• In addition, infection with S pyogenes has reemerged as an important cause of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and of life-threatening skin and soft-tissue infections, especially necrotizing fasciitis. (medscape.com)
  • The increasing rate of CA-MRSA infections in many areas, coupled with the organism's unique pattern of virulence, clinical picture, and antimicrobial resistance, has important implications for treatment and infection control measures and acts as a serious challenge for the clinician [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the last decades, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), especially Staphylococcus epidermidis have become an important cause of bloodstream infections. (scielo.br)
  • One of the most prevalent foodborne infections, Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), is highly dangerous and endangers both human and animal health ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • IntroductionMethicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major human pathogen associated with nosocomial and community infections. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a variety of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a variety of nosocomial and community-acquired infections ranging from mild to life -threatening diseases [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative human pathogen and the casual agent of a diverse array of diseases, including superficial skin and wound-related tissue infections, food poisoning, bacteremia, endocarditis and pneumonia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pyodermitis are primary skin infections mainly caused by pyogenic bacteria of the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera. (scielo.br)
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are bacteria which in humans can cause wound infections, inflammation of the respiratory tract and other infections. (bund.de)
  • Hemoglobin genotype, then, is a potentially important factor to consider during treatment of infections. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen, which causes a wide range of infections. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • For example, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans and caused more than 100,000 deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance in 2019. (fems-microbiology.org)
  • In several nosocomial pathogens, mutations leading to elevated (p)ppGpp levels have been associated with persistent infections. (fems-microbiology.org)
  • 2016) Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Associated With Healthcare-Associated Infections: Summary of Data Reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011-2014. (hartmann-science-center.com)
  • Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B Streptococcus, is a human pathogen recognized worldwide for neonatal mortality as well as infections in pregnant women and debilitated adults with significant mortality. (fapesp.br)
  • Multi-resistant and virulent strains of MRSA have spread in many hospitals around the world and there are few therapies available to treat infections caused by this pathogen. (fapesp.br)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen related to a variety of life-threatening infections but for which antimicrobial resistance is liming the treatment options. (nature.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is an important human opportunistic pathogen involved in a wide range of human infections. (nature.com)
  • The remaining primary skin infections of nocardiosis manifest as pustules, abscesses, or cellulitis and often mimic disease caused by more common organisms, such as Staphylococcus species. (medscape.com)
  • Now, with the increasing use of implanted medical equipment, they have become leading pathogens for nosocomial infections owing to their ability to form biofilms on foreign material [1,2]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Collectively, S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus account for the majority of foreign body and premature neonatal infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Nosocomial infections can occur when a pathogen - an organism that can cause disease - spreads to a susceptible host. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Nosocomial infections can be classified into different types based on the site of infection, the type of pathogen, and the source or mode of transmission. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Cistus villosus and Cistus monspeliensis, two species native to Morocco, have been shown to be antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus, which is the bacterium responsible for causing Staph infections. (theorganicskincare.com)
  • European resistance monitoring of invasive infections, coordinated by ECDC, a programme that has an important role in informing about the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance in Europe. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • She began her CDC career in 2006 in the Epidemic Intelligence Service, where she spent two years with DHQP investigating the transmission of infectious pathogens in healthcare settings and evaluating prevention initiatives designed to reduce such infections. (cdc.gov)
  • and previously unknown infections may appear in humans living or working in changing ecologic conditions that increase their exposure to insect vectors, animal reservoirs, or environmental sources of novel pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Multiresistant bacterial pathogens that are insensitive to virtually all available antibiotics are one of the major public-health challenges of our time. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • In contrast, some bacterial pathogens (including Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri ) have mechanisms to escape from the phagosome and proliferate in the cytosol ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Targeting of bacterial pathogens by the autophagy machinery is often mediated by ubiquitination, a posttranslational modification ( 16 , 17 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Treatment of acute sinusitis consists of providing adequate drainage of the involved sinus and appropriate systemic treatment of the likely bacterial pathogens. (medscape.com)
  • This overview provides information on the most important bacterial pathogens for SSI. (hartmann-science-center.com)
  • Staphylococcus coagulase negativos (SCoN), especialmente Staphylococcus epidermidis tem se tornado causa importante de infecções da corrente circulatória nas últimas décadas. (scielo.br)
  • The resident flora consists mainly of Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus epidermidis), diphtheroids (Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium) and anaerobic rods (Propioni bacterium). (scielo.br)
  • The S. epidermidis group of coagulase-negative staphylococci are of particular importance. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Miliaria is not associated with non-EPS producing strains of S. epidermidis or another coagulase-negative staphylococcus, such as S. haemolyticus and S. hominis . (dermnetnz.org)
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common isolate in 2001 followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas in 2002 coliform bacteria were the highest, fol- lowed by P. aeruginosa. (who.int)
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis était l'isolat le plus fréquent en 2001, suivi de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, alors qu'en 2002, les colibacilles étaient les plus répandus, suivis de P. aeruginosa. (who.int)
  • Bacteria and parasites continue to be recognized as important causes of diarrhea worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Although uterine bacteria are likely to be introduced via the vaginal route, it has also been suggested that pathogens can be transferred to the uterus via a hematogenous route. (bvsalud.org)
  • Unlike antibiotics, which are broad-spectrum and can harm beneficial bacteria, phages are highly specific, targeting only the bacteria responsible for the infection. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
  • Researchers are developing CRISPR-Cas -based approaches to target and disrupt genes responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacteria [ 4 - 7 ]. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
  • These are designed to specifically target and cleave the DNA sequences responsible for antibiotic resistance, effectively rendering the bacteria sensitive to antibiotics once again. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
  • An investigation carried out by the Association for Environmental Protection and Nature Conservation (BUND) has caused a stir: on 10 out of 20 bought meat samples, ESBL producing bacteria were found, while two samples were contaminated with MRSA pathogens. (bund.de)
  • analysed the resistance situation for zoonotic pathogens and commensal bacteria. (bund.de)
  • Firmicutes, a group of Gram-positive bacteria that includes several important human pathogens, make exceptional use of the stringent response. (fems-microbiology.org)
  • In abdominal surgery, on the other hand, intestinal bacteria play a particularly important role for SSI. (hartmann-science-center.com)
  • Since the material properties of the implants favour the adhesion of bacteria (biofilm formation) fewer pathogens may be needed to cause an infection. (hartmann-science-center.com)
  • It received attention due to its antibiotic potency against several strains of bacteria including pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. (cipsm.de)
  • The use of antibiotics may also result in the emergence of strains of both helpful and harmful bacteria with genetic mutations that allow them to survive antibiotics," explains lead author David Smith, a PhD student at the Institut Pasteur and the CESP laboratory (Inserm/University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (USVQ)), France. (elifesciences.org)
  • By modelling how harmful, antibiotic-resistant bacteria interact with the microbiome and how antibiotic use changes those interactions, Smith and his colleagues show that antibiotic use plays an outsized role in increasing the abundance of drug-resistant pathogens. (elifesciences.org)
  • Next, the team simulated how well different prevention strategies might work to stop the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, including Clostridioides difficile , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , and multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. (elifesciences.org)
  • Our study reveals how important it is to consider the protective effects of a healthy microbiome when designing strategies to reduce the dissemination of drug-resistant strains of bacteria," concludes co-senior author Lulla Opatowski, Professor in Mathematical Epidemiology at UVSQ, and senior researcher in the Epidemiology and Modeling of Antibiotic Evasion group at the Institut Pasteur. (elifesciences.org)
  • The current study aimed to use Coagulase gene polymorphism to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) subtypes isolated from nasal carriers in Minia governorate, Egypt, evaluate the efficiency of these methods in discriminating variable strains, and compare these subtypes with antibiotypes. (hindawi.com)
  • MRSA was identified as a hospital acquired pathogen in the 1960s. (hindawi.com)
  • E. coli , C. diff and other standard organisms like MRSA (methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) and VRE (vancomycin-resistant Enterococci ) may linger and multiply on shared items. (beckershospitalreview.com)
  • EVS staff are crucial when it comes to controlling pHAIs, which include superbugs such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and COVID-19. (cleanlink.com)
  • What is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, more commonly known as MRSA? (cdc.gov)
  • And MRSA actually accounts for 9,000 deaths in the U.S. and 7,000 deaths in Europe, so it's definitely an important pathogen. (cdc.gov)
  • Orthopaedic surgeries carry a particularly high risk of osteomyelitis (bone infection due to spread from surrounding tissue, systemic bacteraemia, or direct bone trauma), which is mostly caused by S. aureus or coagulase-negative Staphylococci from the normal skin flora [3]. (hartmann-science-center.com)
  • All blood cultures cluding coagulase-negative staphylococci, are incubated at 35 °C for at least 2 weeks. (who.int)
  • As a result, the skin is physiologically colonised by a host of microorganisms , including at least 47 species of coagulase-negative staphylococci [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci are gram-positive, aerobic organisms distinguished from the closely related Staphylococcus aureus by the group's inability to form coagulase, an enzyme that promotes thrombus formation via the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin [2]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci are an important part of normal skin microbiota , and they also colonise mucous membranes in adults and children from a few weeks of age [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Until two decades ago, coagulase-negative staphylococci were commonly perceived as contaminants in clinical specimens. (dermnetnz.org)
  • 75% of coagulase-negative staphylococci in all clinical specimens [2]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci are implicated in the 'double-hit' phenomenon, a theory used to explain the cause of atopic dermatitis . (dermnetnz.org)
  • An understanding of the diverse nature of infectious disease complications attributable to this organism is an important cornerstone of pediatric medicine. (medscape.com)
  • Bloodstream in- pling date, organism identified and results fections are important causes of morbidity of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. (who.int)
  • An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • The Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) recommends that, to keep patients safe, healthcare facilities must maintain a clean environment and minimize the presence of pathogens. (cleanlink.com)
  • Our investigation demonstrates that although the metagenomic approach has promise, further refinement is needed before it can be used to confirm the presence of pathogens in environmental samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection with this pathogen is also causally linked to 2 potentially serious nonsuppurative complications: acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and acute glomerulonephritis . (medscape.com)
  • Identification and subtyping of such strains is very important to apply suitable infection control programs tocontrol MRSAspread [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • and infection or colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Clostridium difficile within the past year (independent of vancomycin treatment). (cdc.gov)
  • IRGs and GBPs belong to a family of GTPases that confer host cell resistance during infection by pathogens ( 22 - 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • How important the contribution of the infection sources food, production and domestic animals as well as livestock in agriculture is for the ESBL associated illness in humans cannot be evaluated on the basis of the currently available data. (bund.de)
  • In this manner, S. aureus is responsible for a variety of diseases ranging from mild food poisoning to deadly infection [3]. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • The identification of genes important to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in in vitro models mimicking infection. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Finally, in addition to the development of a model mimicking infection, and the identification of genes with a potentially important role in vivo, this thesis has enhanced our understanding of both methionine and lysine biosynthesis in S. aureus. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Adds Clarke, "Responsible for cleaning and disinfecting patient rooms, operating rooms, and common areas throughout hospitals, hygiene specialists are integral to enterprise-wide multimodal infection prevention and control. (cleanlink.com)
  • They depend on the type or source of infection, the pathogen that caused it, and whether the infection is viral, fungal, or bacterial. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Our approach can be divided into five broad components: number of deaths where infection played a role, proportion of infectious deaths attributable to a given infectious syndrome, proportion of infectious syndrome deaths attributable to a given pathogen, the percentage of a given pathogen resistant to an antibiotic of interest, and the excess risk of death or duration of an infection associated with this resistance. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Understanding the burden of AMR and the leading pathogen-drug combinations contributing to it is crucial to making informed and location-specific policy decisions, particularly about infection prevention and control programmes, access to essential antibiotics, and research and development of new vaccines and antibiotics. (ox.ac.uk)
  • F enterococci (VRE) have rapidly become established as and other antibiotic agents, including cephalosporins, quinolo- important nosocomial pathogens in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Consequently, the need for new strategies and methodologies to control infectious pathogens is increasing. (researchsquare.com)
  • When exploring the metabolite responsible for this activity, we found that a widespread class of Bacillus exopolysaccharide, levan, eliminated the pathogenic biofilm under evaluated conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • 10 kDa in size with 37-48 amino acids that inhibit growth of food spoilage organisms such as Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli (Rodrigues et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • The log counts population per million reads for all investigated pathogens (Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, generic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium (C. botulinum, C. perfringens), and Campylobacter (C.jejuni, C.coli, C.fetus)) were reduced from Arrival to Market-Ready samples mainly due to reduced diversity within the microbiome. (cdc.gov)
  • Further, the chemically synthesized antibiotics and their injudicious usage have resulted in emerging multidrug resistant pathogens and their devastating damage thereafter. (researchsquare.com)
  • One pathogen-drug combination, meticillin-resistant S aureus, caused more than 100 000 deaths attributable to AMR in 2019, while six more each caused 50 000-100 000 deaths: multidrug-resistant excluding extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E coli, carbapenem-resistant A baumannii, fluoroquinolone-resistant E coli, carbapenem-resistant K pneumoniae, and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant K pneumoniae. (ox.ac.uk)
  • mecA gene is considered one of the important virulence factors of S. aureus responsible for acquiring resistance against methicillin. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, as Wilson explains: "The genes necessary for resistance are often activated only when required (i.e., when the antibiotic is present in the environment), and so-called leader or signal peptides play an important role in this process. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • A special problem is the transferability of the genes responsible for the antimicrobial resistance between different bacterial groups. (bund.de)
  • However, resistance and therapeutic failure have already been observed and genes with mutations, such as liaFSR and yycFGHIJ have been suggested as responsible. (fapesp.br)
  • And it's actually very important because methicillin resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • Mechanisms of resistance in Gram negative organisms, mostly due to the production of ß-lactamases, are important to understand. (pedsoncologyeducation.com)
  • The Public Health Agency of Sweden is responsible for national monitoring of antibiotic resistance and sales of antibiotics in human medicine, with support from local and regional experts. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • This resistance to antimicrobial medicines is happening in all parts of the world for a broad range of pathogens, with an increasing prevalence that threatens human and animal health. (who.int)
  • [ 9 ] Alternatively, other non-necrotizing gram-negative bacilli (eg, Serratia marcescens) may be responsible for nosocomial pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • METHODS: We estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to and associated with bacterial AMR for 23 pathogens and 88 pathogen-drug combinations in 204 countries and territories in 2019. (ox.ac.uk)
  • For example, facultative pathogens only become problematic in combination with other factors such as the insertion of an implant [1]. (hartmann-science-center.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent causal agent of bovine mastitis, which is largely responsible for milk production losses worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since udder microbiota have important implications in mastitis pathogenesis, they offer opportunities to develop alternative prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, it is the primary pathogen responsible for mastitis in ruminants ( 2 ), which has a significant negative impact on milk supply and quality and results in significant financial losses for the dairy industry. (frontiersin.org)
  • Equitably, it is a relevant pathogen in animal health, with mastitis being the main source of economic losses in dairy herds of regions without control strategies. (fapesp.br)
  • More than 20 serologic groups have been identified and designated by letters (eg, A, B, C). Of the non-group A streptococci, group B is the most important human pathogen (the most common cause of neonatal sepsis and bacteremia ), although other groups (particularly group G) have occasionally been implicated as causes of pharyngitis . (medscape.com)
  • Cockroaches are one of the most important and frequent insects responsible for harboring, transmission and dissemination of human pathogens in the hospital environment. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a multi-host bacterial pathogen responsible for important human and livestock diseases. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Overall, our findings highlight the influence of human activities on the multi-host ecology of a major bacterial pathogen, underpinned by horizontal gene transfer and core genome diversification. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a widely distributed human pathogen capable of infecting almost every ecological niche of the host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because variations in human hemoglobin may affect IsdB's efficiency in binding hemoglobin, it is important to understand the specificity of IsdB to hemoglobin variants. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • There are serious data gaps in many low-income settings, emphasising the need to expand microbiology laboratory capacity and data collection systems to improve our understanding of this important human health threat. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Plants in the Cistus genus exert a number of powerful antibacterial and antifungal properties against pathogens that can cause serious human health problems. (theorganicskincare.com)
  • Understanding the ecology of foodborne pathogens within the meat industry is critical to mitigating this challenge. (cdc.gov)
  • The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, or NOD-like receptors (NLRs) (also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors), are intracellular sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that enter the cell via phagocytosis or pores, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are associated with cell stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process of intracellular degradation, recognized as an important defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens ( 15 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Intracellular pathogens are also detected via nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), a class of PRRs that reside in the cytosol ( 28 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, these genes were not found to be important in three murine pathogenicity models. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The capacity for some pathogens to jump into different host-species populations is a major threat to public health and food security. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Pathogen restriction is enhanced by the nutrient-limiting ability of the phagolysosome and the input of antimicrobial agents into the lumen, such as reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial species that colonizes over 30% of the American population [1]. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Specifically, identifying the origin of reads assigned to specific pathogen from a diverse environmental sample containing thousands other bacterial species can be difficult. (cdc.gov)
  • The commonalities present in the pathogenesis for both diseases serve as a starting point in understanding how they influence each other, and why it is important for dentists to work with physicians to set stricter HbA1c targets to facilitate periodontal health. (oatext.com)
  • Investigation of the beef supply-chain microbiome and pathogen controls. (cdc.gov)
  • Further, little is known about the interaction of pathogens within the microbiome throughout the whole meat production chain. (cdc.gov)
  • From an ecological perspective, data indicated that shotgun metagenomics can be used to evaluate not only the microbiome of samples collected from the beef production system, but also observe shifts in pathogen populations during the beef production chain over time. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent discoveries have implicated a number of 'new' (i.e., previously unrecognized) infectious agents as important causes of outbreaks of gastroenteritis. (cdc.gov)
  • It is called viral gastroenteritis when the pathogen is a virus and bacterial gastroenteritis when it … it's been a week. (ireggae.com)
  • In gastroenteritis, the pathogens can enter the GIT from various sources. (ireggae.com)
  • Khomeini Hospital was reviewed to identify patients who had nosocomial bacteraemia between 1 May 1999 and 31 May 2001 and identify the pathogen responsible and its resisitance to antibiotics. (who.int)
  • Sur 1 216 prélèvements recueillis sur les surfaces, matériel et solutions antiseptiques de différentes salles d'opération en 2001 et 2002, le taux de cultures positives était de 3,7 % en 2001 et de 4,0 % en 2002. (who.int)
  • Additionally, low coverage on pathogen whole genome is another limitation of current next generation sequencing technology for shotgun metagenomic data. (cdc.gov)
  • Aerobic gram-negative pathogens may be divided into 2 categories. (medscape.com)
  • Persistent pathogens are difficult to eradicate as they deploy many evasion strategies to the standard antimicrobial therapy. (fems-microbiology.org)
  • Phagocytosis can involve the recognition of pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the macrophage surface ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In cases of chronic paronychia, it is important that the patient avoid possible irritants. (aafp.org)
  • Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • A better understanding of this mechanism is an important step towards the development of new and more potent antibiotics," Wilson says. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • These mutations might have been selected because they provide the pathogen with the ability to evade the host immune response or to tolerate antibiotics. (fems-microbiology.org)
  • Numerous agencies and professional societies have tried to draw attention to the lack of new antibiotics, especially for MDR Gram-negative pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • have been reported as being responsible for The swabs obtained were cultured di- hospital contamination, particularly the op- rectly in prepared MacConkey and blood erating theatre, including unfiltered air, ven- agar media (Oxoid, England) by the tilation systems and antiseptic solutions [ 2 ]. (who.int)
  • Here, E. coli is the leading pathogen with 30% (NRZ) and 19.6% (NHSN) of SSI cases, followed by enterococci (NRZ 29%, NHSN 13.9%) [1, 2]. (hartmann-science-center.com)