Immunoglobulin antibodies diphtheria antitoxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Blatter M , Friedland LR , Weston WM , Li P , Howe B . Immunogenicity and safety of a tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and three-component acellular pertussis vaccine in adults 19-64 years of age. (cdc.gov)
Halperin SA , McNeil S , Langley J , Blatter M , Dionne M , Embree J , Tolerability and antibody response in adolescents and adults revaccinated with tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed (Tdap) 4-5 years after a previous dose. (cdc.gov)
Hara M , Okada K , Yamaguchi Y , Uno S , Otsuka Y , Shimanoe C , Immunogenicity and safety after booster vaccination of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis in young adults: an open randomized controlled trial in Japan. (cdc.gov)
studied the immune response to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid components of a combined diphtheria tetanus whole-cell pertussis/enhanced inactivated poliovirus vaccine, administered in a 3-dose schedule to Israeli infants at 2, 3.5 and 10 months of age and followed by a booster dose at the age of 8 years [3]. (who.int)
Again though, the best example of passive immunity is the transfer of a mother's antibodies to her baby through her placenta, which can include antibodies against measles, pertussis, and hepatitis B, etc., as long as the mother has immunity to these diseases. (vaxopedia.org)
(2). Despite universal pertussis vaccina- blood samples were obtained from globulin G (IgG) antibodies against a tion in many countries, the circulation primary-school, junior high-school and mixture of B. pertussis antigens (endo- of B. pertussis has not been eliminated. (who.int)
Key words: vaccines - immunization - combination vaccines - DTP/Hib vaccine The combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis- Haemo- philus influenzae type b (DTP/Hib) vaccine allows for a reduction in the number of required injections, thus im- proving compliance to the vaccination schedule and high- er vaccination coverage. (vdocuments.mx)
one tussis antibodies, which will pass through the placenta, likely survey of 1,231 women (August 2011 to April 2012) estimated providing the newborn with protection against pertussis in that only 2.6% of women received Tdap during their recent early life, and will protect the mother from pertussis around pregnancy ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)

METHODS: Anti-tetanus toxoid antibody concentrations were measured for participants of the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) aged ≥6 years for whom surplus serum samples were available using a microsphere-based multiplex antibody capture assay. (cdc.gov)
Overview of Immunization Immunity can be achieved Actively by using antigens (eg, vaccines, toxoids) Passively by using antibodies (eg, immune globulins, antitoxins) A toxoid is a bacterial toxin that has been modified. (msdmanuals.com)

Classic serum sickness is now rarely seen because the use of foreign proteins is limited to antitoxins such as those used to treat botulism, diphtheria, rabies , and snake, scorpion, and spider venom. (medscape.com)
immune globulin - either pooled or from a single person with high titers of antibodies, immune globulin is made from donated plasma can provide antibodies against the hepatitis A or B virus, measles, rabies, tetanus, and varicella. (vaxopedia.org)
Background Among other applications, immunotherapy is used for the post-exposure treatment and/or prophylaxis of important infectious diseases, such as botulism, diphtheria, tetanus and rabies. (bvsalud.org)
Herein, we used immunochemical methods to predict the quality of horse F(ab') 2 anti-botulinum AB, anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies immunoglobulins, in terms of amount of proteins and protein aggregates. (biomedcentral.com)
Horse F(ab') 2 antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulin preparations presented different amounts of protein. (biomedcentral.com)
The chromatographic profiles of antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulins allowed to estimate the percentage of contaminants and aggregates in the samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Anti-botulinum AB (bivalent), anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies horse F(ab') 2 immunoglobulins probably contain acceptable levels of aggregates, although other improvements on the preparations must be carried out. (biomedcentral.com)
Botulism, diphtheria, tetanus and rabies are severe infectious diseases caused by different agents, which have in common the recommendation of using immunotherapy as post-exposure treatment and/or prophylaxis [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Regarding rabies, antibodies aim to neutralize viral particles, block their entry into uninfected cells, and also to promote antibody-directed cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of infected cells by natural killer cells [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
1 mg / ml ( ) , injection solution for 2.57 epirubicin ( 10mg vial ) , injection 2.58 epirubicin ( 50mg vial ) , injection 2.59 equine anti rabies immunoglobulin, ( not less than 300iu / ml ) , injection 2.6 erythromycin stearate tab 250 mg 2.61 erythromycin stearate ( 500 mg ) , tablet 2.62 erythropoietin ( 4000 iu inj vial ) , injection 2.63 ethinyl estriadiol+norethisterone tab ( 35 mcg +1mg ) , tablet 2.64 etiophylline and theophylline ( paediatric ) , syrup 2.65 etiophylline theophylline sr tab. (tendersinmadhyapradesh.com)

antitoxin serum - often produced in animals, this type of serum can provide antibodies against botulism and diphtheria toxins. (vaxopedia.org)
In the cases of botulism, diphtheria and tetanus, the main objective of immunotherapy is to neutralize toxins, but also to opsonize the bacteria, promoting complement-dependent bacteriolysis. (biomedcentral.com)

It also refers to the effector functions of antibodies, which include pathogen and toxin neutralization, classical complement activation, and opsonin promotion of phagocytosis and pathogen elimination. (wikipedia.org)
In 1890, filtrates of diphtheria, later named diphtheria toxins, were used to vaccinate animals in an attempt to demonstrate that immunized serum contained an antitoxin that could neutralize the activity of the toxin and could transfer immunity to non-immune animals. (wikipedia.org)
During 2010-2015 our researches were aimed at studying the interaction of diphtheria toxin (DT) with mammalian cells, as well as functions of DT receptor, the precursor of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor proHB-EGF. (org.ua)
Jerne N. K. (1951) A study of avidity based on rabbit skin responses to diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixtures. (constructivist.info)
The quality control of both diphtheria and tetanus vaccines requires that the products are tested for the pres ence of free toxin, i.e. for specific toxicity due to inade quate detoxification with formaldehyde, at the final product stage. (pharmacy180.com)
IVIG is a polyclonal antibody preparation derived from healthy donors (whose blood contains antibodies recognizing diphtheria toxin, measles and polio virus at the minimum, as a result of direct exposure, or vaccination) ( 2 ). (inscientioveritas.org)
2 Kitasato Shibasaburo first isolated Clostridium tetani from humans in 1891 later demonstrated how the bacteria produced disease when subjected to animals and also demonstrated the neutralization of toxin by specific antibodies. (pediatriconcall.com)

Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules - including secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides - located in extracellular fluids. (wikipedia.org)
Humoral immunity is also referred to as antibody-mediated immunity. (wikipedia.org)
Humoral immunity refers to antibody production and the coinciding processes that accompany it, including: Th2 activation and cytokine production, germinal center formation and isotype switching, and affinity maturation and memory cell generation. (wikipedia.org)
In 1897, Paul Ehrlich showed that antibodies form against the plant toxins ricin and abrin, and proposed that these antibodies are responsible for immunity. (wikipedia.org)
The discovery of specified compatible antibodies became a major tool in the standardization of immunity and the identification of lingering infections. (wikipedia.org)
Wagner KS , White JM , Andrews NJ , Borrow R , Stanford E , Newton E , Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009. (cdc.gov)
Although diphtheria and tetanus occur rarely in the world, outbreaks of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union and in several Eastern European countries are a reminder that even a well-controlled infection can re-emerge when herd immunity is not maintained [1]. (who.int)
T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). (wellnessadvantage.com)
After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Because these fluids were traditionally known as humors , antibody-mediated immunity is sometimes known as, or considered a part of, humoral immunity . (wikipedia.org)
Not surprisingly, this situation resulted in a renewed interest in immune-based therapies, including antibody therapy, aimed at combating disease by buttressing host immunity. (inscientioveritas.org)
Edmond Nocard in 1897 demonstrated the induction of passive immunity by tetanus antitoxin in humans and could be used for prophylaxis and management. (pediatriconcall.com)

However, the use of equine and murine antisera as antilymphocyte or antithymocyte globulins and murine monoclonal antibodies for immunomodulation and cancer treatment has created a new group of medications that may cause serum sickness. (medscape.com)
[ 14 ] However, ATG, as well as other immunosuppressive foreign proteins, such as chimeric monoclonal antibodies that consist of murine-derived antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and human-derived crystallizable fragment (Fc) portions of antibodies, have been reported to be sufficiently immunogenic to cause serum sickness. (medscape.com)
Polyclonal antibodies generated in immunized animals and monoclonal antibodies generated in the laboratory are increasingly employed in the treatment of diverse animal and human diseases. (veteriankey.com)
palivizumab (Synagis) - a monoclonal antibody that is specific for the RSV product and which is given to high risk premature babies to keep them from getting sick during RSV season. (vaxopedia.org)
One challenge associated with the discovery and development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics is the determination of heavy chain and light chain pairing. (bvsalud.org)
Given the unique characteristic of high antigen-specificity of Monoclonal Antibodies or MAb(s) (which I touched upon briefly in the previous post ), it is expected that the practice of antibody therapeutics would embrace this technology. (inscientioveritas.org)

Exposure to perfluorinated alkylate substances (PFASs) is associated with immune suppression in animal models, and serum concentrations of specific antibodies against certain childhood vaccines tend to decrease at higher exposures. (biomedcentral.com)
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, based entirely on modern biotechnological techniques, as to date encompass a wider range of altogether newer medicinal compounds, e.g., antibiotics, vaccines, and monclonal antibodies (MABs) that may now be produced commercially using well-defined, optimized, and improved fermentative methodologies. (123dok.com)
Aluminum adjuvant in vaccines induce the production of IgE antibodies, which can lead to an increase in allergies and sensitivities. (currenthealthscenario.com)

In addition, polyclonal antibodies from hyperimmunized sheep, horses and rabbits are used as antidotes against envenomization (snake and spider venom), certain bacterial toxins (such as Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin), digitalis toxicity, as well as to cause immune suppression in organ transplant recipients to prevent rejection ( 3 ). (inscientioveritas.org)

These membrane-bound protein complexes have antibodies which are specific for antigen detection. (wikipedia.org)
This single-chain 535 amino acid long protein causes the symptoms of acute diphtheria infection. (org.ua)
Shortly after the administration of the foreign protein, the host mounts a specific antibody response to clear the foreign substance. (medscape.com)
The major antibody in mammalian serum is a protein called immunoglobulin (Ig)G. This is a Y-shaped protein of about 160 kDa. (veteriankey.com)
The effectiveness of serum therapy is widely proven, but improvements on the immunoglobulin purification process and on the quality control are necessary to reduce the amount of protein aggregates. (bvsalud.org)
An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses revealed the presence of protein aggregates, non-immunoglobulin contaminants and, unexpectedly, IgG whole molecules in the samples, indicating the non-complete digestion of immunoglobulins. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein profile analysis and in vitro anticomplementary activity of F(ab') 2 immunoglobulin preparations should be included as quality control steps, to ensure acceptable levels of aggregates, contaminants and whole IgG molecules on final products, reducing the chances of adverse reactions in patients. (biomedcentral.com)
The presence of cerebrospinal fluid albuminocytological dissociation (raised protein, normal cell count), antiganglioside antibodies and neurophysiological evidence of axonal or demyelinating neuropathy also support a diagnosis in many cases, but should not be relied upon. (bmj.com)
An opsonin generally is a protein substance, such as one of the circulating immunoglobulins or complement components. (britannica.com)

Thus serum from an immunized animal contains antibodies. (veteriankey.com)

Bissumbhar B , Rakhmanova AG , Berbers GA , Iakolev A , Nosikova E , Melnick O , Evaluation of diphtheria convalescent patients to serve as donors for the production of anti-diphtheria immunoglobulin preparations. (cdc.gov)
Research into the principles, technology and use of antibody preparations hadn't stopped. (inscientioveritas.org)
Since several tissue-incompatible substances are usually involved during the development of a disease, the simultaneous use of several potentised "antitoxins", as present in the anti- homotoxic preparations, is justified. (urenus.com)

This study evaluated the effectiveness and usefulness of vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus in different age groups in Gaza, Palestine. (who.int)
Using ELISA methods, the efficacy of vaccination was estimated at 87.8% for diphtheria and 98.3% for tetanus. (who.int)
There are few available studies to evaluate the diphtheria and tetanus vaccination programme in Gaza or neighbouring countries. (who.int)
RÉSUMÉ Si la coqueluche est une infection évitable par la vaccination, l'immunité induite par le vaccin ne dure pas toute la vie et des doses de rappel sont recommandées en fonction de l'épidémiologie de la maladie dans le pays. (who.int)
Keeping all the pathogenic information in context, here in the present review we have accumulated all the recent updates on diphtheria and also presented a timely discussion on diagnosis and vaccination procedure, which might assist future therapeutics. (ghspl.com)
Using this approach, a birth cohort established in the Faroe Islands showed strong negative correlations between serum PFAS concentrations at age 5 years and antibody concentrations before and after booster vaccination at age 5, and 2.5 years later [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

While the antibodies babies get through the placenta are IgG antibodies and are directed against most vaccine-preventable diseases, breastmilk antibodies are IgA. (vaxopedia.org)
While the secretory IgA antibodies children get in breastmilk won't protect them against most vaccine-preventable diseases, they can protect them from other viruses and bacteria that cause diarrhea and respiratory infections, etc. (vaxopedia.org)
Globally, epidemic waves of diphtheria have killed thousands of children in early 1920s, i.e., before the vaccine era. (ghspl.com)

Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin superfamily that function as antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)

Within 5 years, antibacterial serum therapy fell into disuse, leaving only a niche area for those conditions that were not amenable to antibiotic treatment, namely, venoms, toxins (such as diphtheria and tetanus), and viral infections (such as, hepatitis A and polio) ( 1 ). (inscientioveritas.org)

In mammals there are five types of antibody: Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin D, Immunoglobulin E, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M. Each immunoglobulin class differs in its biological properties and has evolved to deal with different antigens. (wikipedia.org)
By binding their specific antigens, antibodies can cause agglutination and precipitation of antibody-antigen products, prime for phagocytosis by macrophages and other cells, block viral receptors, and stimulate other immune responses, such as the complement pathway. (wikipedia.org)
To isolate therapeutic antibodies that recognize novel targets other than CD antigens, we constructed a phage display combinatorial antibody Fab library from bone marrow lymphocytes of B-cell lymphoma patient. (bvsalud.org)
To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)

PFAS concentrations and concentrations of antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus were assessed in serum at age 7 years, and results were available from samples collected at age 5. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to standard regressions, structural equation models were generated to determine the association between three major PFASs measured at the two points in time and the two antibody concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
Concentrations of all three 7-year PFAS concentrations were individually associated with a decrease in concentrations of antibodies, however, it was not possible to attribute causality to any single PFAS concentration. (biomedcentral.com)
Hence, the three 7-year concentrations were combined and showed that a 2-fold increase in PFAS was associated with a decrease by 54.4 % (95 % CI: 22.0 %, 73.3 %) in the antibody concentration. (biomedcentral.com)
Given the fact that three substances were measured postnatally on two occasions and that two different antibody concentrations are available as outcome variables, we complemented standard regression analysis with structural equation models. (biomedcentral.com)
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report antipertussis antibody concentrations from maternal delivery lower socioeconomic status, the interval between pregnancies and cord blood pairs from women who received Tdap within generally is 18 months ( 15 ). (cdc.gov)

Wagner KS , Stickings P , White JM , Neal S , Crowcroft NS , Sesardic D , A review of the international issues surrounding the availability and demand for diphtheria antitoxin for therapeutic use. (cdc.gov)
Consequently, direct interrogation of intact antibodies or F(ab')2 and Fab fragments has the potential to significantly streamline therapeutic mAb discovery processes. (bvsalud.org)
These results demonstrate the potential of top-down and middle-down proteomics to significantly streamline therapeutic antibody discovery. (bvsalud.org)
Consideration of antibodies as a therapeutic modality isn't new. (inscientioveritas.org)
495-497, 1975), MAbs were hailed as the 'Magic Bullet' that harnessed the therapeutic power of specific antibodies against specific diseases. (inscientioveritas.org)

It was demonstrated that blood serum containing antibodies to bacterial toxins such as those from tetanus or diphtheria could be transferred from an immune animal to a susceptible individual and so confer protection ( Fig. 12.1 ). (veteriankey.com)

Antibodies are heavy (~150 k Da ) proteins of about 10 nm in size, [7] arranged in three globular regions that roughly form a Y shape. (wikipedia.org)

At the same time, there was an increasing appreciation of the fact that, although antimicrobials work (and work well) by slowing down and/or killing the microbial pathogens, the totality of host defence is a dynamic process dependent upon host-pathogen interactions - because of which immune therapies, including antibody-associated therapies, had a definite and important role to play in clinical therapeutics. (inscientioveritas.org)

Very young infants are dependent solely on maternal harmonized to the greatest extent possible with recom- antibodies and lack the ability to mount a cell-mediated mendations made by the American Academy of Pediatrics, response ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)

Each B cell has a unique antibody that binds with an antigen. (wikipedia.org)

By immunization of animals with recombinant analogues the antibodies to DT and HB-EGF were obtained. (org.ua)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies usually develop 7-14 days after immunization with the antigen. (medscape.com)
Passive immunization was widely employed in the 1920s and 1930s against human pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, and Haemophilus influenzae, in addition to tetanus and diphtheria. (veteriankey.com)

Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab), containing one V L , V H , C L , and C H 1 domain each, as well as the crystallisable fragment (Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. (wikipedia.org)

This type of reaction, called an acute hemolytic reaction, results in the rapid destruction (hemolysis) of the donor red blood cells by host antibodies. (wikipedia.org)

A large proportion of adults in many countries are now susceptible to diphtheria. (who.int)
Physicians, AAFP, the American College of Obstetricians of antipertussis antibodies following a dose of Tdap show and Gynecologists, and the American College of Nurse- antibody levels in healthy, nonpregnant adults peak during the Midwives. (cdc.gov)

The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen . (wikipedia.org)

An antibody is used by the acquired immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. (wikipedia.org)
B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. (wellnessadvantage.com)
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
Immunotherapy consists of the use of specific antibodies to neutralize the main causes of these afflictions. (biomedcentral.com)

Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. (wikipedia.org)

Diphtheria patients are usually prescribed for diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics such as erythromycin/penicillin. (ghspl.com)
Although this challenge was somewhat resolved by the 1930s through better-purified antibodies, the introduction of vastly superior, potent, and better tolerated antimicrobial chemotherapy ('antibiotics', starting with sulphonamides and then the β-lactam, penicillin) around 1935 sounded the death-knell for serum therapy. (inscientioveritas.org)

In the case of maternal antibodies, they start to wane after a few months in many cases, even though they might provide protection against many diseases for up to six to twelve months. (vaxopedia.org)
While infants likely got exposed to polio when they were 6 to 12 months old, since they still had partial protection from maternal antibodies, they may have gotten diarrhea (enteric infection), but it wouldn't progress to the more serious paralytic polio. (vaxopedia.org)
The effectiveness and optimal concentration the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and of maternal antipertussis antibodies in newborns are not yet the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (cdc.gov)

Following the 1888 discovery of the bacteria that cause diphtheria and tetanus, Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō showed that disease need not be caused by microorganisms themselves. (wikipedia.org)
Rats are highly resistant to diphtheria , whereas unimmunized children readily contract the disease. (britannica.com)

The 2011 Tdap rec- pregnancy will not provide high levels of antibodies to protect ommendation did not call for vaccinating pregnant women newborns during subsequent pregnancies ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)

Antibody kinetics in pregnant women likely in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ( MMWR ). (cdc.gov)

When the antigen and antibody molecules are present in approximately equal molar ratios (slight antigen excess), known as the zone of equivalence, cross-linking and lattice formation occur forming intermediate and large immune complexes. (medscape.com)
Antigen cross-linking of immunoglobulin E (IgE) molecules that are bound to specific cell surface receptors and/or binding of complement split products, such as iC3b, to complement receptors (CR3/CR4) may activate mast cells and basophils. (medscape.com)

[2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)

Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. (wikipedia.org)

Ehrlich, with his colleague von Behring, went on to develop the diphtheria antitoxin, which became the first major success of modern immunotherapy. (wikipedia.org)

Diphtheria is caused by a toxigenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae which remains as one of the important causes of illness and death among children. (ghspl.com)

As discussed later, modern molecular techniques also make it possible to alter the nonantigen-binding parts of immunoglobulins so that they too are identical to the recipient species and almost completely eliminating their antigenicity. (veteriankey.com)
Double staining of CSPG4-postive MDA-MB-435S cells with AHSA and anti-CSPG4 rabbit antibody showed identical staining position, and reduced AHSA reactivity was observed in CSPG4-siRNA treated MDA-MB-435S cells. (bvsalud.org)

IgA is also called the secretory immunoglobulin, as it is found in our saliva, and respiratory tract and intestinal secretions, but don't enter our bloodstream. (vaxopedia.org)

Mirilas P., Fesel C., Guilbert B., Beratis N. G. & Avrameas S. (1999) Natural antibodies in childhood: Development, individual stability, and injury effect indicate a contribution to immune memory. (constructivist.info)

Mean serum titres varied significantly by age group: for diphtheria 0.24 IU/mL at age 2-4 years, 0.63 IU/mL at 7-8 years and 0.46 IU/mL at 11-12 years, and for tetanus 1.01 IU/mL, 2.63 IU/mL and 1.20 IU/mL respectively. (who.int)

In our body, the Lymphocyte differentiation process includes a series of DNA recombination steps to create the extensive repertoire of immunoglobulins (for B cells) or T-cell receptors (for T cells). (wellnessadvantage.com)
Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)

Organisms1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs21

Phenomena and Processes2

Pertussis8

Toxoid2

Rabies10

Botulism2

Toxin7

Immunity12

Monoclonal6

Vaccines3

Polyclonal Antibodies1

Protein10

Contains antibodies1

Preparations3

Vaccination6

Vaccine3

Superfamily2

Hepatitis1

Antigens4

Concentrations6

Therapeutic5

Bacterial toxins1

Proteins1

Therapeutics1

Cell-mediated1

Binds1

Immunization3

Antigen-binding f1

Acute1

Adults2

Pathogen1

Neutralize4

Recognizes1

Antibiotics2

Maternal3

Disease2

Tdap1

Pregnant women1

Molecules2

Specific1

Immune response1

Immunotherapy1

Bacterium1

Identical2

Respiratory1

Childhood1

Significantly1

Receptors3