• We investigated the genetic profiles of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in Ebola virus-infected patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Each NK cell has proteins extending from its surface called killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) that regulate the cell's activity. (autm.net)
  • Using a specially developed molecular assay to determine the genetic makeup of KIRs, Leung discovered that a specific KIR receptor - KIR2DL1 - varies from person to person. (autm.net)
  • When HLA ligands in the patient's body bind to KIRs on the donor's NK cells, the receptor sends a signal to the NK that either activates or inhibits the attack mechanism. (autm.net)
  • Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. (caslab.com)
  • HLA-C is a ligand of killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs) and is an essential regulator of natural killer cell activity, which is associated with endometriosis progression. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) show extensive variation in genetic content and allelic polymorphi sms among different populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The acquisition of self HLA class I binding KIRs during NK cell differentiation tunes the cytotoxic potential of NK cells in a process termed education, characterized by increased loading of granzyme B in dense core granules. (confex.com)
  • Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are involved in the regulation of natural killer cell cytotoxicity. (amsterdamumc.org)
  • Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor - Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptors (KIRs), are a family of cell surface proteins found on important cells of the immune system called natural killer (NK) cells. (en-academic.com)
  • NK expansion and activation were stimulated by culture with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) and IL-2, in the presence or absence of BM-MSCs. (springer.com)
  • In this section, we will focus on NK cell immunotherapy, including the enhancement of antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity, the manipulation of receptor‐mediated activation, inclusion criteria based on killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) ligand mismatches, and adoptive immunotherapy with ex vivo expanded chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐engineered or engager‐modified NK cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Genomic loss of mismatched human leukocyte antigen (HLA loss) is one of the most vital immune escape mechanisms of leukemic cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). (bvsalud.org)
  • Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) testing is done to match organ tissues to identify compatible donors based on an analysis of proteins located on the surface of cells. (coronapathology.com)
  • They combined the variable region of an antibody with the constant regions of the TCR chains, thus producing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that provided T cells with antibody-type specificity. (nature.com)
  • The T cells expressing CARs recognized and eliminated target cells, and produced interleukin 2 in the presence of the antigen, providing a proof of concept that this approach triggers a cellular immune response. (nature.com)
  • In 2010, James Kochenderfer and colleagues achieved a breakthrough with a CAR T cell therapy, reporting tumour regression in a patient with advanced follicular lymphoma, who received two infusions of autologous T cells genetically engineered to express a CAR specifically recognizing the antigen CD19 expressed on B cells. (nature.com)
  • In 2006, Rosenberg and colleagues transferred TCR T cells specifically recognizing the melanoma antigen MART-1 in 15 patients, two of whom achieved regression and still showed high levels of engineered cells in circulation one year after the infusion. (nature.com)
  • Other successful studies quickly followed, such as those demonstrating sustained complete and partial responses in patients with melanoma and treatment of synovial cell sarcoma with TCR T cells against the NY-ESO-1 antigen. (nature.com)
  • Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 4 (LILRB4) is also known as CD85 antigen-like family member K (CD85K), Immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT-3), Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 5 (LIR-5), Monocyte inhibitory receptor HM18, which belongs to the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • The emergence of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy that targets programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) or anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has markedly revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of patients with metastatic cancers [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Preliminary results indicate that some tumor antigen-specific T cells may indeed be CD28- and express NK receptors in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
  • Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)
  • We determined the capacity of the leukemia cell line K562 modified to express a membrane-bound form of interleukin (IL)-15 and 41BB ligand (K562-mb15-41BBL) to generate human NK cells with enhanced cytotoxicity. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The ligand binding of this receptor leads to the activation of multiple downstreamsignaling molecules, including JAK1, JAK3, STAT1, and STAT3. (creativebiomart.net)
  • In mismatched KIR-KIR ligand constellations the balance of inhibitory and activating signals is shifted towards target cell lysis. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Previous studies indicate that these KIR-KIR ligand mismatch constellations significantly increase the outcome for patients suffering from adult acute myeloid leukemia whereas adult acute B cell lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) seems to be relative resistant to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • 2B4, the natural killer and T cell immunoglobulin superfamily surface protein, is a ligand for CD48. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGENS. (umassmed.edu)
  • Before NK cells attack and eliminate foreign cells in the body, these receptors must first recognize and bind to proteins or ligands (known as human leukocyte antigens or HLAs) on foreign cells. (autm.net)
  • In contrast to T lymphocytes, donor NK cells do not attack any recipient tissues based on allogeneic human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), suggesting that NK‐mediated antitumor effects may be achieved without the risk of graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD). (intechopen.com)
  • In 1989, Zelig Eshhar and colleagues realized that the inability of T cells to recognize surface tumour antigens could be overcome by replacing domains of the T cell receptor (TCR) with antibody parts with specificity towards proteins on these cells. (nature.com)
  • Physiologic recognition of tumour antigens by T cells is mediated by the TCR-CD3 complex. (nature.com)
  • Another ACT developed in parallel to CAR T cells is engineering T cells to express TCRs that recognize tumour-associated antigens. (nature.com)
  • This approach offers the advantage of targeting antigens not present on the cell surface. (nature.com)
  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes (referred to as HLA or HLA in humans) are a key component of vertebrate immune systems, coding for proteins which present antigens to T‐cells. (deepdyve.com)
  • Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
  • CD244 is a member of the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CD2 IgSF). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. (caslab.com)
  • We also have observed that Fcγ receptors (FcγR), proteins present on the surface of microglia that bind immunoglobulin G (IgG) and other ligands, are key modulators of α-SYN-induced neurodegeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) are proteins expressed on the surface of microglia as well as other cell types, including natural killer cells, neutrophils, and mast cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LILRB4 interferes with TNFRSF5-signaling and NF-kappa-B up-regulation and inhibits receptor-mediated phosphorylation of cellular proteins and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
  • When foreign invaders are detected, the PLCγ2 enzyme relays signals for B cells to produce specialized proteins called antibodies (or immunoglobulins) that attach to foreign particles and mark them for destruction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It binds to CD2 and 2B4 (CD244) receptors to activate and modulate the immunologic response. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. (umassmed.edu)
  • They are characterized by an N-terminal, extracellular IMMUNOGLOBULIN-LIKE DOMAIN and a membrane-proximal IMMUNOGLOBULIN C2-SET DOMAIN. (uchicago.edu)
  • A recombinant protein containing the extracellular region of mouse (m)2B4 attached to avidin-coated fluorescent beads bound to rodent cells, and binding was completely blocked by CD48 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). (ox.ac.uk)
  • For example, in multiple myeloma, CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands (MIG, IP-10, and MIP-1a) are significantly upregulated in the bone marrow compared to healthy controls, affecting the composition of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. (confex.com)
  • Killer-immunoglobulin-like (KIR)-receptors on natural killer (NK) cells and their corresponding HLA ligands play an important role in self-/non-self-discrimination of NK cells. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • NKp46 consists of two Ig-like domains assembled to leukocyte immunoglobulin-like (LIR) and killer inhibitory receptors (KIR). (thermofisher.com)
  • any of several types of lymphocyte or leukocyte capable of destroying cells that have acquired foreign characteristics, as a tumor cell or virus-infected cell. (en-academic.com)
  • In order to delineate the homing patterns of distinct NK cell subsets, we used high-dimensional flow cytometry combined with functional assays to map the NK cell chemokine receptor expression and migratory behavior. (confex.com)
  • To determine whether the observed differences in chemokine receptor expression translate into altered chemokine responsiveness between the subsets, we combined the transwell system with multicolor flow cytometry. (confex.com)
  • NK cell CD16 expression was measured via flow cytometry for 72 hours post electroporation. (maxcyte.com)
  • Other tests may be done, including flow cytometry to determine T, B, and natural killer cell counts. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Studies sug- terized by flow cytometry using anti between the immune response and the gest that HCV inhibits receptor genes in CD3, CD56 and CD16 monoclonal virus replication rate [5] and play a cru- the activation of NK cells [20], and the antibodies. (who.int)
  • The CDC guidelines concerning CD4+ T-cell determinations (33) were first published in the MMWR in 1992 to provide laboratorians with the most complete information about how to measure CD4+ T-lymphocytes in blood from HIV-infected persons by using flow cytometry. (cdc.gov)
  • IgG plays a key role in the humoral immune response, plays a critical step in the opsonization process by interacting with the Fcγ receptor on macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, and is able to activate the complement system. (stemcell.com)
  • Interestingly, receptors which expression declines during NK cell differentiation (CCR5, CCR7, and CXCR3) are commonly associated with adaptive T cell responses to viruses, whereas receptors that are upregulated along the differentiation axis (CXCR1, CXCR2, CX3CR1, CMKLR1) are typical for neutrophils and macrophages as a part of the innate immune response. (confex.com)
  • The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
  • C1-set domains are found almost exclusively in molecules involved in the immune system, such as in immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II complex molecules, and in various T-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon infection many viruses, including Herpesviruses, target T cell function via specific interactions with TCR and HLA-I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2. Bulut Y, Faure E, Thomas L, Equils O, Arditi M. (2001) Cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 for cellular activation by soluble tuberculosis factor and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein: role of Toll-interacting protein and IL-1 receptor signaling molecules in Toll-like receptor 2 signaling. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
  • This enzyme performs a chemical reaction that enables molecules to relay signals from outside the cell to the inside. (medlineplus.gov)
  • One mechanism of NK cell anti-tumor activity is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) induced via Fc receptor (CD16) binding to antibodies. (maxcyte.com)
  • Only 10% of the human population is homozygous for this polymorphism, suggesting that genetic manipulation of NK cells to express CD16-158V prior to adoptive transfer may improve clinical success not only of NK cell therapies but also anti-tumor IgG1 antibodies. (maxcyte.com)
  • Establish overexpression of high-affinity CD16 on NK cells as a potential combination therapy for improving ADCC activity of anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies. (maxcyte.com)
  • Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies belong to immunoglobulin family of protein and have 5 isotypes (G, A, M, E, D) with further subclasses of G and A. The classes are differentiated with the characteristics of the Ig heavy chain of the antibody. (medscape.com)
  • Targeted antibodies that prevent leukaemia stem cells from multiplying while attracting the natural killer cells of the body, which in turn send a death signal to the diseased stem cell. (lu.se)
  • This receptor, called (IL1RAP), cannot be found on healthy blood stem cells, which opens up the possibility for a selective attack on the diseased stem cells using antibodies. (lu.se)
  • Studies have shown that by targeting antibodies against IL1RAP, they will attach themselves to the receptor, and thereby inhibit cell growth. (lu.se)
  • Expanded natural killer cells killed both allogeneic and autologous primary myeloma cells avidly via a perforin-mediated mechanism in which the activating receptor NKG2D, natural cytotoxicity receptors, and DNAX-accessory molecule-1 played a central role. (haematologica.org)
  • Human NK cells are phenotypically characterized by the expression of CD56 and the absence of CD3 and can be further subdivided into a CD56 bright population and a CD56 dim population. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In contrast, activity of natural killer cells, which are mostly CD16 or CD56 cells, is normal. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The percentage of CD56(bright) cells was significantly higher than the control group ( P = 0.04). (who.int)
  • While the percentages of CD56 (dim) cells and their CD16 expression were lower in the chronic group, this was not statistically significant. (who.int)
  • The frequency of CD3+CD56- T cells was significantly lower in both the chronic and resolved groups compared to the control group ( P = 0.04). (who.int)
  • The elimination or persistence (NKRs) and mediate functions of both cells and CD56+NT cells was charac- of the infection depends on a balance T cells and NK cells [13]. (who.int)
  • The antitumor effect provided by natural killing has been observed in tumors of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins and reported in diverse in vivo models and clinical series ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Shaping of natural killer cell antitumor activity by ex vivo cultivation. (springer.com)
  • The transferred, expanded natural killer cells proliferated in vivo in an interleukin-2 dose-dependent fashion, persisted up to 4 weeks, were readily detectable in the human bone, inhibited myeloma growth and protected bone from myeloma-induced osteolysis. (haematologica.org)
  • NK cells were isolated from healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CD16-158F/F donors) and expanded ex vivo for 11-15 days with irradiated EBV-SMI-LCL cells. (maxcyte.com)
  • Ex vivo expanded NK cells electroporated with mRNA encoding the high-affinity Fc receptor, CD16-158V, demonstrated a significant increase in CD16 surface expression (Figure 1A). (maxcyte.com)
  • Ex vivo expanded NK cells were electroporated with mRNA (4 µg/10 6 NK cells) encoding the high-affinity, CD16-158V Fc receptor. (maxcyte.com)
  • Non-electroporated, ex vivo expanded NK cells were used as a control to assess endogenous CD16 expression. (maxcyte.com)
  • Adoptive transfer experiments show that pediatric BCP-ALL can be targeted by mature NK cells in vivo. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • It can therefore be proposed that 5-AzaC treatment early after HSCT promotes differentiation of NK cells which can contribute to relevant GvL effects in vivo. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • In our previous studies in vivo , we have found that the Fc receptors appear to have a key role in α-SYN-induced inflammation: deficiency of FcγRs blocks α-SYN-induced NF-κB-driven pro-inflammatory signaling, and attenuates microglial activation and DA neurodegeneration [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In preclinical in vivo studies, SynKIR™ T cells maintained activation and potent cytotoxic activities in solid tumors compared with the CD28 and 4-1BB co-stimulated CD3-ζ -based traditional CAR T cells. (verismotherapeutics.com)
  • Engagement of NK receptor NKG2D, but not 2B4, results in self-reactive CD8+ T cells and autoimmune vitiligo. (uchicago.edu)
  • Thus genes and haplotypes encoding these receptors may be important in determining both outcome of initial hepatitis infection and subsequent chronic liver disease and tumour formation. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • Variants of the HLA genes can possibly shape the sequence repertoire of neopeptides presented and influence the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire during their continuous interaction [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
  • CD244 is a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells (and some T cells) which mediate non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted killing. (prospecbio.com)
  • NK cells contribute to early defenses against viruses through their inborn abilities that include sensing of PAMPs and inflammatory signals such as cytokines or chemokines, recognition, and killing of infected cells through activating surface receptors engagement. (frontiersin.org)
  • Importantly, no major changes in NK cell phenotype, as measured by expression of 15 inhibitory or activating surface receptors, were observed following electroporation with CD16-158V mRNA. (maxcyte.com)
  • 2B4 is a cell surface glycoprotein related to CD2 and implicated in the regulation of natural killer and T lymphocyte function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The research team has discovered a type of receptor - a protein, located on the surface of the AML stem cells - which sends out signals. (lu.se)
  • What's more, he found that this variation in the NK cell's gene content, as well as the matching between the donor KIR and recipient HLA, affects the strength of the cells' immune response and its cancer-killing ability following transplantation. (autm.net)
  • Comparisons of the gene expression profiles of the expanded NK cells and their unstimulated or IL-2-stimulated counterparts showed marked differences. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We tested whether natural killer cells expanded by co-culture with K562 cells transfected with 41BBL and membrane-bound interleukin-15 could kill myeloma cells with a high-risk gene expression profile in vitro and in a unique model which recapitulates human myeloma. (haematologica.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine receptor for interleukin 21 (IL21). (creativebiomart.net)
  • Knockout studies of a similar gene in mouse suggesta role for this gene in regulating immunoglobulin production. (creativebiomart.net)
  • The analysis of Fc gamma receptor FCgammaRIIIA 158 V/f gene polymorphism showed that all 100 immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) patients carry the wild FcgammaRIIIa (FF) genotype. (cusabio.com)
  • In the first published gene therapy clinical trial, TILs engineered to express a foreign gene with a retrovirus to mark the infused cells were safely transferred to patients. (nature.com)
  • This translocation involves the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene on chromosome 14 and the BCL1 locus on chromosome 11. (medscape.com)
  • T regulatory (Treg) cells, T helper cell balances, dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells can be considered as the most determinant dysregulated mediators in immunomodulatory status. (hindawi.com)
  • The majority of stem cell transplants are performed on patients with cancers that originate in blood cells, including leukemia, multiple myeloma and some lymphomas, that are highly resistant to standard treatments. (autm.net)
  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder with debilitating symptoms related to anemia, immunosuppression, bone destruction, and renal failure. (haematologica.org)
  • The finding that CAR T cells had activity in patients advanced the field of ACT, which saw dramatic progress in the following years and remarkable results in B-cell malignancies, including paediatric and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), aggressive B cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma treated with CD19 CAR T cells. (nature.com)
  • Patients homozygous for a natural CD16 polymorphism, CD16-158V which displays higher IgG1 and IgG3 affinity, have improved clinical outcomes upon anti-tumor therapeutic antibody treatment. (maxcyte.com)
  • Specifically, demonstrate efficient expression of high-affinity CD16 in NK cells with minimal effects on cell viability and phenotype using mRNA electroporation and assess the effects of CD16-158V expression on rituximab - mediated cytotoxic activity against B cell lymphoma cells. (maxcyte.com)
  • CD16 expression correlated with the concentration of CD16-158V mRNA used during electroporation and ranged from a 2-fold increase using 1 µg/10 6 NK cells up to a 3-fold increase using 8 µg/10 6 NK cells (data not shown). (maxcyte.com)
  • CD16 expression peaked 24 hours post electroporation and remained higher than non-electroporated NK cells for up to 72 hours post electroporation (Figure 1B). (maxcyte.com)
  • While increased CD16 expression was transient in nature, this may not negatively impact the therapeutic potential of engineered NK cells due to the short persistence of adoptively transferred NK cells. (maxcyte.com)
  • In vitro cytotoxic activity against rituximab-coated CD20+ B cell lymphoma cells of CD16-engineered or non-engineered NK cells was assessed 24 hours post electroporation. (maxcyte.com)
  • A significant change in CD16, NKp46 and CD94 expression levels on NK cells and a rise in serum content of IFN-γ was observed after treatment. (oncotarget.com)
  • Homo sapiens Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIa, receptor for (CD16), mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:34195 IMAGE:5206097), complete cds. (lu.se)
  • Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A precursor (IgG FC receptor III-2) (Fc-gamma RIII-alpha) (Fc-gamma RIIIA) (FcRIIIA) (Fc-gamma RIII) (FcRIII) (CD16-A) (FcR-10). (lu.se)
  • Some EBOV infections generate a cytokine storm, which hinders peripheral natural killer cells (NK) and T and B lymphocytes. (cdc.gov)
  • Using a NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (NSG) xenotransplantation model two modes for NK cell-based therapies in pediatric B cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) were explored: First, the adoptive transfer of mature cytokine-activated NK cells into leukemia-bearing mice and second graft-versus-leukemia effects (GvL) mediated by transplant-emerging NK cells. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Under cytokine support there are relevant GvL effects towards primary B cell precursor leukemia in huNSG mice providing evidence that also early graft-emerging immature NK cells might contribute to alloreactivity. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Studies are also proposing a role for antimicrobial peptides and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. (medscape.com)
  • Cathelicidin LL-37 is especially thought to lead to activation of dendritic cells, inducing production of interferons. (medscape.com)
  • It is expressed on all natural killer (NK) cells, IL-2-activated NK (LAK) cells, committed progenitors of NK cells, and a subset of T lymphocytes which mediate non-MHC-restricted cytoxicity, including dendritic epidermal T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • It is designed for the quantitative detection and measurement of total mouse IgG in biological fluids such as serum, plasma, and cell culture supernatants. (stemcell.com)
  • IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in serum, comprising approximately 80% of all serum immunoglobulins. (stemcell.com)
  • The expression of several activation markers on natural killer (NK) cells and serum concentrations of Th1/Th2 cytokines were also examined. (oncotarget.com)
  • Immunoplates for Exosome capture and quantification from human biofluids (plasma, serum, urine, saliva) and from human or mouse cell media. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • Patients have normal, low, or elevated serum immunoglobulin levels and normal or elevated numbers of circulating CD4 T cells but essentially no CD8 T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Recently, altered NK cell frequency polymerase chain reaction (Stratagene has been suggested to contribute to the Mx3000P). (who.int)
  • Cluster of Differentiation 244 (CD244/Natural Killer Cell Receptor 2B4) contains 2 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains. (prospecbio.com)
  • NK-cell and target cells interaction via the CD244 receptor is believed to modulate NK-cell cytolytic activity. (prospecbio.com)
  • CD244 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Insect cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 448 amino acids (19-224a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 50.2kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 50-70kDa). (prospecbio.com)
  • CD244 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is also known as Natural killer cell receptor 2B4 (NKR2B4), or Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 4 (SLAMF4). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Requirement of homotypic NK-cell interactions through 2B4(CD244)/CD48 in the generation of NK effector functions. (uchicago.edu)
  • 2B4 (CD244)-CD48 interactions provide a novel MHC class I-independent system for NK-cell self-tolerance in mice. (uchicago.edu)
  • Conclusions These studies provide the rationale for testing expanded natural killer cells in humans. (haematologica.org)
  • In humans, NK receptors are expressed by natural killer cells and some T cells, the latter of which are preferentially alphabetaTCR+ CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Design and Methods OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors were grown in human fetal bone implanted into non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency mice with a deficient interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain. (haematologica.org)
  • These mice are devoid of endogenous natural killer and T-cell activity and were used to determine whether adoptively transferred expanded natural killer cells could inhibit myeloma growth and myeloma-associated bone destruction. (haematologica.org)
  • 2004) Intestinal inflammation in mice deficient in Tir8, an inhibitory member of the IL-1 receptor family. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Considering graft-emerging NK cells mainly immature KIR- NK-cells in stem cell transplanted NSG mice ("humanized NSG") can be detected, thus ideally resembling human NK cell ontogeny of patients post hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • CD28-negative cytolytic effector T cells frequently express NK receptors and are present at variable proportions in circulating lymphocytes from healthy donors and melanoma patients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study we analyzed the expression of nine NK receptors (p58.1, p58.2, p70, p140, ILT2, NKRP1A, ZIN176, CD94 and CD94/NKG2A) in PBL from both healthy donors and melanoma patients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Especially, KIR 2DS1 - 3 , 2DS5 , 2DL2 , 2DL5 and 3DS1 are associated only with group B haplotypes, thus B haplotypes generally encode more activating KIR receptors than A haplotypes which encode a single activating receptor (KIR 2DS4 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, a 11-year prospective cohort study of Japanese inhabitants linked low peripheral-blood NK cell cytotoxicity with increased cancer risk ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The present results show that peripheral blood NK cell chemokine receptor profile changes in a coordinated fashion during NK cell differentiation and is further influenced by the expression of self-specific KIR. (confex.com)
  • We found that the chemokine-induced migration capability of NK cells correlated closely with the expression level of corresponding chemokine receptor, leading to subset specific responses to various chemokine gradients (D). (confex.com)
  • Mechanistically, superior alloreactivity of KIR-KIRL mismatched compared to KIR-KIRL matched NK cells can be attributed to the KIR+ 'alloreactive' subset. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder derived from a subset of naive pregerminal center cells localized in primary follicles or in the mantle region of secondary follicles. (medscape.com)
  • First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Accurate and reliable measures of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (CD4+ T-cells) are essential to the assessment of the immune system of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons (1-3). (cdc.gov)
  • The pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is largely attributable to the decrease in T-lymphocytes that bear the CD4 receptor (4-8). (cdc.gov)
  • and the percentage of lymphocytes that are CD4+ T-cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cytokines are regulatory compounds produced by cells of the immune system [T(H)1 and T(H)2] and act as intracellular mediators and control the immune and inflammatory reponses 9 . (bvsalud.org)
  • T(H)1 control the cell-mediated response and produce a number of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. (bvsalud.org)
  • A bone marrow or stem cell transplant in which stem cells from a donor (called allogeneic ) are transplanted into a patient is often the best chance for a cure for patients with recurrent or resistant cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma. (autm.net)
  • This test helps take the guesswork out of donor-patient matching for allogeneic stem cell transplants,' says JonEric Pettersson, manager of commercial development at Insight Genetics. (autm.net)
  • Early studies on the transfer of unmodified autologous or allogeneic NK cells have established their clinical safety and demonstrated modest anti-tumor efficacy. (maxcyte.com)
  • INTRODUCTION: Relapse and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are the important complications influencing mortality for patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). (bvsalud.org)
  • Their CD4 T cells do not respond to mitogens or allogeneic cells in vitro and do not produce CD8 cytotoxic T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The PLCγ2 enzyme is particularly important in immune system cells, including B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and mast cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • PLCγ2 enzyme signaling in mast cells and other immune cells triggers inflammation, which helps clear infections or other irritants. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mast cells also play a role in allergic reactions, which occur when the immune system overreacts to stimuli that are not harmful. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Signals triggered by PLCγ2 in response to cold, particularly in mast cells in the skin, likely result in hives and other skin rashes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow (BM) cells remaining in the bag and filter used in the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. (springer.com)
  • However, of the roughly 25,000 patients who receive a stem cell transplant each year worldwide , only about half survive, according to the Worldwide Network for Blood & Marrow Transplantation . (autm.net)
  • The stem cell transplantation procedure (also called a bone marrow or cord blood transplant ) is typically preceded by chemotherapy and radiation therapy to eliminate as much of the cancer as possible. (autm.net)
  • In a successful transplantation, the donor cells seek out the latent cancer cells, eradicate them, and you have the potential for a cure. (autm.net)
  • 1 Significant advances have been made by combining novel agents with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation which allows for long-term disease-free survival in the majority of transplant-eligible patients. (haematologica.org)
  • Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) play an important role in NK cells after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Treatment selection takes into account patient age, fitness, and whether autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is planned. (medscape.com)
  • ABSTRACT Natural kil er (NK) cel s are key players in the immune response to viruses. (who.int)
  • However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)
  • An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • The assay, developed by researchers at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , provides information on both the patient's cancer cells and the makeup of receptors on specialized immune cells called natural killer (NK) cells from donor candidates. (autm.net)
  • Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
  • NK cells have been seen as potential agents in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. (springer.com)
  • Natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy: Coming of age. (springer.com)
  • 2016). Natural killer cell-based adoptive immunotherapy eradicates and drives differentiation of chemoresistant bladder cancer stem-like cells. (springer.com)
  • that regulate the differentiation and activation of these cells. (cdc.gov)
  • During anti-HCMV responses, NK cells can reshape their receptor repertoire and function, through epigenetic remodeling, and acquire adaptive traits such as longevity and clonal expansion abilities. (frontiersin.org)
  • The human NK cell repertoire is functionally diversified through a tightly regulated differentiation process characterized by an early transition from CD56bright to CD56dim NK cells, followed by coordinated changes in expression of inhibitory receptors, including NKG2A and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). (confex.com)
  • In 2002, Michel Sadelain and colleagues optimized CAR design by integrating the intracellular domains of TCR and the key co-stimulatory receptor CD28 within a single molecule to help sustain T cell expansion, function and persistence. (nature.com)
  • Other similar second-generation CARs subsequently emerged, incorporating different co-stimulatory domains, such as 4-1BB, which Crystal Mackall and colleagues showed can decrease the T cell exhaustion induced by continuous CAR signalling, thereby improving antitumour efficacy. (nature.com)
  • LILRB4 / CD85K contains 2 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • A 40-45 KDa GPI-linked protein in the SLAM family that consists of two IMMUNOGLOBULIN C2-SET DOMAINS. (bvsalud.org)
  • The defining functional feature of NK cells remains their intrinsic ability to conduct "natural killing" of cellular targets without prior sensitization. (frontiersin.org)
  • The development of clinically applicable methods to produce large numbers of fully functional NK cells is a critical step to maximize the potential of this approach. (aacrjournals.org)
  • KIR 2DS4 - v alleles differ from the KIR 2DS4 - f alleles in that the former have a 22-bp deletion in exon 5, which leads to a frame shift mutation and produces a premature stop codon, preventing the formation of a functional membrane-bound receptor domain [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Allelic variation of KIR and HLA tunes the cytolytic payload and determines functional hierarchy of NK cell repertoires. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Although NK cell differentiation and education are critical determinants of the functional potential of the cell, little is known about how these events shape the migratory behavior of NK cells. (confex.com)
  • This more natural signaling may increase T cells' efficacy period by coupling the receptor chains for activation and decoupling them for rest, improving functional persistence and limiting exhaustion. (verismotherapeutics.com)
  • NKp46 (CD335, NCR1, ) is a cytotoxicity-activating receptor that may contribute to the increased efficiency of activated natural killer (NK) cells to mediate tumor cell lysis. (thermofisher.com)
  • To mediate appropriate and directed immune response against cancer, NK cells must be capable of migration to the tumor site. (confex.com)
  • Engineered NK cells had an enhanced ability to mediate ADCC as measured both via NK cell degranulation (CD107a expression, Figure 2A) and specific lysis of B cell lymphoma cells ( 51 Cr release assay, Figure 2B). (maxcyte.com)
  • This receptor transduces thegrowth promoting signal of IL21, and is important for the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, B cells,and natural killer (NK) cells. (creativebiomart.net)
  • SLAMF receptors typically signal through homophilic interactions and are important for mediating the immune response and immune cell differentiation. (uchicago.edu)
  • NK cells, among other cells, are key effector cells of the innate immune system and play a crucial role in the antiviral response. (cdc.gov)
  • NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Natural killer (NK) cells are an essential component of the innate immune system, and they play a crucial role in immunity against malignancies. (intechopen.com)
  • NK cells are important components of the innate immune system that take part in various immune responses to different infectious agents [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Polymorphic KIR3DL3 expression modulates tissue-resident and innate-like T cells. (ucdenver.edu)
  • NK cells are known for their powerful innate activity against tumors, but are short-lived. (verismotherapeutics.com)
  • The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
  • 1. To be able to describe the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in Date of Original Release: April 2014. (cdc.gov)
  • CRTH2: Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed includes nonallergic asthma phenotypes, such as asthma on TH2 cells associated with exposure to air pollution, infection, or obesity, ILC: Innate lymphoid cell that require innate rather than adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • NKT: Natural killer T innate lymphoid cells and their role in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
  • Infusions of natural killer (NK) cells are an emerging tool for cancer immunotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Despite reports of clinical efficacy, the application of NK cell immunotherapy is limited. (intechopen.com)
  • Research into the biology of NK cells has indicated that NK cell immunotherapy has the potential to become the forefront of cancer immunotherapy in the coming years. (intechopen.com)
  • NK cells play a pivotal role in rapid and highly efficient cancer surveillance and represent a promising avenue for adoptive cell transfer either as a mono- or combination immunotherapy. (maxcyte.com)
  • It belongs to the type Icytokine receptors, and has been shown to form a heterodimeric receptor complex with the common gamma-chain, areceptor subunit also shared by the receptors for interleukin 2, 4, 7, 9, and 15. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Computer artwork of an antibody or immunoglobulin molecule attacking a leukaemia white blood cell. (lu.se)
  • killer cell - noun Physiology a T lymphocyte which destroys infected or cancerous cells and parasites. (en-academic.com)
  • The earliest cell in B-lymphocyte lineage that produces Ig is the pre-B lymphocyte. (medscape.com)
  • The effector capability of NK cells has been described in a wide range of viral infections, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C (HCV), HIV, and human cytomegalovirus infection ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human non-small cell lung carcinoma using DNAM-1/CD226 (E8L9G) XP ® Rabbit mAb performed on the Leica ® BOND ™ Rx. (cellsignal.com)
  • Natural killer (NK) cells can kill cancer cells in the absence of prior stimulation and hold considerable potential for cell-based therapies targeting human malignancies ( 1 - 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Measured by its ability to inhibit IL-21-dependent proliferation of N1186 human T cells. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Immunogenomics of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor (KIR) and HLA Class I: Coevolution and Consequences for Human Health. (ucdenver.edu)
  • we propose a system of FCGR3A regulation in human NK cells in which CpG dinucleotide sequences and concurrent DNA methylation confer developmental and cell type-specific transcriptional regulation, whereas miR-218 provides an additional layer of posttranscriptional regulation during the maturation process. (cusabio.com)
  • 1998. Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). (cdc.gov)
  • In all the individuals, the NKT cells were preferentially CD28-, and a significant correlation was found between the percentage of CD28- T cells and the percentage of NK receptor+ T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Based on these data and the known activated phenotype of CD28- T cells, we propose that the CD28- CD8+ T cell pool represents or contains the currently active CTL population, and that the frequent expression of NK receptors reflects regulatory mechanisms modulating the extent of CTL effector function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 5-AzaC distinctly enhances immature and mature NK cell subsets and along with this the anti-leukemic response. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Our results confirm a potential role of NK cells and the different subsets in the pathogenesis of chronic HCV infection. (who.int)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has impaired cellular immune response and circulating NK cells, NK subsets (in- the ability to establish chronic infection virus persistence [8]. (who.int)
  • 3. Garlanda C, Di Liberto D, Vecchi A, La Manna MP, Buracchi C, Caccamo N, Salerno A, Dieli F, Mantovani A. (2007) Damping excessive inflammation and tissue damage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by Toll IL-1 receptor 8/single Ig IL-1-related receptor, a negative regulator of IL-1/TLR signaling. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Dual chain signaling provides prolonged T cell activation even in challenging solid-tumor environments. (verismotherapeutics.com)
  • This more natural signaling is designed to prolong KIR-CAR T cells' efficacy period by coupling the receptor chains during activation and decoupling them during rest, avoiding T cell exhaustion. (verismotherapeutics.com)
  • Signaling through the enzyme is also involved in the destruction of foreign invaders by NK cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • ZAP-70 (zeta-associated protein 70) deficiency is an immunodeficiency disorder involving impaired T-cell activation caused by a signaling defect. (msdmanuals.com)
  • ZAP-70 is important in T-cell signaling and in T-cell selection in the thymus. (msdmanuals.com)