mortality
- Manning, Jessica E;Morens, David M;Kamhawi, Shaden;Valenzuela, Jesus G;Memoli, Matthew 2018-03-29 00:00:00 Abstract Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are taxonomically diverse causes of significant morbidity and mortality. (deepdyve.com)
- A significant contributor to this morbidity and mortality is the taxonomically diverse group of mosquito-borne viruses of increasing clinical importance (Table 1). (deepdyve.com)
- Ganjam virus (GANV), a tick-borne arbovirus of veterinary importance causing high morbidity and mortality to exotic and crossbred sheep and goats, is widely prevalent in India (1). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Malaria and leishmaniasis are widespread and cause severe morbidity and mortality in many countries. (medical-photographs.com)
- The disease is currently considered the most important arbovirus in the world in terms of morbidity, mortality and economic implications 3 . (scielo.br)
viral
- A similar approach using salivary proteins of important vector mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti, might protect against multiple mosquito-borne viral infections. (deepdyve.com)
- While Anopheles mosquitoes carry malaria, various viral infections and some types of filariasis, other viruses and filarias are transmitted by culicines. (medical-photographs.com)
- While the diagnosis of the viral and bacterial infections must be confirmed by appropriate serological and cultural techniques, the protozoal and helminthic infections are readily recognised, if not on clinical grounds alone, then by fairly simple techniques designed to demonstrate the presence of the actual causative parasites. (medical-photographs.com)
- The term arbovirus betrays a massive amount of biological and viral diversity and there are many different kinds of arboviruses. (academicblogs.co.uk)
- Viral and host factors that determine the infection outcome are analyzed in detail, as well as recent discoveries about avian immunity, viral transmission, and persistence achieved through experimental research. (mdpi.com)
- The social history of viruses describes the influence of viruses and viral infections on human history. (wikipedia.org)
- Louis Pasteur and Edward Jenner were the first to develop vaccines to protect against viral infections. (wikipedia.org)
- Smallpox, which is the most lethal and devastating viral infection in history, first emerged among agricultural communities in India about 11,000 years ago. (wikipedia.org)
- Other epidemics of viral diseases that depend on large concentrations of people, such as mumps, rubella and polio, also first occurred at this time. (wikipedia.org)
- The rare epidemics of viral diseases originating in animals would have been short-lived because the viruses were not fully adapted to humans and the human populations were too small to maintain the chains of infection. (wikipedia.org)
significant morbidity
- Chikungunya disease is rarely fatal but is associated with significant morbidity. (biomedcentral.com)
Flavivirus
- West Nile virus (WNV, Flaviviridae , Flavivirus ) is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus ( art hropod- bo rne virus ) widely distributed throughout the world and with considerable impact both on public health and on animal health [ 1 ]. (mdpi.com)
mosquito
- Mosquito Saliva: The Hope for a Universal Arbovirus Vaccine? (deepdyve.com)
- Viruses carried within mosquito saliva may more easily initiate host infection by taking advantage of the host's innate and adaptive immune responses to saliva. (deepdyve.com)
- What is alarming is that infections like WNV, spread by insects and ticks, are predicted to increase their distribution in the future, due to a number of factors that scientists are trying to understand i.e urbanisation, globalisation (one example being the spread of mosquito larvae with the tyre trade) and possibly climate change . (academicblogs.co.uk)
- To map mosquito infection determinants, reciprocal chimeric viruses generated from epizootic subtype IAB and enzootic IE VEEV were tested for mosquito infectivity. (jove.com)
- The finding that the E2 envelope glycoprotein, the site of epitopes that define the enzootic and epizootic subtypes, also encodes mosquito infection determinants suggests that selection for efficient infection of epizootic mosquito vectors may mediate VEE emergence. (jove.com)
- Mosquito-borne diseases including malaria, yellow fever, dengue, St. Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis have historically had a serious adverse impact on the state of Florida. (ufl.edu)
- Vector competence was higher in mosquito populations reared under high temperatures which weakens the midgut infection barrier. (biomedcentral.com)
- These underscores importance of examining the course of infection at various ambient temperatures and EIT between regions mosquito populations. (biomedcentral.com)
mosquitoes
- The fourteen chapters in this book discuss topics in arbovirus infections, diseases carried by arthropods such as ticks and mosquitoes. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Numerically speaking mosquitoes are probably responsible for more disease than any other group of arthropods but other insects too are of great importance. (medical-photographs.com)
- has very limited spatial dispersal, overlapping high population densities of mosquitoes and humans would be needed to sustain a focus of infection. (springer.com)
- In two independent experiments using different DENV serotypes, mosquitoes were less susceptible to virus infection and died faster under larger DTR around the same mean temperature. (pnas.org)
- For instance, a viremia level of 10 4 -10 5 pfu/mL has been established as necessary for infection of feeding Culex mosquitoes [ 5 ]. (mdpi.com)
- one third of exposed mosquitoes were sampled and assayed for virus infection and dissemination. (biomedcentral.com)
Encephalitis
- Licensed and widely used arbovirus vaccines exist for tick-borne encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and YFV, although shortages occur with the YFV vaccine supply . (deepdyve.com)
- Vector Infection Determinants of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Reside Within the E2 Envelope Glycoprotein Journal of Virology. (jove.com)
- Serological surveys conducted in the 1960s indicate a high prevalence of infection of humans and domestic animals with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), and 2 SLE virus strains have been isolated from rodents. (ajtmh.org)
Zika
- Importantly, in countries where Zika is reported as endemic, caution is advised in planning to conceive a baby until such time as the apparent association between infection with the virus and microcephaly is either confirmed or refuted. (springer.com)
- Many people with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection will not have symptoms or will only have mild clinical symptoms. (jbpml.org.br)
- Although most Zika virus infections are characterized by subclinical or mild influenza-like illness, severe manifestations have been described, including Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers. (cdc.gov)
- Historically, symptomatic Zika virus infections were limited to sporadic cases or small clusters of patients ( Technical Appendix Table 2). (cdc.gov)
- This pattern changed in 2007, when the first major outbreak of Zika virus infection occurred in Yap (Federated States of Micronesia), where ≈73% of the population were infected and symptomatic disease developed in ≈18% of infected persons ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- Since then, Zika virus infection has spread rapidly. (cdc.gov)
zoonotic
- The transmission of viruses from animals to humans can occur, but such zoonotic infections are rare and subsequent human-to-human transmission of animal viruses is even rarer, although there are notable exceptions such as influenza. (wikipedia.org)
arthropods
- Other arthropods, like ticks, are also susceptible to WNV infection, and the virus has been repeatedly isolated from both soft and hard ticks [ 9 ], although their role as vectors of WNV transmission is still uncertain. (mdpi.com)
dengue
- Since the early 2000s, I have devoted my efforts to better understanding the risk factors and long-term health consequences of arboviral infections, including Rift Valley fever, chikungunya, and dengue viruses. (stanford.edu)
- As an example, the WHO states that for dengue , "…390 million dengue infections [occur] per year (95% credible interval 284-528 million), of which 96 million (67-136 million) manifest clinically (with any severity of disease). (academicblogs.co.uk)
- Infection by any of the four serotypes leads to a similar clinical presentation, which can range from mild forms, such as dengue fever (DF) or classic dengue, to serious and even fatal forms. (scielo.br)
- It makes a differential diagnosis from diseases caused by other flaviviruses, such as chikungunya and dengue fever. (jbpml.org.br)
arboviral diseases
- A new approach to preventing arboviral diseases is suggested by the observation that arthropod saliva facilitates transmission of pathogens, including leishmania parasites, Borrelia burgdorferi, and some arboviruses. (deepdyve.com)
- Since 2000, CHIKV has re-emerged on 6 continents as a source of debilitating acute and chronic joint pain that significantly contributes to the economic burden of arboviral diseases . (deepdyve.com)
viruses
- AKU and the University of Florida are launching a pilot project in Sindh to detect arbovirus cases and in this context patients with febrile illness from Karachi, Hyderabad, Thatta, Larkana, Sukkur and Mirpurkhas will be recruited and tested for a range of viruses. (thefreedictionary.com)
- delpontei with 18 strains of 4 different viruses in Chaco Province, plus its catholic feeding habits, clearly indicate for the first time the importance of this species as an arbovirus vector. (ajtmh.org)
- Despite growing knowledge about this virus, questions remain regarding the virus's vectors and reservoirs, pathogenesis, genetic diversity, and potential synergistic effects of co-infection with other circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
- Viruses of plants and livestock also increased, and as humans became dependent on agriculture and farming, diseases such as potyviruses of potatoes and rinderpest of cattle had devastating consequences. (wikipedia.org)
- In the 20th century many diseases both old and new were found to be caused by viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- Although scientific interest in them arose because of the diseases they cause, most viruses are beneficial. (wikipedia.org)
- Over the past 50,000-100,000 years, as modern humans increased in numbers and dispersed throughout the world, new infectious diseases emerged, including those caused by viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Vaccine
- Up to the present, no effective vaccine exists against the disease 7 and infection control is currently restricted to combating the vector 3 . (scielo.br)
midgut infection
- Large DTR (20 °C) decreased the probability of midgut infection, but not duration of the virus extrinsic incubation period (EIP), compared with moderate DTR (10 °C) or constant temperature. (pnas.org)
ZIKV
- It should be noted that this association, whilst compelling still requires extensive scientific study to be proven as attributable to congenital ZIKV infection. (springer.com)
- The laboratory investigation is more important in cases suspected of ZIKV infection that have evolved with neurological complications, in pregnant women, abortion or congenital malformations, and is a key part for diagnostic definition. (jbpml.org.br)
symptomatic
- In terms of overall burden of disease, DENV has long been the most clinically significant arbovirus, infecting 390 million people each year with approximately 100 million symptomatic infections . (deepdyve.com)
widely
- Maddox: Is arbovirus testing widely performed in hospital and commercial laboratories? (thefreedictionary.com)
epidemiology
- Understanding the epidemiology of an arbovirus gives an indication as to which intervention strategy to follow to combat the disease. (thefreedictionary.com)
infectious
- Emerging Infectious Diseases , 22 (7), 1185-1192. (cdc.gov)
Vector-Borne Diseases
- Incidence, seasonal variation, and global distribution of vector-borne diseases are known to be influenced by climate ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
tick
- What makes an arbovirus tick? (academicblogs.co.uk)
severe
- The diseases caused by arbovirus are increasingly becoming common causes of severe febrile disease that can progress to long-term physical or cognitive impairment or result in early death. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Epidemics caused by these diseases can result in severe hardship to Florida residents and visitors. (ufl.edu)
epidemic
- Earlier, humans lived in small, isolated communities, and most epidemic diseases did not exist. (wikipedia.org)
acute
- Vertebrate arbovirus infections are generally acute like flu rather than chronic, like HIV and HCV, although most remain sub-clinical. (academicblogs.co.uk)
genus
- The CHIKV is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of alphavirus genus in the family Togaviridae. (biomedcentral.com)
Transmission
- Our findings reveal the importance of considering short-term temperature variations when studying DENV transmission dynamics. (pnas.org)
- Avian models of West Nile virus (WNV) disease have become pivotal in the study of infection pathogenesis and transmission, despite the intrinsic constraints that represents this type of experimental research that needs to be conducted in biosecurity level 3 (BSL3) facilities. (mdpi.com)
Immunity
- Contemporary humans lived in small communities, and those who succumbed to infection either died or developed immunity. (wikipedia.org)
susceptible
- Hence, suggesting Lamu population is more susceptible to CHIKV therefore having a weaker mid gut infection barrier than the Trans Nzoia population. (biomedcentral.com)
serological
- Nevertheless, serological evidence exists for human infections with a member of the VEE virus complex. (ajtmh.org)
pregnant women
- therefore, the public health response primarily focuses on preventing infection, particularly in pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
humans
- Such vector-borne pathogens make up 17% of all communicable diseases in humans, causing 1 billion cases and 1 million deaths per year . (deepdyve.com)
Tropical Medicine
- PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases is the top Open Access tropical medicine journal, featuring an International Editorial Board and increased support for developing country authors. (plos.org)
virus
- Arbovirus surveillance from 1990 to 1995 in the Barkedji area (Ferlo) of Senegal, a possible natural focus of Rift Valley fever virus. (thefreedictionary.com)
- A field study on the effects of Fort Morgan virus, an arbovirus transmitted by swallow bugs, on the reproductive success of Cliff Swallows and symbiotic House Sparrows in Morgan County, Colorado, 1976. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Introduction of the PE2 gene from an enzootic subtype ID virus into an epizootic IAB or IC genetic backbone resulted in lower infection rates than those of the epizootic parent. (jove.com)
- Such findings may be particularly useful in the development of future prevention and care strategies for this emerging virus infection. (plos.org)
terms
- Among the protozoal infections, African trypanosomiasis is increasing both in West and East Africa but, in numerical terms, is still mainly of importance for its effect on domestic animals. (medical-photographs.com)
disease
- South American trypano-somiasis (Chagas' disease) extends through much of the sub-continent and appears to be responsible for considerable morbidity in parts of its distribution. (medical-photographs.com)
variations
- Studies of laboratory infections in the natural host will help to understand variations in susceptibility and reservoir competence among bird species, as well as in the epidemiological patterns found in different affected areas. (mdpi.com)
spread
- In addition, increased globalisation continues to pose a risk for the spread of infection. (springer.com)
communicable diseases
- His interests include district health systems, health policy, communicable diseases control, integrated control and management of skin NTDs and operational research. (tropicalmedicine2016.com)
- This report published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 26, No 2, June 2002 contains information on melioidosis in the Torres Strait islands that lie between northern Queensland and Papua New Guinea. (health.gov.au)
- A print friendly PDF version is available from this Communicable Diseases Intelligence issue's table of contents . (health.gov.au)
asymptomatic
- Although many WNV infections in humans are asymptomatic or unrecognized, some patients have an acute dengue-like illness, and a small percentage have encephalitis or meningoencephalitis ( 1 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- Most infection is asymptomatic and disease usually occurs in people with risk factors. (health.gov.au)
viral diseases
- He has been involved in the development of tests for the diagnosis of common mosquito-borne viral diseases and the vaccines to prevent them. (tropicalmedicine2016.com)
- In Kenya, TBPs (including viral diseases-arboviruses) like Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Dugbe, Kupe, and Hazara, as well as hemoparasites that cause babesiosis, theileriosis, and rickettsiosis, are major impediments to livestock productivity and public health ( 3 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Other epidemics of viral diseases that depend on large concentrations of people, such as mumps, rubella and polio, also first occurred at this time. (wikipedia.org)
heterologous
- In the case of dengue, enhancement of virus replication by heterologous flavivirus antibodies and T-cell activation are thought to occur in some patients during a second or sequential dengue infection, resulting in hemorrhagic fever or shock ( 15 , 16 ). (cdc.gov)
- In contrast, animal data indicate that prior infection with a heterologous Flavivirus reduces the severity of subsequent challenge with WNV. (cdc.gov)
vectors
- Her research has mainly focused on molecular epidemiology of: fascioliasis and its lymnaeid snail vectors worldwide, planorbid snail vectors of schistosomiasis, triatomine insects transmitting Chagas disease in Latin America, culicid vectors of medical importance, and malaria transmission risk and spread in Europe and the likely impact of environment, human behaviour and climate changes on these parasitic diseases. (tropicalmedicine2016.com)
- The finding that the E2 envelope glycoprotein, the site of epitopes that define the enzootic and epizootic subtypes, also encodes mosquito infection determinants suggests that selection for efficient infection of epizootic mosquito vectors may mediate VEE emergence. (jove.com)
serotypes
- Infection by any of the four serotypes leads to a similar clinical presentation, which can range from mild forms, such as dengue fever (DF) or classic dengue, to serious and even fatal forms. (scielo.br)
vaccines
- Louis Pasteur and Edward Jenner were the first to develop vaccines to protect against viral infections. (wikipedia.org)
immune response
- Considerable attention has been focused on the immune response in primary and secondary Flavivirus infection and the role of immunopathogenesis in the etiology of severe Flavivirus disease ( 11 , 15 , 16 ). (cdc.gov)
important
- Dengue Fever is one of the most important viral re-emergent diseases affecting about 50 million people around the world especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. (biomedcentral.com)
malaria
- Understanding the ecological and epidemiological characteristics of residual malaria transmission will be essential to adjust intervention strategies, as frontline tactics shift importance from primary to presently-secondary sources of transmission as the programme approaches elimination. (biomedcentral.com)
significant
- Chikungunya disease is rarely fatal but is associated with significant morbidity. (biomedcentral.com)
cause
- 1 It is a commensal organism which, with the right conditions and pathogenic factors, can invade the host and cause a range of diseases from minor skin and soft tissue infections to osteomyelitis, endocarditis and life-threatening septicaemia. (health.gov.au)
- It is prevalent as a cause of infection both in the community and in hospital practice, and is one of the most common species found in positive blood cultures. (health.gov.au)
control
- He is currently responsible for two neglected tropical diseases - Buruli ulcer and yaws - in the Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). (tropicalmedicine2016.com)
rates
- Introduction of the PE2 gene from an enzootic subtype ID virus into an epizootic IAB or IC genetic backbone resulted in lower infection rates than those of the epizootic parent. (jove.com)
range
- For many diseases these lie in the range 14 18 °C at the lower end and about 35 40 °C at the upper end. (scielosp.org)
among
- October-December) of 2012-2013, we surveyed TBP diversity among 4,126 ticks parasitizing livestock and reptiles at homesteads along the shores and islands of Lake Baringo and Lake Victoria in Kenya, regions endemic to diverse neglected tick-borne diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- Smallpox, which is the most lethal and devastating viral infection in history, first emerged among agricultural communities in India about 11,000 years ago. (wikipedia.org)
region
- Chimeras containing the IAB epizootic structural gene region and, more specifically, the IAB PE2 envelope glycoprotein E2 precursor gene demonstrated an efficient infection phenotype. (jove.com)
especially
- Melioidosis is a well-recognised infection caused by the bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei , which is a free-living organism present in the soil, especially mud, and surface water. (health.gov.au)