• These stains use antibodies to bind to specific antigens, usually of protein or glycoprotein origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protection based criteria were: virus re-isolation attempts from trachea, tracheal and renal histopathology as well as IBV antigens detection by immunofluorescent antibody technique in kidney sections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Detection of rickettsial antibodies using Weil-Felix (OXK and OX19) antigens and the indirect immunoperoxidase assay. (ajtmh.org)
  • This was determined by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining of cultures using monoclonal antibody against a dengue-3 type-specific antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Monoclonal antibodies that consist of only one type of antibody tend to provide greater antigen specificity, and also tend to be more consistent between batches. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dengue-1 PI cultures stained with this antibody 3 days after superinfection with dengue-3 virus (m.o.i. of 2) had dengue-3 antigen in 0.1 to 1.0% of the cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • in most applications the substance in question serves as antigen, both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. (theodora.com)
  • Optimal staining depends on a number of factors including the antibody dilution, the staining chemicals, the preparation and/or fixation of the cells/tissue, and length of incubation with antibody/staining reagents. (wikipedia.org)
  • The detection of the primary antibody can be then accomplished directly (example 1) or indirectly (examples 2 & 3). (wikipedia.org)
  • Although nucleic acid-based PCR assays are increasingly available through commercial diagnostic laboratories for the detection of common infectious diseases of dogs and cats (see Table 1-3 and Web Appendix 5 ), other diagnostic techniques still play important roles in diagnosis because of availability, reliability, and cost. (veteriankey.com)
  • Other catalytic enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase can be used instead of peroxidases for both direct and indirect staining methods. (wikipedia.org)
  • In laboratory research, antibodies against specific markers of cellular differentiation can be used to label individual cell types. (wikipedia.org)
  • To further define which neurons express Eph, antibodies were generated to the cytoplasmic portion of the Eph protein. (sdbonline.org)
  • SYN: group i.. humoral i. i. associated with circulating antibodies, in contradistinction to cellular i.. infection i. the paradoxical immune status in which resistance to reinfection coincides with the persistence of the original infection. (theodora.com)
  • Immunoperoxidase staining is used in clinical diagnostics and in laboratory research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diagnosis and surveillance can be challenging, particularly in the absence of advanced laboratory diagnostic techniques ( 3 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The first step in immunoperoxidase staining is the binding of the specific (primary) antibody to the cell or tissue sample. (wikipedia.org)
  • Monoclonal antibodies specific for dengue virus type 3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • or it may be passive, being acquired from transfer of antibodies from another person or from an animal, either naturally, as from mother to fetus, or by intentional inoculation (artificial passive i.), and, with respect to the particular antibodies transferred, it is specific. (theodora.com)
  • Specific agglutination effected by antibody. (theodora.com)
  • After the breakthrough discovery of tumor control cells, analysts attempted to appearance for effective techniques to focus on cancers control cells. (immune-source.com)
  • Flow cytometric staining of mouse peripheral blood granulocytes with Alexa Fluor647 Rat anti Mouse Beta-glucan Receptor antibody, clone 2A11 ( MCA2289A647 ). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Flow cytometric staining of mouse peripheral blood monocytes with low endotoxin Rat anti Mouse beta-glucan receptor antibody, clone 2A11 ( MCA2289EL ). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Flow cytometric staining of mouse peritoneal macrophages with FITC conjugated Rat anti Mouse beta-glucan receptor antibody, clone 2A11 ( MCA2289FB ). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Immunoperoxidase staining of a mouse lymph node cryosection with Rat anti Mouse Dectin-1 antibody, clone 2A11 ( MCA2289 ) followed by horseradish peroxidase conjugated Goat anti Rat IgG antibody ( STAR72 ). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Immunostaining with an affinity-purified mouse antibody reveals that Eph is highly targeted to axons and growth cones of developing neurons within the VNC. (sdbonline.org)
  • Prevalence of antibodies to rickettsiae in the human population of suburban Bangkok. (ajtmh.org)
  • Adaptation of a microimmunofluorescence test to the study of human Rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibody. (ajtmh.org)
  • Immunoperoxidase is a type of immunostain used in molecular biology, medical research, and clinical diagnostics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rapid titration of dengue virus type-4 infectivity by counting fluorescent foci. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • An untagged primary antibody is detected using a general secondary antibody that recognises all antibodies originating from same animal species as the primary. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunoperoxidase staining of a mouse lymph node cryosection with Rat anti Mouse CD8 antibody, clone YTS169.4 ( MCA1768 ) followed by horseradish peroxidase conjugated Goat anti Rat IgG antibody ( STAR72 ). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Immunofluorescence staining of mouse lymph node cryosection using Rat anti Mouse CD11b antibody ( MCA74G ), green in A and Rat anti Mouse CD8 antibody ( MCA1108 ), red in B, Merged image in C. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Rat anti Mouse CD8 antibody, clone YTS105.18 ( MCA1108G ) used to demonstrate the presence of CD8 expressing T cells in the ilium of neonatal rats by immunofluorescence on cryosections. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Alternatively, the primary antibody can be detected using fluorescent label (immunofluorescence), or be attached to colloidal gold particles for electron microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • We discuss a more rapid technique that uses direct immunofluorescence to identify R. akari in paraffin-embedded tissue, and we describe the histopathological findings of lesional skin. (nih.gov)
  • Almost eighty years later, the immunofluorescence technique is still used for basic research and patient diagnosis. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • A schematic representation of the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) procedure is shown in Figure 3. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • Figure 3 Schematic diagram of indirect immunofluorescence. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • Punch-biopsy specimens of skin lesions were examined by microscopy and by direct fluorescent-antibody testing with an anti-R. rickettsii globulin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. (nih.gov)
  • In nine patients serum samples were obtained during the acute and convalescent phases of the illness for indirect fluorescent-antibody testing. (nih.gov)
  • [ 49 ] An infection is confirmed by a 4-fold increase in antibody titers between acute and convalescent serum specimens. (medscape.com)
  • The first step in immunoperoxidase staining is the binding of the specific (primary) antibody to the cell or tissue sample. (wikipedia.org)
  • The detection of the primary antibody can be then accomplished directly (example 1) or indirectly (examples 2 & 3). (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary antibody can be directly tagged with the enzyme peroxidase which is then used to catalyse a chemical reaction to generate a coloured product. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary antibody can be tagged with a small molecule that can be recognised by a peroxidase-conjugated binding molecule with high affinity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common example of this is a biotin linked primary antibody that binds to an enzyme-bound streptavidin. (wikipedia.org)
  • An untagged primary antibody is detected using a general secondary antibody that recognises all antibodies originating from same animal species as the primary. (wikipedia.org)
  • This "fluorescein labelled primary antibody" is applied to a tissue section on a microscope slide and incubated for a time period to allow the antibody to attach and bind to the specific antigen under study. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • The difference between IIF and DIF is that in IIF, a primary antibody is used alone, followed by a secondary antibody which is labeled with fluorescein. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • For example, an entire panel of rabbit primary antibodies can be localized using only one secondary antibody directed against the rabbit species of primary antibody. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • For diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, the primary antibody can be obtained from the patient's blood serum. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • The main confirmatory tests are the indirect immunoperoxidase test and the immunofluorescent assay. (medscape.com)
  • A sensitive and reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Cowdria ruminantium in serum and C. ruminantium antigen in Amblyomma hebraeum nymphae is described. (up.ac.za)
  • The secondary antibody is tagged with peroxidase. (wikipedia.org)
  • When this IgG fraction binds to the appropriate antigen, it can be visualized using a fluorescein labeled anti-human IgG secondary antibody. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • Monoclonal antibodies that consist of only one type of antibody tend to provide greater antigen specificity, and also tend to be more consistent between batches. (wikipedia.org)
  • The diagnosis has been based on an increase in serum antibody titers against R. akari over a period of three to eight weeks. (nih.gov)
  • O tsutsugamushi has been identified by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in clinical specimens. (medscape.com)
  • Once the animal is producing circulating antibodies, these can be obtained by taking blood specimens and isolating the desired antibodies. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • The diagnosis of L. intracellularis is based on the demonstration of the microbe or microbial DNA in tissue specimens or fecal samples, or the demonstration of L. intracellularis -specific antibodies in sera. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Originally all antibodies produced for immunostaining were polyclonal, i.e. raised by normal antibody reactions in animals such as horses or rabbits. (wikipedia.org)
  • PMID- 3894223 TI - In vivo polyclonal stimulation of antibody secretion by two types of bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • AB - We previously proposed that one benefit of early polyclonal antibody secretion after bacterial infection might be the formation of antibodies protective against infection by a second pathogen. (nih.gov)
  • [ 50 ] It uses fluorescent antihuman antibody to detect specific antibody from patient serum bound to a smear of scrub-typhus antigen. (medscape.com)
  • The relationship between antibody titres in the microtitration serum agglutination test and the complement fixation test in bovine brucellosis is described. (up.ac.za)
  • Mason-Pfizer monkey virus-related antigen was detected in 3 out of 5 jaagsiekte lungs examined using a direct immunoperoxidase staining technique with anti-MPMV p27 serum. (up.ac.za)
  • Later in 1914 Stanislav von Provazek used fluorescent dyes in conjunction with a fluorescence microscope to enhance autofluorescence of cells and tissues. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • In particular, immunoperoxidase reactions refer to a sub-class of immunohistochemical or immunocytochemical procedures in which the antibodies are visualized via a peroxidase-catalyzed reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • In an immunoperoxidase procedure, an enzyme known as a peroxidase is used to catalyze a chemical reaction to produce a coloured product. (wikipedia.org)
  • Simply, a very thin slice of tissue is fixed onto glass, incubated with antibody or a series of antibodies, the last of which is chemically linked to peroxidase. (wikipedia.org)
  • PCV antibodies in swine were found to be widespread, and experimental infections with this virus in pigs did not result in clinical disease, suggesting that PCV was nonpathogenic. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Other catalytic enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase can be used instead of peroxidases for both direct and indirect staining methods. (wikipedia.org)
  • The diagnosis was confirmed in all 13 patients by indirect or direct fluorescent-antibody techniques. (nih.gov)
  • Direct fluorescent-antibody testing of eschars from seven patients was positive in five patients, but negative in two patients who had serologically confirmed rickettsialpox. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast, direct fluorescent-antibody testing of papulovesicles from nine patients was positive in only one patient. (nih.gov)
  • A specific antibody against a specific protein is obtained by immunizing a mammal such as a rabbit or mouse. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • Related techniques are also useful in sub-typing lymphocytes which all look quite similar on light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • The indirect fluorescent antibody test is sensitive and provides results in a couple of hours. (medscape.com)
  • Immunoperoxidase is a type of immunostain used in molecular biology, medical research, and clinical diagnostics. (wikipedia.org)
  • This resolution has moved from the tissue to the intracellular level, and the technique is now used for subcellular localization in even the smallest cells. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • This antibody preparation now undergoes a biochemical process in which molecules of fluorescein are attached to the antibody. (rankinbiomed.com)
  • The expression was detected using indirect fluorescent antibody, immunoperoxidase and SDS-PAGE/western blot techniques. (lbp.world)