for the seven traits that inbreeding negatively impacted in the study was between 0.3 and 0.7 standard deviations below the mean. (discovermagazine.com)
Inbreeding has been shown to negatively impact the live skeletal and muscling traits of Irish beef breeds (McParland, et al. (icbf.com)
The more inbred a dog is, the higher the chance that the same version of a gene has been inherited from both dam and sire - both for desirable and undesirable traits. (vizsla.org.uk)

This runs against the usual view that inbreeding harms offspring by bringing harmful mutations together. (bioedonline.org)
But inbreeding can also help a population to get rid of harmful mutations, a phenomenon technically called 'purging'," says Martin. (eurasiareview.com)
In a population with a high degree of inbreeding, offspring are more likely to inherit harmful mutations from both mother and father. (eurasiareview.com)

Inbreeding can result in purging of deleterious alleles from a population through purifying selection. (wikipedia.org)
Sonia Shah, The New Yorker , 18 Feb. 2023 When the population of a species dwindles, the remaining animals are forced to inbreed and the genetic pool shrinks, further threatening survival. (merriam-webster.com)
Rafil Kroll-Zaidi, Harper's Magazine , 30 Mar. 2020 Soon, almost everyone in that population may become related to the newcomers, actually speeding up inbreeding . (merriam-webster.com)
29 Aug. 2019 Many scientists believe mating types evolved early in life's history as a barrier against behaviors like inbreeding that might be harmful to a population or species. (merriam-webster.com)
And what we found was that there has been a highly significant increase in inbreeding in the population over the last 45 years and probably the greatest increase in inbreeding is seen in the last 10 or 15 years. (scientificamerican.com)
Although he hasn't yet ruled out the possibility that inbreeding has negative effects, Thünken believes that fathers who mated with their sisters were more invested in parenthood, because their kids shared more of dad's genes, boosting his genetic contribution to the population. (bioedonline.org)
In this case, we are dealing with a population that suffers from a high degree of inbreeding, which is usually bad news for a small population. (eurasiareview.com)
Here too, Dussex and his colleagues found that harmful genetic variants had disappeared from the population thanks to a long period of inbreeding. (eurasiareview.com)
As far as the incidence of inbreeding to a single ancestor (mare or stallion) within any specific similar population, generally there is very little difference between a group of stakes winners and a group of non-stakes winners. (bloodhorse.com)
If you do a study on the basis of "good" vs. "bad" horses, like the studies we have seen from the proponents of inbreeding, it gets skewed as the "commercial population" that produces a higher percentage of the good horses has a smaller gene pool than the dross. (bloodhorse.com)
That is, the success of the commercial population has more to do with the quality of the sire and dam rather than the potency of inbreeding per se. (bloodhorse.com)
That might skew the researchers' estimate of how prevalent inbreeding is in the larger population. (discovermagazine.com)
Increased usage of these techniques will in turn lead to an increased rate and level of inbreeding in the resulting population. (icbf.com)
When looking at inbreeding within a population, it is important to look at the animals with a large genetic contribution to the population. (icbf.com)
Potential Inbreeding in a Small Population of a Mass Flowering Species, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (Xanthorrhoeaceae): Is Your Mother My Father? (scirp.org)
R. King and J. M. Zalucki, "Potential Inbreeding in a Small Population of a Mass Flowering Species, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii (Xanthorrhoeaceae): Is Your Mother My Father? (scirp.org)
Inbreeding levels among the island individuals are expectedly high and likely to increase over time, which is predicted for a small and isolated population of many species. (hot91.com.au)
The absence of abnormalities and the stable population shows the island population has not yet exceeded its tolerance for inbreeding. (hot91.com.au)

We still deal with the overriding dogma that inbreeding is deleterious," says Shields, "but there's evidence from lots of organisms that inbreeding can have advantages. (bioedonline.org)

Background inbreeding resulting from relatedness between pedigree founders introduces both random noise and bias into the relationship between GWIBD and Pedigree F. If Background F is absent and the relation between fitness and GWIBD is linear, both Pedigree F and GWIBD are error-free predictors in fitness-inbreeding regressions and consequently the regression slopes are unbiased. (nature.com)

It's made studying the prevalence of inbreeding in humans, and dealing with the consequences, difficult. (discovermagazine.com)
How Common Is Inbreeding in Humans? (discovermagazine.com)
The researchers found that inbreeding in humans causes physical and mental problems, though the severity of those effects was somewhat limited. (discovermagazine.com)
For studies of inbreeding in humans, as well as other areas where it's tough to gather reliable data, the work is just getting started. (discovermagazine.com)

But, in many social animals, opposite-sexed adult relatives are spatially clustered, generating a risk of incest and hence selection for active inbreeding avoidance. (lancs.ac.uk)

Assuming unrelated pedigree founders, Pedigree F is the expected proportion of GWIBD given a specific inbreeding constellation. (nature.com)
There are few topics in the world of pedigree theory-and for that matter in the Thoroughbred community as a whole-that are more emotive than the subject of inbreeding. (bloodhorse.com)
The first is the practice of selecting an ancestor (or ancestors) in the pedigree and creating a mating to inbreed to that ancestor. (bloodhorse.com)
In regards to the concept of inbreeding co-efficients (that is, the level of inbreeding that the whole pedigree has), we are of the belief that the industry would be well served in creating and publishing inbreeding co-efficients using The Jockey Club database, something that is a relatively easy process to do (why it hasn't yet been done is a mystery! (bloodhorse.com)
Inbreeding levels of pedigree calves born in a given year. (icbf.com)
The analysis of inbreeding here has been carried out based on pedigree information in the ICBF database. (icbf.com)

It is impossible to make precise predictions about the exact impact that inbreeding has on an individual breed or dog, but we do know that, as the degree of inbreeding increases, the risk of having a serious and harmful impact on the breed as a whole will also increase. (vizsla.org.uk)

CO447 is a short-season corn ( Zea mays L.) inbred line with excellent combining ability. (bioone.org)
L. M. Reid , X. Zhu , C. Voloaca , T. Woldemariam , and J. Wu "CO447 corn inbred line," Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93(2), 323-326, (1 March 2013). (bioone.org)
The present day hybrid seed corn industry is based upon the development and utilization of inbred lines in hybrid combination. (unl.edu)
Seven yellow inbred lines of corn ( Zea mays L.) were used as parents in this study. (scialert.net)

With the DNA of a mare and the DNA of a stallion, we can make i n silico predictions about the likely level of inbreeding in the hypothetical foal that might arise from that mating. (scientificamerican.com)

Jacopo Prisco, CNN , 31 Mar. 2022 Southern white rhinos are threatened by inbreeding . (merriam-webster.com)

Another is that not all cases of incest will lead to "viable" offspring, and a third is that any "viable" offspring with serious cognitive impairment caused by inbreeding would be unlikely to enroll in the Biobank project. (iflscience.com)

As a consequence, in species inheriting large blocks that rarely recombine, even small numbers of microsatellite markers will often be more informative about inbreeding and fitness than large pedigrees. (nature.com)

Ultimately, this is another step for research efforts into the prevalence and lasting effects of inbreeding. (discovermagazine.com)
Until we have more genomes, it's hard to gauge the prevalence of inbreeding and its impact on the species overall. (uncommondescent.com)

The study appears to back these up, finding that extreme inbreeding did seem to increase the likelihood of poorer cognitive and muscular function, fertility difficulties, shorter stature, and a higher risk of disease in general. (iflscience.com)

The advantages of inbreeding may be the result of a tendency to preserve the structures of alleles interacting at different loci that have been adapted together by a common selective history. (wikipedia.org)

Inbreeding is defined as the probability that two alleles are identical by descent and occurs when related individuals are mated to each other (McParland, et al. (icbf.com)

The increased role of QTL mapping and favored status of the inbred mouse in that role, are due to the improvement and development of genetic research tools (many of them pioneered by The Jackson Laboratory) to manipulate the mouse genome. (jax.org)
The first strong case of Neanderthal inbreeding came in 2014, when scientists published a genome extracted from a toe bone found in the Altai Mountains of Siberia. (uncommondescent.com)
By identifying long runs of homozygosity (sections of the genome from each parent that are identical) of 10 percent or more, the team was able to determine a high chance of extreme inbreeding in 125 of the approximately 450,000 people of European ancestry born between 1938 and 1967 studied. (iflscience.com)

Simply put, inbreeding results in a decline in performance of the resulting progeny. (icbf.com)
Impact of inbreeding on growth and development of young open-pollinated progeny of Eucalyptus globulus. (sisef.it)

Inbreeding also helps to ascertain the type of gene action affecting a trait. (wikipedia.org)

Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. (wikipedia.org)
Offspring of biologically related persons are subject to the possible effects of inbreeding, such as congenital birth defects. (wikipedia.org)
This can make inbred offspring less able to survive or reproduce. (bioedonline.org)
You can use the relationship figures to assess what the inbreeding of an offspring would be. (icbf.com)

Of all the subspecies of reindeer found in the high north, the Svalbard reindeer has the most inbreeding and the lowest genetic diversity," says Nicolas Dussex, a postdoc at Norwegian University of Science and Technology´s (NTNU) Department of Natural History. (eurasiareview.com)
The Svalbard reindeer has been isolated for at least 7000 years and has a very high degree of inbreeding. (eurasiareview.com)
Our position at this moment is that correctly utilized with other considerations, inbreeding and linebreeding are good ways to reliably produce high-class runners, but that the most useful forms of inbreeding and linebreeding, like parallel patterns, are far too complex to submit themselves to genuine statistical analysis. (bloodhorse.com)
The potential for sexual abuse and lasting trauma is high, and the odds of inheriting rare genetic diseases goes up exponentially among children who are the result of human inbreeding. (discovermagazine.com)
It has been suggested that high inbreeding might explain this situation. (karger.com)

These results, together with recent studies in birds and other fish, suggest that the popularity of inbreeding in the animal kingdom may have been underestimated, Thünken says. (bioedonline.org)
This study was carried out with open-bred New Hampshire, White Plymouth Rock, Single Comb White Leghorn, and inbred Barred Plymouth Rock chickens, involving 11,112 eggs from 62 open-bred birds and 295 inbred birds. (tennessee.edu)

The team determined that 125 people, or 1 in roughly every 3,600, met their criteria for inbreeding, meaning the parents were likely either first-degree relatives (siblings, for example), or second-degree relatives (aunts or uncles, among other possibilities). (discovermagazine.com)
People whose parents may have been third- or fourth-degree relatives, for example, weren't looked at in this study, so the researchers can't say anything about the effects of milder inbreeding. (discovermagazine.com)
Here we show that in long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus), a cooperative breeder that risks inbreeding by living alongside opposite-sex relatives, inbreeding carries fitness costs and is avoided by active kin discrimination during mate choice. (lancs.ac.uk)

Now, researchers using data from the UK Biobank, a genetic database of around half a million people from the country, have scanned for evidence of inbreeding in the participants. (discovermagazine.com)
Among those people whose parents were related, the researchers picked out typical signs of human inbreeding, such as a few common health issues. (discovermagazine.com)
Researchers say that Snowflake, the albino gorilla that has stumped researchers for over 40 years, was the result of inbreeding that could have caused his lack of pigmentation. (medicaldaily.com)
The analysis also reveals that dingoes on the island have become more related over the study period, but researchers have found no signs of physical abnormalities associated with inbreeding. (hot91.com.au)

In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis. (wikipedia.org)
Typically, the parents of a SV are inbred lines. (techscience.com)
A half diallel cross between 7 inbred lines of maize was evaluated under two different nitrogen rates for six quantitative characters. (scialert.net)

The second aspect, and a result of the first, is the concept of the overall inbreeding percentage of the horse to the n th generation (i.e. the number of unique individuals in what is a closed Thoroughbred breeding pool). (bloodhorse.com)

So, inbreeding hasn't necessarily caused people in the UK Biobank irreparable harm. (discovermagazine.com)

But inbreeding still occurs, if extremely rarely. (discovermagazine.com)

Inbred children commonly displayed decreased cognitive abilities and muscular function, reduced height and lung function, and are at greater risk from diseases in general, they found. (discovermagazine.com)

Inbreeding is the mating of related individuals, either close or distant. (vizsla.org.uk)

Inbreeding in plants also occurs naturally in the form of self-pollination. (wikipedia.org)

And scientists have few good sources of data on the issue, as there are a number of difficulties in getting data on human inbreeding. (discovermagazine.com)

Inbreeding in Thoroughbreds has increased significantly in the past 45 years, with the greatest rise occurring in the past 15 or so of them. (scientificamerican.com)

Both came at the issue in slightly different ways but ended up with the same result: inbreeding to individual horses, mares in particular, conveys no particular advantage. (bloodhorse.com)

But Timo Thünken and his collaborators at the University of Bonn in Germany found that inbred and outbred P. taeniatus had the same growth and survival rates. (bioedonline.org)

The first was a paper that explained the creation of an equine SNP chip that also allowed the authors to show the level of inbreeding that occurred in each of the breeds they studied. (bloodhorse.com)

The attorneys' advertisement "perpetuates and exploits the empirically debunked notion that inbreeding is regularly practiced by the Appalachian People," Huber wrote. (motherjones.com)

Last summer, four coal-industry attorneys from the DC firm Crowell & Moring made headlines when they suggested that a study linking mountaintop removal mining to birth defects in Appalachia failed to consider the ( inconsequential ) effects of inbreeding in the region. (motherjones.com)
What are the effects of inbreeding? (vizsla.org.uk)

In the backyard/puppy mills they inbreed to make top dollar for animals that have been bred into the ground by their fathers, brothers, grand fathers and so on. (ipetitions.com)
It's been almost a year since we first heard about Rosie , the inbred Chihuahua rescued from a backyard breeder whose desperate face broke our hearts and rallied our voices. (dogster.com)

On one hand, inbreeding, and what is perceived as a consequential decline in genetic variety, is blamed for all manner of ills including a supposed decline in soundness. (bloodhorse.com)

Anatomy3

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