• Critical epigenetic regulation of primate embryogenesis entails DNA methylome changes. (nature.com)
  • DNA CpG methylation on the cytosine is among the most stable forms of epigenetic mechanisms in the life cycle of mammals. (nature.com)
  • In this review, we take a wide view of this problem by analyzing the strategies involved in setting up normal DNA methylation patterns and understanding how this stable epigenetic mark works to prevent gene activation during development. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Following fertilization, there is a step-wise process of erasure that removes most of the methyl groups derived from the gametic DNA, thus forming an epigenetic ground state. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Epigenetic means a wrong dna-methylation, but also x-inactivation. (scienceforums.net)
  • I BELIEVE 1 or 2 of ten gays is a faggot because of a genetic mutation in their dna, while the other 80% of the gays is homosexual cause of a hormonal/epigenetic failure. (scienceforums.net)
  • Cytosine C5 methylation is an important epigenetic control mechanism in a wide array of eukaryotic organisms and generally carried out by proteins of the C-5 DNA methyltransferase family (DNMTs). (mdpi.com)
  • Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is an essential stage in the development of human cancer but the extent of the involvement of epigenetic silencing and hypermethylation in this process remains unclear. (the-scientist.com)
  • It belongs to so called epigenetic modifications - modifications that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. (ed.ac.uk)
  • DNA methylation measurements at single-cell level are rapidly becoming a major tool to understand epigenetic gene regulation in individual cells, however all available technologies are plagued by intrinsically low coverage in terms of numbers of assayed methylated DNA stretches (so called CpGs). (ed.ac.uk)
  • DNMT3A is a key enzyme for de novo epigenetic methylation in humans. (frontiersin.org)
  • DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification involved in regulatory processes such as cell differentiation during development, X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting and susceptibility to complex disease. (upf-csic.es)
  • Chapter 5.5 discusses the continually evolving area of epigenetic research involving methylation regulation at specific gene loci. (epigenie.com)
  • Epigenetic control of miRNAs might be achieved through methylation of the CpG islands found in the proximity of their coding regions or indirectly by methylating the promoters of transcription factors involved in their regulation. (epigenie.com)
  • Methylation of cytosine (5 mC) residues in CpG dinucleotides across the genome is an epigenetic modification that plays a pivotal role in the establishment of cellular identity by influencing gene expression during development [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, MYC inactivation is associated with genome-wide changes in the epigenetic landscape. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we found that DNA methylation is an important epigenetic regulator contributing to gene repression of MT1 gene cluster in both ERα positive (ERα+) and ERα negative (ERα−) breast tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aberrant epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, have been known to be the hallmark of cancer [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, BaP triggered genome-wide epigenetic alterations by methylation, which might cause disturbances in regulation of gene expression, and thereby induced cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Kulcsszavak: epigenomika, DNS-metiláció, 5-metilcitozin, öregedés, daganatos megbetegedések Role and alterations of DNA methylation during the aging and cancer Besides the genetic research, increasing number of scientific studies focus on epigenetic phenomena -such as DNA methylation -regulating the expression of genes behind the phenotype, thus can be related to the pathomechanism of several diseases. (archive.org)
  • In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge about the evolutionary appearance and functional diversity of DNA methylation as one of the epigenetic mechanisms and to demonstrate its role in aging and cancerous diseases. (archive.org)
  • DNA methylation alterations during aging in cancerous diseases support the importance of epigenetic research focusing on disease diagnostics and prognostics. (archive.org)
  • Genomic DNA was isolated from 103 subjects ascertained from 82 cancer families. (bmj.com)
  • In mammals DNA methylation is essential for normal development and is associated with a number of key processes including genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, repression of transposable elements, aging, and carcinogenesis. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Specifically, elevated levels of global genomic methylation have been shown to play a role in the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in many types of cancer (Ehrlich 2002). (uni-muenchen.de)
  • On the molecular level, it is well known that CpG methylation leads to X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, and suppression of transposable elements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methylation analysis of genomic DNA sequences can be limited by the small amount of sample available. (qiagen.com)
  • Rickettsial genomic prowazekii DNA was extracted from the R. prowazekii- infected L929 cells or infected yolk sacs of embryonated chicken eggs by Isolates using the GenElute Mammalian Genomic DNA Miniprep kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. (cdc.gov)
  • Three loci gov/blast/b12seq/wblast2.cgi) to identify target DNA se- were intergenic spacers ( rp272/rp273 , rp308/rp309 , and quences for genotyping, we compared the genomic sequenc- rp691/rp692 ), and 2 loci were pseudogenes ( rp181 and es of Madrid E strain (E strain, NC_000963) ( 5 ) with those rp195 ) in all R. prowazekii strains. (cdc.gov)
  • The expression of a few genes may be regulated through methylation of their CpG island, and MECP2 may play a role in a subset of these. (wikipedia.org)
  • The different methods included a variety of reprogramming genes, vectors (engineered viruses that deliver genetic material to cells), or the use of plasmids (small DNA molecules that can deliver reprogramming genes). (neurosciencenews.com)
  • 8 9 This lack of an absolute phenotype:genotype concordance could be attributed to incomplete screening of the p53 gene, inactivation of the p53 protein through interaction with other cellular proteins or viruses, or defects in other genes involved in p53 mediated cell cycle regulatory pathways. (bmj.com)
  • A third, more rare instance is that of functional genes losing their function in certain lineages, but not others ("unitary" pseudogenes - a classic example is the independent inactivation of the gene for vitamin C synthesis in primates and guinea pigs). (pandasthumb.org)
  • Promoter methylation of p16 INK4A , c-myc and hMSH2 genes was assayed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and sequencing (mapping). (wjgnet.com)
  • In April 4 Nature, Ina Rhee and colleagues from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, show that two enzymes (DNMT1 and DNMT3b) cooperate to silence genes and maintain DNA methylation in human cancer cells.Rhee et al. (the-scientist.com)
  • These results "establish that methylation is essential for silencing tumor suppressor genes in human cancer cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • The degree of methylation affects the expression of target genes and has a significant impact on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and cell activity ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Methylation of CpG islands in promoter regions of imprinted genes is responsible for allele-specific expression. (epigenie.com)
  • Gene promoter-specific hypermethylation initiates loss of function (gene inactivation) of tumor suppressor genes due to promoter CpG island methylation. (epigenie.com)
  • Some hypermethylated genes have been indicated as biomarkers because of their changed methylation status, such as DAKP1, RARβ and TWIST1 (cervical cancer) and GSTP1 (prostate cancer). (epigenie.com)
  • These include use of the proximal enhancer element to maintain OCT4 expression, pronounced tendency for X chromosome inactivation in most female human ES cells, increase in DNA methylation and prominent deposition of H3K27me3 and bivalency acquisition on lineage regulatory genes. (nih.gov)
  • It has been proved that BaP reduced genome-wide DNA methylation, and activated proto-oncogene by hypomethylation in the promoter region, but silenced tumor suppressor genes by promoter hypermethylation, resulting in cancer initiation and progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scoccianti C, Ricceri F, Ferrari P, Cuenin C, Sacerdote C, Polidoro S, Jenab M, Hainaut P, Vineis P, Herceg Z. (2011) Methylation patterns in sentinel genes in peripheral blood cells of heavy smokers: Influence of cruciferous vegetables in an intervention study. (who.int)
  • This protein plays an important role in copying (replicating) DNA before cell division and transferring the information in genes to the cell machinery that makes proteins (transcription). (medlineplus.gov)
  • In hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), an inherited mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes appears to be a critical factor. (medscape.com)
  • MMR genes normally produce proteins that identify and correct sequence mismatches that may occur during DNA replication. (medscape.com)
  • The higher incidence of ccRCC in male patients may partially be accounted by mono-allelic inactivation of the chromatin remodelling gene, KDM5C on the X chromosome [ 6 ]. (springer.com)
  • DNA methylation changes have also been found to affect chromatin structure by their interactions with histone modification enzymes (such as HDACs) and hence gene expression patterns. (epigenie.com)
  • Hallmarks of naive pluripotency include driving Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1) transcription by its distal enhancer, retaining a pre-inactivation X chromosome state, global reduction in DNA methylation and in H3K27me3 repressive chromatin mark deposition on developmental regulatory gene promoters.Upon withdrawal of 2i/LIF, naïve mouse ES cells can drift towards a primed pluripotent state resembling that of the post-implantation epiblast. (nih.gov)
  • Chromatin-mediated regulation of transcription involves DNA methylation and histone modifications. (nature.com)
  • Our data support the concept that chromatin opening during transcriptional initiation involves intermediates with DNA breaks that subsequently require DNA repair mechanisms to ensure genome integrity. (nature.com)
  • In the eukaryotic cell nucleus, chromatin is the physiological template of all DNA-dependent processes including transcription. (nature.com)
  • The histone chaperone FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) is a heterodimeric complex, consisting of SUPT16 and SSRP1 (Spt16 and Pob3 in yeast) that is responsible for the deposition of H2A/H2B-dimers onto DNA 11 , 12 . (nature.com)
  • During this process, broad changes occur in histone methylation (increase of H3K9me3) and acetylation (decrease of H4ac), suggesting that during tumor maintenance MYC maintains large areas of active chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study revealed that persistent estrogen-mediated LRES leads to recruitment of H3K27me3 repressive chromatin marks, which are accompanied by accumulation of DNA methylation in a gene cluster located at 16p11.2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Histone modifications can lead to either tightly packed and inactive conformations or open and accessible DNA (termed heterochromatin and euchromatin respectively). (frontiersin.org)
  • A: Schematic of DNA methylation and histone modifications in neural stem cells (NSCs). (wjgnet.com)
  • Key regulators that are essential for establishing and maintaining the epigenomic landscape are frequently mutated and can drive cancer development via alterations of DNA methylation and histone modifications [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B. Duplicated pseudogenes: DNA duplication generates a more-or-less faithful copy of the original gene, including introns and, in many cases, promoter and other transcriptional regulatory elements. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Loss of function of the p16 gene has been reported to occur mainly by homozygous deletion, mutation or aberrant DNA methylation of the promoter of the region ( 5 - 8 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • The prevalence of BMP-2 promoter methylation was significantly greater and BMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in RCC samples as compared to normal kidney samples. (oncotarget.com)
  • Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between BMP-2 promoter methylation and mRNA transcription in tumors. (oncotarget.com)
  • Methylation of miRNA promoter regions, changing miRNA expression profiles and indirectly the expression of their targets. (epigenie.com)
  • We identified a significant positive relationship between the rate of coding variation and alterations of methylation at the promoter level. (upf-csic.es)
  • Third, we identified subtype-specific differential methylation in promoter and enhancer regions that were strongly correlated with gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Knock-down and pharmacologic inhibition of DNMT3B in T-ALL reduced cell proliferation associated with genome-wide changes in DNA methylation, indicating a tumor promoter function during tumor maintenance. (diagenode.com)
  • suggested that the relationship between carcinogenesis and methylation was mainly through the following ways: firstly, the hypomethylation of the oncogene promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Secondly, the locally hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor gene promoter, and thirdly, 5mC-containing-DNA sequences or direct mutations exposed to ultraviolet light or other carcinogens [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2012) Inactivation of the putative suppressor gene DOK1 by promoter hypermethylation in primary human cancers. (who.int)
  • Most importantly, our DNA methyltransferase loss-of-function analysis indicates that DNA methylation influences early monkey embryogenesis. (nature.com)
  • To explore the effect of DNA methyltransferase, demethylase and methyl-CpG binding protein MeCP2 on the expressions and methylation of hMSH2 and proto-oncogene in human gastric cancer. (wjgnet.com)
  • DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A)-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has a poor prognosis, but the exact mechanism is still unclear. (frontiersin.org)
  • About 25% of AML cases are accompanied by DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) molecular mutation. (frontiersin.org)
  • DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is the major methyltransferase in mammals and genetic inactivation of the Dnmt1 gene causes demethylation that results in cell death in tissue culture and embryonic lethality of homozygous mutant mice at E8.5 (Li et al. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Knockout studies in mice have shown that loss of DNMT1 (the maintenance methyltransferase) and DNMT3B ( de novo methylation) leads to a complete loss of DNA methylation and a severe reduction in cell growth. (epigenie.com)
  • Here, we report that in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and Burkitt's lymphoma the MYC oncogene causes overexpression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and 3B, which contributes to tumor maintenance. (diagenode.com)
  • Here we report genome-wide composition, patterning, and stage-specific dynamics of DNA methylation in pre-implantation rhesus monkey embryos as well as male and female gametes studied using an optimized tagmentation-based whole-genome bisulfite sequencing method. (nature.com)
  • However, the dynamics of DNA methylation changes between humans and their closest relatives is still poorly understood. (upf-csic.es)
  • We found that cellular senescence and tumor regression upon MYC inactivation in T-ALL was associated with genome-wide changes in 5mC and 5hmC patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By utilizing a tetracycline-regulated MYC transgene in a mouse T-ALL (EμSRα-tTA;tet-o- MYC) and human Burkitt's lymphoma (P493-6) model, we demonstrated that DNMT1 and DNMT3B expression depend on high MYC levels, and that their transcription decreased upon MYC-inactivation. (diagenode.com)
  • Epigenetics acts through two mechanisms: (1) modifications to chromosomal proteins that alter the 3D conformation of the genome and/or protein-DNA interactions and (2) chemical modification of the DNA strand itself ( Kondo, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In contrast, reduced levels of methylation have been observed in a wide variety of tumors and complete demethylation in vivo causes embryonic death (Li et al. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Solid tumors release cells and DNA fragments into the blood stream and these can be used as surrogate markers for metastatic tumors. (epigenie.com)
  • Somatic changes in the WRN gene are found in nonhereditary tumors and involve a process called methylation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Change in the 3D structure of DNA is enacted via post-translational modifications of the histone proteins at the center of the simplest DNA structure, the nucleosome. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our finding that MYC directly deregulates the expression of TET1 and TET2 in T-ALL provides novel evidence that MYC controls DNA (hydroxy)methylation in a genome-wide fashion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We provide novel evidence that MYC directly deregulates the expression of both de novo and maintenance DNMTs, showing that MYC controls DNA methylation in a genome-wide fashion. (diagenode.com)
  • Although the genome-wide DNA demethylation is believed to be a hallmark of mammalian embryogenesis, previous study also indicated that the somatic form of dnmt1 ( dnmt1s ) is actually expressed at each stage of pre-implantation embryos and plays a role in the maintenance of DNA imprinting 8 . (nature.com)
  • Materials and Methods: To investigate both the presence of numerical abnormalities of chromosome 9 and p16 gene alterations in ovarian cancer, we studied 28 cases by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique using a DNA p16 probe and an a-satellite probe specific for chromosome 9. (iiarjournals.org)
  • DNA alterations and immunohistochemistry of cell-type markers PDX1, ARX, and SOX9 were utilized to further characterize PanNECs and their cell of origin in the pancreas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In an effort to study the effect of changed methylation levels in vivo and its effect on disease progression, we developed a genetic approach to study the effect of hypomethylation during embryogenesis and adulthood. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Cancer is a complex genetic disease caused by abnormal alteration (mutations) in DNA sequences that leads to dyregulation of normal cellular processes thereby driving tumor growth. (intechopen.com)
  • Pseudogenes can be defined as the remnants of once-coding DNA sequences that have undergone a more or less significant loss of their ability to encode for any product. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Sophisticated techniques detecting methylated DNA sequences or tumor cells allow studying methylation profiles and possible prognostic factors in various types of cancer. (epigenie.com)
  • DNA sequences were aligned by using DNASTAR geria, Peru, and Russia ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Carcinogenesis is accompanied by widespread DNA methylation changes within the cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • Exposure to BaP induced DNA damage directly, or oxidative stress-related damage, resulting in cell apoptosis and carcinogenesis in human respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system, etc. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we show that high-mobility group AT-hook 2 protein (HMGA2) induces DNA nicks at the transcription start site, which are required by the histone chaperone FACT complex to incorporate nucleosomes containing the histone variant H2A.X. Further, phosphorylation of H2A.X at S139 (γ-H2AX) is required for repair-mediated DNA demethylation and transcription activation. (nature.com)
  • DNA methylation in prokaryotes plays a significant role in the regulation of transcription, the initiation of replication and in Dam-directed mismatch repair. (archive.org)
  • Without normal Werner protein in the nucleus, DNA replication, repair, and transcription are disrupted. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 13 14 Although p16 INK4a is most frequently inactivated by homozygous deletion, point mutations or somatic methylation of 5′ regulatory regions are also important mechanisms of gene inactivation. (bmj.com)
  • These had all been previously screened for the presence of p53 mutations in exons 2 and 4-11 by single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing as previously described. (bmj.com)
  • The increased cancer risk is due to inherited mutations that degrade the self-repair capability of DNA. (medscape.com)
  • We show that upon fertilization, both paternal and maternal genomes undergo active DNA demethylation, and genome-wide de novo DNA methylation is also initiated in the same period. (nature.com)
  • Interestingly, TGFB signaling has been reported to induce active DNA demethylation with the involvement of thymidine DNA glycosylase (TDG) 17 . (nature.com)
  • Active DNA demethylation also requires GADD45A (growth arrest and DNA damage protein 45 alpha) and TET1 (ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1), which sequentially oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) 18 , 19 and are cleared through DNA repair mechanisms. (nature.com)
  • By the 8-cell stage, remethylation becomes more pronounced than demethylation, resulting in an increase in global DNA methylation. (nature.com)
  • DNA demethylation can either be passive or active [ 11 ], which is regulated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes [ 113 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA methylation is known to be abnormal in all forms of cancer, but it is not really understood how this occurs and what is its role in tumorigenesis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In this review article, we have adopted a developmental approach for understanding what DNA methylation actually does, and this suggests new concepts for the role of this modification in tumorigenesis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • One well-established mechanism of this increased activity is through the inactivation of Suppressor of Fused (SUFU), a negative regulator of the Hh pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • and a transcriptional repression domain (TRD) composed of 104 amino acids The MBD domain forms a wedge and attaches to the methylated CpG sites on the DNA strands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Research suggests that the Werner protein first unwinds the DNA and then removes abnormal DNA structures that have been accidentally generated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Reduced expression of MECP2 in Mecp2+/- neural stem cells causes an increase in senescence, impairment of proliferative capacity and accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was concluded that reduced MECP2 expression causes reduced capacity to repair DNA and this likely contributes to neurological decline. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the recent examples was a 2003 paper by Hirotsune and colleagues in Nature, which reported that alteration of the pattern of expression of a purported mouse pseudogene (i.e. an apparently inactivated, non-functional gene, part of the so-called "junk DNA") results unexpectedly in the modification of the activity of its functional counterpart, leading to a series of dramatic developmental defects. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Expression and CpG methylation of the BMP-2 gene were analyzed using RCC cell lines, and 96 matched RCC and normal renal tissues. (oncotarget.com)
  • Aberrant BMP-2 methylation and the resultant loss of BMP-2 expression may be a useful molecular marker for designing improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for RCC. (oncotarget.com)
  • Consequently, MYC inactivation led to an inverse expression pattern, decreasing TET1 , while increasing TET2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It uses proven REPLI-g technology and has been adapted to the specific requirements of bisulfite converted DNA (smaller DNA fragment size and altered nucleotide composition due to bisulfite conversion), while maintaining the converted sequence representation. (qiagen.com)
  • The EpiTect Whole Bisulfitome Kit has been specially developed using proven REPLI-g technology and has been adapted to the special requirements of bisulfite converted DNA (smaller DNA fragment size and changed nucleotide composition due to bisulfite conversion), while maintaining the converted sequence representation. (qiagen.com)
  • DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Methylation is a chemical modification that attaches small molecules called methyl groups to certain segments of DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The ability of circulating tumor DNA liquid biopsy assays to monitor cancer in situ also allows for the ability to monitor response to therapy, to detect minimal residual disease and as an early biomarker for cancer recurrence. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review will summarize existing DNA methylation cancer biomarkers used in clinical practice across the application domains above, discuss what makes a suitable DNA methylation cancer biomarker, and identify barriers to translation. (frontiersin.org)
  • ASC/TMS1 tumor specific methylation may be a useful biomarker for designing improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for RCC. (oncotarget.com)
  • Our finding that a coordinated interplay between the components of the DNA methylating machinery contributes to MYC-driven tumor maintenance highlights the potential of specific DNMTs for targeted therapies. (diagenode.com)
  • In view of the comparable biological and phenotypic features of p53 and p16 INK4a inactivation, we proposed that germline inactivation of the p16 INK4a gene could account for the predisposition to cancer development in a proportion of LFS families that harboured wild type p53 . (bmj.com)
  • This allows DNA methylation cancer biomarkers to be suitable for early detection and also to have utility across a range of areas relevant to cancer detection and treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • DBC1 promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer by positively regulating DNA binding and stability of AR-V7. (cancerindex.org)
  • DNA methylation (reversible) is the dominant factor that is deregulated in cancer. (epigenie.com)
  • Our data suggests that DNA methylation in large contiguous gene clusters can be potential prognostic markers of breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such quantitative approaches are thus able to provide more insights into the role of DNA methylation in the development of various diseases such as cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A uniquely processive DNA polymerase with a 3'→5' exonuclease proofreading activity maintains high fidelity during the replication process. (qiagen.com)
  • Cheng WH, Muftuoglu M, Bohr VA. Werner syndrome protein: functions in the response to DNA damage and replication stress in S-phase. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The dis- amplifi cation and DNA sequencing were performed twice ease may occur in epidemics when social, economic, or po- for each gene of each R. prowazekii strain. (cdc.gov)
  • However, robust and large-scale genome-wide reprogramming of DNA methylome occurs during two critical developmental processes: (1) development of primordial germ cells and (2) pre-implantation embryogenesis. (nature.com)
  • DNA methylation is a reversible process which typically occurs at CpG dinucleotides. (epigenie.com)
  • DNA methylation occurs mainly at CpG-rich 'CpG islands' and surrounding 'CpG-shore' regions, where more than 60% of them are located in 5′ promoters [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We therefore decided to investigate comprehensively the global and high-resolution DNA methylation dynamics during early development of a non-human primate (rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta ). (nature.com)
  • Monkeys have served as one of the most valuable models for understanding DNA methylation dynamics during early embryogenesis in human due to their similarities in genetics and early embryonic development 17 , 18 . (nature.com)
  • The DNA methylation pattern of the entire organism is generated in a programmed manner during normal development. (aacrjournals.org)
  • It reveals a coordinated interplay between the components of the DNA (de)methylating machinery that contribute to MYC-driven tumor maintenance, highlighting the potential of specific TET enzymes for therapeutic strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In prokaryotes and viruses, it provides defence mechanisms against extragenous DNA. (archive.org)