• The aims of this study were to determine (1) the responses of C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons to gastric distension and (2) the relative contribution of vagal and spinal visceral afferent pathways for transmission of gastric input to the upper cervical spinal cord. (okstate.edu)
  • Results of these data supported the concept that a group of C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons might play a role in processing sensory information from the stomach that travels in vagal and spinal visceral afferent fibers. (okstate.edu)
  • Alpha motor neurons are responsible for conducting motor impulses at 70 to 120 m/s and Abeta or A-alpha fibers with a similar conduction speed are used in the afferent pathway of vibration sense and proprioception. (netlify.app)
  • Presynaptic inhibition: primary afferent depolarization in crayfish neurons. (stanford.edu)
  • Some of these spindle afferents synapse on second-order neurons which conduct the stretch information up the spinal cord to the cerebellum and even the cerebral cortex. (humanneurobiology.com)
  • Other spindle afferents directly excite large alpha motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle fibers. (humanneurobiology.com)
  • If tone in a particular muscle decreases, allowing the muscle to lengthen, the spindles become stretched and trigger increased impulse firing in the spindle afferents, thereby increasing the firing rate of the alpha motor neurons to that same muscle and causing it to contract. (humanneurobiology.com)
  • Mossy fibers (also in red) can project directly from the VG neurons to the cerebellum (in which case they are called primary afferents), or indirectly via vestibular nuclei within the brainstem (secondary afferents). (elifesciences.org)
  • These experiments showed that the primary afferents largely originated at the three semi-circular canals of the vestibular system, and that the dendrites of the VG neurons mostly had a dimorphic morphology (see Figure 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Relay system by relay neurons (also called interneurons ), which transmit impulses between the sensory and motor neurones. (wikidoc.org)
  • These unmyelinated C-fibers transmit itch impulses to the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord, 3 where they synapse with itch-specific secondary neurons. (asahq.org)
  • He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)
  • Among motor symptoms and signs, the cardinal ones (bradykinesia, rest tremor, and rigidity) are mainly ascribed to the loss of dopaminergic neurons [ 4 ], but those involving posture, balance, and gait are largely secondary to degeneration of nondopaminergic pathways and significantly contribute to impairment and disability in advanced PD patients [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Small myelinated fibers transmit preganglionic autonomic efferents (B fibers) and somatic afferents (A delta fibers). (medscape.com)
  • Unmyelinated (C) fibers transmit postganglionic autonomic efferents as well as somatic and autonomic afferents. (medscape.com)
  • The somatosensory pathway consists of fibers that carry information for pain, temperature, touch, position and vibration. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • They demonstrate a relationship between positive hedonic sensation and coding at the level of these peripheral afferent nerves, suggesting that C-tactile fibers contribute critically to pleasant touch. (dericbownds.net)
  • When stretched, muscle spindles become activated, causing an increase in the impulse firing rate of afferent nerve fibers from the spindles to the spinal cord. (humanneurobiology.com)
  • Another neural pathway controls the blink reflex, via trigeminal afferents and the somatic efferent fibers of the seventh cranial nerve. (drgrant.net)
  • This pathway, which contains both facilitatory and inhibitory fibers, together with its adjacent nucleus, extends from the junction of the pons and medulla to the uppermost segments (C2 or C3) of the spinal cord (as evidenced by the relief of facial pain after medullary trigeminal tractotomy). (mhmedical.com)
  • The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)
  • The afferent input from these fibers inhibits propagation of nociception carried in the small, unmyelinated C fibers by blocking transmission along these fibers to the target or T cells located in the substantia gelatinosa (laminae 2 and 3) of the dorsal horn. (medscape.com)
  • The proposed mechanism for closing the gate is inhibition of the C-fiber nociception by impulses in activated myelinated fibers. (medscape.com)
  • At gross anatomy, the nervous system can be grouped in distinct organs, these being actually stations which the neural pathways cross through. (wikidoc.org)
  • The emetic center can be activated by afferent neural pathways from digestive (eg, pharynx, stomach, small bowel) and nondigestive (eg, heart, testes) organs, the chemoreceptor trigger zone located in the area postrema on the floor of the 4th ventricle (containing dopamine and serotonin receptors), and other central nervous system centers (eg, brain stem, vestibular system). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pathways for ocular pain originate from a peripheral stimulus that then travels to the central nervous system along the afferent pathway. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To review vergence-mediated gain increase (VMGI) testing methods stimuli and responses (latency and amplitude), peripheral/central pathways and clinical relevance. (bvsalud.org)
  • It has short-latency, non-compensatory amplitude, and relies on irregularly discharging peripheral afferents and their pathways. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results indicate that C-tactile afferents constitute a privileged peripheral pathway for pleasant tactile stimulation that is likely to signal affiliative social body contact. (dericbownds.net)
  • Specific modalities can be associated with unique peripheral receptors, peripheral axons of stereotyped diameter and specific central projection pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)
  • These nerves may be divided for our present purpose into two main groups-afferent and autonomic. (deepdyve.com)
  • Some evidence shows that the upper cervical spinal cord might play an important role in propriospinal processing as a sensory filter and modulator for visceral afferents. (okstate.edu)
  • The generation of a spinal nerve impulse from an external stimulus is called transduction. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • The afferent signal travels across the sensory nerve to the relay synapses in the spinal cord, a process called conduction. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Schematic Of Ascending (sensory) And Descending (motor) Pathways Between The Brain And The Spinal Cord. (australiaessaywriting.com)
  • Sympathetic ganglia comprises the thousands of afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies that run along either side of the spinal cord, connecting major organ systems, such as the renal system, to the spinal cord and brain. (nih.gov)
  • The goal of this proposal is to determine how the spinal cord processes cardiac afferent impulses during myocardial ischemia and to explain how neuromodulation therapies reduce ventricular arrhythmias, leading to their more effective and expansive use. (grantome.com)
  • SCS and DRG stimulation, reduce sympathetic output through induction of GABA signaling pathways in the spinal cord, reducing ventricular excitability and arrhythmias after chronic MI. (grantome.com)
  • Thus, modulation of cardiac afferent neural inputs to the spinal cord presents a novel target for suppression of excessive sympathetic reflex activation and cardiac arrhythmias. (grantome.com)
  • Specific aims 1 is designed to provide a mechanistic understanding of the role of spinal cord processing of afferent cardiac neural inputs. (grantome.com)
  • The perceptions of pressure, texture, taste and temperature are transmitted up to the brain (via the afferent nerve pathways), and down to the relevant muscles (via the efferent nerve pathways). (iqoro.com)
  • The NTS is the core that gathers all incoming sensory signals from the oral cavity and pharynx via the afferent nerve pathways, and transmits them either to the brain's cortex or directly to the network-like system in the brain stem called the Formatio Reticularis (FR). (iqoro.com)
  • Damage to the nerve pathways in the afferent system causes decrease or loss of vision, or blind spots in the visual fields. (omrf.org)
  • Nociceptive pain, which is usually transient, arises from the activation of nociceptors-the sensory receptors by which a nerve impulse is triggered-by actual or threatened damaging stimuli. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • 4 Neural impulses respond to stimuli at the ocular surface-most notably at the cornea, the most innervated area of the body-and then project information from external stimuli to the central nervous system. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Again the rhyth mic movements of breathing are certainly carried out after division of a very large number of the afferent pathways which might play upon the respiratory centre and as every surgeon knows they persist in a stage of anaesthesia which is deep enough to abolish all reaction to painful stimuli. (kazanmedjournal.ru)
  • The habenulotectal tract ( A8 ) transmits olfactory impulses to the superior colliculi. (brainkart.com)
  • His Ph.D. thesis Studies on the trigeminal nerve with particular reference to the pathway for painful afferent impulses was supervised by S. Walter Ranson (1880-1942). (wikipedia.org)
  • The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways. (lookformedical.com)
  • These afferent nerves transmit this stimulation to the brain. (iqoro.com)
  • Efferent tracts, composed of short neurones which pass downward through brain stem and cord, are assumed for both anterior and posterior complexes, but in the ease of the posterior group a sympathetic pathway was actually followed by Beattie, Brow and Long' from this region down the posterior longitudinal bundle and cervical cord, through the second, third and fourth thoracic anterior roots to the stellate ganglion and thence to the heart. (baillement.com)
  • Striated muscle is active only when impulses reach it along the nerves, but other kinds of muscle, cardiac and unstriated become active and inactive without nervous intervention and without obvious change in the external environment. (kazanmedjournal.ru)
  • The model describes yoga practice as a comprehensive skillset of synergistic process tools that facilitate bidirectional feedback and integration between high- and low-level brain networks, and afferent and re-afferent input from interoceptive processes (somatosensory, viscerosensory, chemosensory). (frontiersin.org)
  • The afferent part of the pathway (red) refers to the nerve impulse/message sent from the pupil to the brain along the optic nerve when a light is shone in that eye. (cehjournal.org)
  • The efferent part of the pathway (blue) is the impulse/message that is sent from the mid-brain back to both pupils via the ciliary ganglion and the third cranial nerve (the oculomotor nerve), causing both pupils to constrict, even even though only one eye is being stimulated by the light. (cehjournal.org)
  • In the brain stem we find the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS), the afferent nucleus . (iqoro.com)
  • The habenula ( A1 ) with its af-ferent and efferent pathways forms a relay system in which olfactory impulses are transmitted to efferent (salivatory and motor) nuclei of the brain stem. (brainkart.com)
  • The efferent pathways extend into the mid-brain. (brainkart.com)
  • in other words must all nervous activity be of reflex origin or can it develop in some of the neurones of the brain and cord in the absence of all afferent impulses. (kazanmedjournal.ru)
  • This tone is ultimately controlled by impulses from the brain, though special receptors in the muscles themselves are also instrumental in its regulation. (humanneurobiology.com)
  • The field of neuro-ophthalmology deals with problems with vision such as information coming from the eyes to the brain (called the afferent system) and the brain control of eyes positioning and movement (called the efferent system). (omrf.org)
  • The researchers propose that this pattern of brain activation is "involved in sustaining cooperative social relationships, perhaps by labeling cooperative social interactions as rewarding, and/or by inhibiting the selfish impulse to accept but not reciprocate an act of altruism. (berkeley.edu)
  • To understand how the pupils react to light, it is important to understand the light reflex pathway (Figure 1). (cehjournal.org)
  • Currently, it is considered that waking tear flow is a reflex response to afferent impulses deriving particularly, but not entirely, from the ocular surface. (drgrant.net)
  • These efferent nuclei, in their turn, send impulses to the appropriate muscles and glands - the effect organs - that are to be activated. (iqoro.com)
  • In life it is continually played upon by the streams of afferent impulses which enter it from the sense organs and the movements which it produces are related, directly or indirectly, to these incoming messages. (kazanmedjournal.ru)
  • We will not discuss signal transduction pathways, enteric nervous systems related to controlling food intake, or neural signalling pathways in organs associated with the gastrointestinal tract such as liver or pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • 6. A comparison is made between the properties of hibituation and the homosynaptic depression of afferent to interneurone synapses that is presumed to be the physiological mechanism of habituation in this situation. (stanford.edu)
  • The primary afferents (red) form synapses with a type of unipolar brush cell (UBC) called an ON UBC, whereas secondary afferents form synapses with both ON UBCs (dark blue) and OFF UBCs (light blue). (elifesciences.org)
  • The hypothalamus is a key region which possesses reciprocal connections between the higher cortical centres such as reward-related limbic pathways, and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
  • It may be that forebrain and thalamus form stations on the pathway from periphery to hypothalamic centres, but it is also evident that what may be considered afferent impulses reach these centres through the blood stream. (baillement.com)
  • Pleasant touch sensations may begin with neural coding in the periphery by specific afferents. (dericbownds.net)
  • Neuronal organization of crayfish escape behavior: inhibition of giant motoneuron via a disynaptic pathway from other motoneurons. (stanford.edu)
  • In this proposal, it is hypothesized that unique cardiospinal neural networks integrate the cardiac afferent signals during myocardial ischemia (MI) and control sympathoexcitation, thereby modulating arrhythmogenesis. (grantome.com)
  • 2. An inhibitory interneuron in the pathway has been identified. (stanford.edu)
  • The projections appear to exert an inhibitory effect on dPAG by suppressing PAG afferents, and thus inhibiting instinctual behaviour. (uk.com)
  • The afferent tracts so far demonstrated to these centres are chiefly derived from the diencephalon and from the forebrain. (baillement.com)
  • Here it appears that the motor centres in the cord become active and inactive with a definite rhythm although they are out of the reach of afferent messages. (kazanmedjournal.ru)
  • In addition, there are normally relatively few synaptic connections in the pathway from sensory input to motor output and these connections, often involving an electrical component, have a high fidelity to ensure fail safe transmission. (biologists.com)
  • The IPSP is produced by a disynaptic pathway from the nongiant fast flexor motoneurons to the motor giant. (stanford.edu)
  • 4. A single impulse in the inhibitor can produce a prolonged IPSP in the motor giant. (stanford.edu)
  • Intermediate and advanced PD stages are characterized by motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, which depend on complex mechanisms secondary to severe nigrostriatal loss and to the problems related to oral levodopa absorption, and motor and nonmotor symptoms and signs that are secondary to marked dopaminergic loss and multisystem neurodegeneration with damage to nondopaminergic pathways. (hindawi.com)
  • Proprioceptive afferents from facial muscles and the masseter also ascend to terminate in the mesencephalic nucleus. (mhmedical.com)
  • An effective corrective exercise program must, therefore, influence both the structural anatomy and the neurological system via the efferent and afferent pathways. (functionfirst.com)
  • The purpose of this review is to facilitate an understanding of the pathways and mediators involved in the development and central transmission of the itch sensation, to describe the methods available to evaluate itch, and to provide a basis for its rational therapy. (asahq.org)
  • Primary and secondary afferents from the vestibular system to the cerebellum. (elifesciences.org)
  • The 'swinging light test' is used to detect a relative afferent pupil defect (RAPD): a means of detecting differences between the two eyes in how they respond to a light shone in one eye at a time. (cehjournal.org)
  • A positive RAPD means there are differences between the two eyes in the afferent pathway due to retinal or optic nerve disease. (cehjournal.org)
  • Soft brush stroking on hairy skin was perceived as most pleasant when it was delivered at velocities that were most effective at activating C-tactile afferents (1-10 cm s-1), with a linear correlation between C-tactile impulse frequency and pleasantness ratings. (dericbownds.net)
  • The use of specifically placed small electrodes to deliver electrical impulses across the SKIN to relieve PAIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although much is known about the activation of escape circuitry by the primary afferent inputs that signal approach of predators, such as acoustic,acousticolateralis, visual and mechanosensory inputs, far less is known about how the same circuits are engaged by abiotic stressors such as high or low temperature, or anoxia. (biologists.com)
  • However, there is much about the pathways connecting the vestibular system and cerebellum that is not fully understood: for instance, how is information from the vestibular system processed once it reaches the cerebellum? (elifesciences.org)
  • We found that during soft brush stroking, low-threshold unmyelinated mechanoreceptors (C-tactile), but not myelinated afferents, responded most vigorously at intermediate brushing velocities (1-10 cm s -1 ), which were perceived by subjects as being the most pleasant. (dericbownds.net)
  • In mice who suffered from social defeat, caused by being repeatedly beaten in confrontations with other mice, the team found that the pathway between the mPFC and dPAG becomes weakened, and this results in the mice acting more scared. (uk.com)
  • Conclusions The lateral arcading branches of the DNP provide a sensory pathway on the ventral and lateral penile shaft, and the termination of the fibres at the corpus spongiosum is consistent with pudendal innervation of the penile urethra. (cirp.org)