Important hydroxylation. Medical search. Frequent questions

A novel monooxygenase gene, dipD, was crucial for the initial hydroxylation of DPA into 3HDPA and proposed to encode the key catalytic component of the multicomponent DPA monooxygenase. (bvsalud.org)
The genes responsible for the initial hydroxylation of DPA to 3-hydroxyl-dipicolinic acid were investigated in Alcaligenes faecalis strain JQ135. (bvsalud.org)

A combination of de novo transcriptome assembly and DGE analysis was shown to be a powerful method for identifying genes encoding enzymes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites in a non-model plant. (biomedcentral.com)
Enantiomeric separation and quantification of warfarin enantiomers and clinically important major hydroxylation metabolites are essential for drug interaction studies and phenotypic characterization of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, the major Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in warfarin metabolism. (austinpublishinggroup.com)

This hydroxylation allows for a later step called glycosylation which is what gives collagen its functional helix structure. (bodybuilding.com)
No hydroxylation means no glycosylation. (bodybuilding.com)
After synthesis is completed, proteins can be modified by various methods such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, ADP ribosylation, hydroxylation, and addition of other groups. (microbenotes.com)

The regulation of HIF-1α occurs at the posttranslational level involving modifications of hydroxylation, acetylation and phosphorylation ( 3 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Recently, prolyl hydroxylation was identified as a key regulatory event that targets the HIF-1alpha subunit for proteasomal degradation via the pVHL ubiquitination complex. (nih.gov)
The enzyme responsible for collagen maturation is prolyl 4-hydroxylase, making this enzyme a central activity in cuticle biosynthesis and a potentially important chemotherapeutic target. (embl.de)
Examples of a novel series of phenanthrolinones are shown to be potent competitive inhibitors of avian prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and of collagen hydroxylation, in embryonic chick tendon cells and human foreskin fibroblasts in vitro and in the oestradiol-stimulated rat uterus in vivo. (embl.de)
Taken with the present results, this suggests that the potential use of inhibitors of prolyl 4-hydroxylase to control excessive collagen deposition in pathological fibrosis may be limited by the need to maintain continuous inhibition of collagen hydroxylation so as to facilitate intracellular degradation of the accumulated protein. (embl.de)

Biocatalysts that perform C-H hydroxylation exhibit exceptional substrate specificity and site-selectivity, often through the use of high valent oxidants to activate these inert bonds. (nature.com)

Hydroxylation occurs at the γ-C atom, forming hydroxyproline (Hyp), which stabilizes the secondary structure of collagen due to the strong electronegative effects of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
Deprivation of ascorbate leads to deficiencies in proline hydroxylation, which leads to less stable collagen, which can manifest itself as the disease scurvy. (wikipedia.org)
Two compounds, Compound 1 (1,4-dihydrophenanthrolin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid) and Compound 5 [8-(N-butyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl)-1,4-dihydrophenathrolin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid], with comparable potencies in vivo, were chosen to investigate the effect of the inhibition of the hydroxylation of newly synthesized uterine collagen on the turnover of this protein in vivo. (embl.de)
Progressive hydroxylation of collagen over 48 h, as the inhibitory action of the compounds declined, was accompanied by a decreased loss of radiolabel from the uterine collagen. (embl.de)
At this stage, collagen needs to go through hydroxylation (see a trend here? (bodybuilding.com)

17α-Hydroxylase Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase Dopamine β-hydroxylase Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine hydroxylase One example of non-biological hydroxylation is the hydrogen peroxide hydroxylation of phenol to form hydroquinone. (wikipedia.org)
Hydroxylation, in this case, is the act of replacing lone hydrogens on the exposed proline and lysine amino acids with hydroxyl groups (an oxygen and hydrogen bonded). (bodybuilding.com)

One chemical reaction that mediates demethylation of both DNA and histones is hydroxylation, catalysed by Fe(II) and α-ketoglutarate (KG)-dependent hydroxylase/dioxygenase. (elsevierpure.com)

Whereas many hydroxylations insert O atoms into C−H bonds, some reactions add OH groups to unsaturated substrates. (wikipedia.org)
In biochemistry, hydroxylation reactions are often facilitated by enzymes called hydroxylases. (wikipedia.org)
This gene is important in steroidogenesis, regulating both glucocorticoid and androgen synthesis through catalysis of 17α-hydroxylation and 17,20 lyase reactions. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Despite the unprecedented variability of chemical reactions catalyzed by cytochromes P450, all the important features of their mechanism can be attributed to the oxidative transformations driven by the main catalytic intermediate, which is a ferryl-oxo heme complex with the porphyrin pi-cation radical, or Compound I (3, 4, 8). (schoolbag.info)

Tolbutamide is a sulfonylurea-type oral hypoglycemic agent whose action is terminated by hydroxylation of the tolylsulfonyl methyl moiety catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes of the human CYP2C subfamily. (aspetjournals.org)
Although most studies have implicated CYP2C9 as the exclusive catalyst of hepatic tolbutamide hydroxylation in humans, there is evidence that other CYP2C enzymes (e.g. (aspetjournals.org)
The intricate coordination of systems in the human body is seen in the process, catalyzed by enzymes , by which phenylalanine is degraded into tyrosine, which in turn is converted into the vitally important neurotransmitters and hormones dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Additionally, folic acid increases jejunal glycolytic enzymes and is involved in the desaturation and hydroxylation of long-chain fatty acids in the brain. (nih.gov)
These heme enzymes are found in most organisms from all biological kingdoms and catalyze various oxidative chemical transformations important for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, vitamins, signaling molecules, and many other compounds, as well as for the metabolism of xenobiotics. (schoolbag.info)

These residues are formed due to the hydroxylation of phenylalanine and tyrosine, a process in which the hydroxylation converts phenylalanine residues into tyrosine residues. (wikipedia.org)
This is very important in living organisms to help them control excess amounts of phenylalanine residues. (wikipedia.org)
Hydroxylation of tyrosine residues is also very vital in living organisms because hydroxylation at C-3 of tyrosine creates 3,4- dihydroxy phenylalanine (DOPA), which is a precursor to hormones and can be converted into dopamine. (wikipedia.org)
Two alpha-ketoglutarate dependent non-heme iron dioxygenases are responsible for the regulation of HIF-1 through hydroxylation of residues on the HIF-1a subunit. (umass.edu)

CYP1A2 inhibition can cause alteration of the metabolism of many important drugs like theophylline, clozapine, olanzapine, and caffeine [27]. (researchgate.net)
Inhibition of hydroxylation by more than 50% for approx. (embl.de)
Inhibition and induction of CYP2C9- and/or CYP3A4-mediated warfarin metabolism by co-administered drugs/diets the main culprit for many clinically important drug interactions [1]. (austinpublishinggroup.com)

The hydroxylation of proteins occurs as a post-translational modification, and is catalyzed by 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. (wikipedia.org)
Further hydroxylation occurs in the kidney to form the biologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D), also known as calcitriol. (vitamindwiki.com)

This compound promotes absorption of calcium and phosphate from the gut, contributes to extracellular calcium and phosphate homeostasis directly and through an interaction with parathyroid hormone (PTH), facilitates mineralisation of the skeleton, and is important for muscle function.4 In addition, almost every nucleated cell expresses the vitamin D receptor, and many extrarenal tissues have the capacity to make 1,25-(OH)2D. (vitamindwiki.com)
Vitamin D is an extremely important nutrient within the body, responsible for things like maintaining strong bones and supporting a healthy immune system. (bodybuilding.com)
Magnesium plays a key role in this activation through use as a co-factor in the vitamin D binding proteins as well as being required in the process of hydroxylation. (bodybuilding.com)
If there's no vitamin C around, there's no hydroxylation. (bodybuilding.com)
Increased 1,25(OH) 2 D levels can result from extrarenal 1α-hydroxylation or hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets. (medscape.com)
To achieve its biological function, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 requires two sequential hydroxylation steps from vitamin D3 catalyzed by 25-hydroxylase and 1 α -hydroxylase. (medscape.com)

The principal hydroxylation agent in nature is cytochrome P-450, hundreds of variations of which are known. (wikipedia.org)
Identification of the cytochrome P-450 isozymes responsible for testosterone oxidation in rat lung, kidney, and testis: evidence that cytochrome P-450a (P450IIA1) is the physiologically important testosterone 7 alpha-hydroxylase in rat testis. (wikigenes.org)

15%) inhibitory effect on S -mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation by purified CYP2C19 or hepatic microsomes containing CYP2C19. (aspetjournals.org)
Monospecific anti-CYP2C9 was also found to inhibit rates of tolbutamide hydroxylation by 93 ± 4 and 78 ± 6% in CYP2C19-deficient and CYP2C19-containing human liver microsomes, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
Taken together, our results indicate that both CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are involved in tolbutamide hydroxylation by human liver microsomes, and that CYP2C19 underlies at least 14 to 22% of tolbutamide metabolism. (aspetjournals.org)

Various other species utilize japonilure-type lactones that are produced by desaturation of fatty acids, followed by hydroxylation, chain shortening, and cyclization. (scienceopen.com)

The heme binding protein gene dipF, ferredoxin reductase gene dipG, and ferredoxin genes dipJ/dipK/dipL were also involved in the DPA hydroxylation and proposed to encode other components of the multicomponent DPA monooxygenase. (bvsalud.org)
Theoretical thinking on methane C-H bond activation and hydroxylation by soluble and particulate methane monooxygenase (iron and copper enzyme species) and relatedmetal-oxo species such as FeO+ is developed. (elsevierpure.com)
The hydroxylation mechanisms of soluble and particulate methane monooxygenase are considered. (elsevierpure.com)

One example is the hydroxylation of benzene by Fenton's reagent. (wikipedia.org)

However, in whole kidney homogenate a four-fold increase in the formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetrenoic acid was measured along with a three-fold increase in lipoxygenase derived hydroxylation and prostanoid production. (usda.gov)

Tryosine, one of the main precursors of catecholamines, is created from phenylalanine by hydroxylation via the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Although expression of CYP2C19 in human liver is less than that of CYP2C9, it may play an important role in tolbutamide disposition in subjects expressing either high levels of CYP2C19 or a catalytically deficient CYP2C9 enzyme. (aspetjournals.org)
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of TRYPTOPHAN to 5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. (harvard.edu)

In chemistry, hydroxylation can refer to: (i) most commonly, hydroxylation describes a chemical process that introduces a hydroxyl group (−OH) into an organic compound. (wikipedia.org)
12th Chemistry Important Questions Chapter 11. (studentsguide360.com)
2 Chemistry Important 2 Marks, 12th Chemistry Important 3 Marks, Chemistry Important 5 Marks Questions Based on reduced Syllabus 2021-2022. (studentsguide360.com)
HSC 12th Chemistry Revision Test Important Questions. (studentsguide360.com)

Moreover, the use of such correlation analyses for determining the metabolic specificity of CYP2C19 and/or CYP2C9 toward tolbutamide suffers from inherent limitations, including the inability to reveal strong relationships when allelic variants exist at a relatively high frequency, but contribute only slightly to tolbutamide hydroxylation. (aspetjournals.org)
Among these transcription factors, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is one of the most important factors that play a critical role in controlling oxygen delivery and metabolic adaptation to hypoxic conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
The transcriptome data from this study provides an important resource for understanding the formation of major bioactive constituents in the capsule extract from Uncaria , and provides information that may aid in metabolic engineering to increase yields of these important alkaloids. (biomedcentral.com)

It is important in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN. (harvard.edu)

In this report, we reveal an important function for ARD1 in mammalian cells as a protein acetyltransferase by direct binding to HIF-1alpha to regulate its stability. (nih.gov)
The biological process of addition of a hydroxy group to a protein amino acid is called Hydroxylation. (microbenotes.com)
Protein hydroxylation is one type of PTM that involves the conversion of -CH group into -COH group and these hydroxylated amino acids are involved in the regulation of some important factors called transcription factors. (microbenotes.com)

The control of oxygen delivery to cells in the body is the result of a small group of primary oxygen sensors, one of the most important of which is the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1). (umass.edu)

Hydroxylation is important in detoxification since it converts lipophilic compounds into water-soluble (hydrophilic) products that are more readily removed by the kidneys or liver and excreted. (wikipedia.org)
Drugs are an important cause of liver toxicity. (nova.edu)

With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, gene mutation detection has become another important resource to investigate regulatory mechanisms and cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
Of current debate are the factors separating halogenation and hydroxylation and in this thesis we have investigated the mechanisms of the nonheme iron halogenase (HctB) and hydroxylase (P4H) using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) to gain further insight into the bifurcation factors. (manchester.ac.uk)

CYP2C9 catalyzes the 6- and 7-hydroxylation of S -warfarin: with S-7-hydroxywarfarin (S-7-OH-warfarin) being the predominant metabolite: and the 4'-hydroxylation of R -warfarin [6]. (austinpublishinggroup.com)

A chelated Pd(II) complex catalyzes a coupling of organoborane reagents with cyclopropanol-derived β-ketone enolates to provide synthetically important β-aryl ketone intermediates in a chemoselective fashion. (organic-chemistry.org)

Complex sphingolipids are major components of eukaryotic membranes and play critical roles in many physiologically important events. (go.jp)

Hydroxylation is often the first step in the degradation of organic compounds in air. (wikipedia.org)

This proposal tests the paradigm-shifting hypothesis that mitochondrial-derived proteins (MPDs) play a previously unappreciated role in the regulation of cellular and organismal function, and that disregulation of MDPs is important in disease development. (nih.gov)

Proline hydroxylation is also a vital component of hypoxia response via hypoxia inducible factors. (wikipedia.org)
Hypoxia is an important micro-environmental factor in promoting tumor progression. (spandidos-publications.com)

An important feature in the reaction is the spin crossover between the high-spin and low-spin potential energy surfaces in particular in the C-H activation process, the energy barrier of which is significantly decreased by the spin inversion. (elsevierpure.com)

Cholesterol-related disorders have been associated with sEH, which plays an important role in the metabolism of cholesterol precursors. (frontiersin.org)

However, recent studies indicated that these structural modifications of complex sphingolipids are important for many cellular functions. (go.jp)

This review highlights the important role of Erythrina species as sources of lead compounds or new class of phytotherapeutic agents for fighting against major public health (MDR infections, cancer, diabetes, obesity) in Sub-Saharan Africa. (scialert.net)

Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. (bvsalud.org)

Considering the abundance of cholesterol in the CNS, it is important to further investigate the role of sEH in the brain cholesterol pathway. (frontiersin.org)

Some species that are geographically and/or seasonally isolated utilize the same sex pheromone system, but chirality plays an important role in the isolation of the communication channels of two ruteline species, where one enantiomer is utilized as sex pheromone and the other is a behavioral antagonist. (scienceopen.com)

A direct metal-free α-hydroxylation of α-unsubstituted β-oxoesters and β-oxoamides using m -chloroperbenzoic acid as the oxidant enables straightforward metal-free access to important α-hydroxy-β-dicarbonyl moieties under mild reaction conditions. (organic-chemistry.org)

Folic Acid: Folic Acid is one of the important hematopoetic agents necessary for proper regeneration of the blood-forming elements and their function. (nih.gov)
12. Write the structure of the aldehyde, carboxylic acid and ester that yield 4-methylpent-2-en-1-ol. (studentsguide360.com)
Arachidonic acid-derived epoxides epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are important regulators of vascular homeostasis and inflammation, and therefore manipulation of their levels is a potentially useful pharmacological strategy. (usda.gov)
Picolinic acid (PA) is a natural toxic pyridine derivative as well as an important intermediate used in the chemical industry. (bvsalud.org)

Oxysterols, important regulators of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain, are affected by neurodegenerative diseases. (mdpi.com)

Another important class of radical substitutions involve aryl radicals. (wikipedia.org)
Some important exceptions involve the hydroperoxoferric complex, Compound 0, and perhaps the one-electron reduced Cpd I, ferryl oxo heme complex Compound II (1, 3, 4, 9). (schoolbag.info)

Given that methylation of chromatin is an important epigenetic mark involved in fundamental biological processes such as cell fate determination, understanding how chromatin methylation is dynamically regulated has implications for human diseases and regenerative medicine. (elsevierpure.com)
Important routes of human exposure are contaminated food and contact with dust found in households and workplaces. (cdc.gov)

There are important age-related variations in pharmacokinetics. (msdmanuals.com)

Due to the huge number of spores in the environment, DPA is also considered to be an important component of the global biomass carbon pool. (bvsalud.org)

These were important findings showing that the mechanism was general and functional in many different cell types. (sciencedaily.com)
Mechanistic aspects about methane hydroxylation by the bare transition-metal oxide ion FeO+ are analyzed by using density functional theory calculations. (elsevierpure.com)

Additionally, the halogen is highly important for biological activity and consequently pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries are interested in environmentally sustainable and economically viable methods to selectively halogenate various organic scaffolds used during organic synthesis. (manchester.ac.uk)

It is important to recognize that because of the biological activity of these contaminants, dose-response relationships obtained using technical grade methoxychlor may not be directly applicable to pure methoxychlor. (cdc.gov)

Prediction of the sensitizing capacity of a chemical is important to avoid outbreaks of ACD in the population. (cdc.gov)

The distinction between 'less serious' effects and 'serious' effects is considered to be important because it helps the users of the profiles to identify levels of exposure at which major health effects start to appear. (cdc.gov)

In vitro studies of monocytes/macrophages indicate that gamma interferon is an important regulator of 1α-hydroxylase but only when other key signaling pathways are also activated (eg, JAK-STAT and MAP-Kinase). (medscape.com)

These cells debride the wound on the microscopic level and produce a wide variety of important substances, such as IL-1 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). (medscape.com)

It is important to refer to each specific laboratory's reference range before interpreting a test result. (medscape.com)

We treat every type of cancer, including the most important one: yours. (mskcc.org)

Anatomy3

Organisms2

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes14

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Initial hydroxylation2

Metabolites2

Glycosylation3

Phosphorylation1

Prolyl4

Selectivity1

Collagen5

Hydrogen2

Demethylation1

Reactions4

Enzymes5

Residues4

Inhibition3

Occurs2

Vitamin6

Cytochrome2

Microsomes3

Desaturation1

Monooxygenase3

Benzene1

Kidney1

Phenylalanine1

Enzyme2

Chemistry4

Metabolic3

Biosynthesis1

Protein3

Oxygen1

Liver2

Mechanisms2

CYP2C91

Catalyzes1

Physiologically important1

Degradation1

Regulation1

Hypoxia2

Activation1

Precursors1

Modifications1

Compounds1

Cellular1

Investigate1

Role1

Reaction1

Acid4

Regulators1

Involve2

Human2

Variations1

Carbon1

Functional2

Halogen1

Biological activity1

Chemical1

Major1

Studies1

Level1

Refer1

Type1