AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
ImmunizationAntibodiesAntibody SpecificityProtozoan InfectionsAntibodies, ViralAntibodies, BacterialAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibody FormationImmunization ProgramsImmunization ScheduleProtozoan ProteinsAntibodies, NeutralizingImmunization, SecondaryImmunization, PassiveVaccinationAntibody AffinityMice, Inbred BALB CEukaryotaAntibodies, ProtozoanDNA, ProtozoanFluorescent Antibody TechniqueEpitopesAntibodies, Anti-IdiotypicCiliophoraImmunoglobulin GBinding Sites, AntibodyHIV AntibodiesCross ReactionsMolecular Sequence DataGenes, ProtozoanRNA, ProtozoanAntibodies, NeoplasmAmino Acid SequenceImmunoglobulin MNeutralization TestsVaccines, SyntheticImmunoglobulin AAntibodies, AntinuclearVaccinesAntigens, ProtozoanAutoantibodiesProtozoan Infections, AnimalGenome, ProtozoanVaccines, DNAAdministration, IntranasalAdjuvants, ImmunologicViral VaccinesEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayAntigensAntibodies, FungalAntigens, BacterialEntamoeba histolyticaProtozoan VaccinesRabbitsImmune SeraAntigen-Antibody ReactionsMice, Inbred C57BLTrypanosoma cruziTetanus ToxoidToxoplasmaT-LymphocytesGiardia lambliaSpleenAntigen-Antibody ComplexRecombinant ProteinsImmunity, Maternally-AcquiredAntibodies, BlockingInfluenza VaccinesImmunity, MucosalAntibodies, BispecificAntibodies, CatalyticSingle-Chain AntibodiesLeishmaniaEpitope MappingMeasles VaccineHybridomasAntibodies, HeterophileCell LineB-LymphocytesImmunity, CellularBase SequenceImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsVaccines, AttenuatedVaccines, InactivatedImmunoglobulin A, SecretoryApicomplexaAntigens, ViralTetanusFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectCattleLymphocyte ActivationAlveolataTetrahymena pyriformisTrypanosomaAntigens, SurfaceAntiprotozoal AgentsDiphtheria ToxoidTime FactorsHemocyaninTrypanosoma brucei brucei
AntigensVaccinesProteinsPlasmodiumBacteriaMonoclonal antibodiesAntigenImmunityParasiteSpecificityProduce neutraliziVaccinationInfectionFalciparumParasiticTransfer of antibodiesSickened 247,EpitopesObligate-intracellular protozoanResponsesLeishmaniaLymphocytesCorrelate with protectionPathogensMiceDiseasesSerologyOrganismVirusesVaccine-inducedAssaysEndemicImmunologicCellsDeficiencyGermProductionExposureComplementClinicalAgglutinationDiseaseLevelsKenya
Antigens10
  • All pathogens leave behind immunologic footprints in the form of antibodies that last for months to years and can be detected by testing dried blood spots or serum samples against panels of well-defined antigens. (cdc.gov)
  • Characterization of Tritrichomonas foetus antigens by use of monoclonal antibodies. (docksci.com)
  • Since these functions are in vitro correlates of protection, the antigens recognized by these monoclonal antibodies may induce protective immunity. (docksci.com)
  • 19. Describe what an antibody is, the general shape of an antibody, and identify where antigens bind to on an antibody. (nursingdons.com)
  • They have poor antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens but elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) with low levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM). (medscape.com)
  • Maternal antibody levels showed a strong positive correlation with infant antibody levels for all P. falciparum antigens from birth to 2 months of age, but this correlation was lost by 6 months of age. (cdc.gov)
  • DISCUSSION: Maternally transferred anti-malarial IgG antibodies rapidly decline during the first 6 months of life, with variations among specific antigens and malaria transmission intensity. (cdc.gov)
  • From 3-23 months of age, there was a wide range in IgG levels for the blood-stage antigens indicating high individual variation in antibody production as children are infected with malaria. (cdc.gov)
  • They destroy antigens tagged by antibodies or cells that are infected or somehow changed. (kidshealth.org)
  • Protective and suppressive responses induced by immunization with purified antigens. (ox.ac.uk)
Vaccines7
  • Another way to prevent infections from germs is to make sure you have the right immunizations (or vaccines), which prepare the body to fight illness. (kidshealth.org)
  • DETAILED DISEASE AND PREVENTION INFORMATION Simultaneous Administration of Vaccines Simultaneous administration of most inactivated vaccines has not resulted in impaired antibody responses or increased rates of adverse reactions. (cdc.gov)
  • Data indicates that simultaneous administration of cholera and yellow fever vaccines produces a less-than-normal antibody response. (cdc.gov)
  • Vitamin E scaffolds of pH-responsive lipid nanoparticles as DNA vaccines in cancer and protozoan infection. (invivogen.com)
  • This is also how immunizations (vaccines) prevent some diseases. (kidshealth.org)
  • Heterologous immunization with defined RNA and subunit vaccines enhances T cell responses that protect against Leishmania donovani. (ac.ir)
  • Immunogenicity of the other six proteins (SPELD, ETRAMP10.3, SIAP2, SPATR, HT, RPL3) was analyzed by immunization of inbred BALB/c and outbred CD-1 mice with viral-vectored (ChAd63 or ChAdOx1, MVA) vaccines, followed by challenge with chimeric sporozoites. (ox.ac.uk)
Proteins2
Plasmodium4
  • Bliss' and Loewe's additive and synergistic effects in Plasmodium falciparum growth inhibition by AMA1-RON2L, RH5, RIPR and CyRPA antibody combinations. (ox.ac.uk)
  • APC-Targeted DNA Vaccination Against Reticulocyte-Binding Protein Homolog 5 Induces Plasmodium falciparum-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies and T Cell Responses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Reason - Malaria is caused by protozoan Plasmodium which enters the human body through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. (knowledgeboat.com)
  • A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) recognizing an epitope common to two genetically distinct cloned lines of Plasmodium chabaudi (AS and CB), was used to purify a Mr250,000 polymorphic schizont antigen (PSA) from these parasites. (ox.ac.uk)
Bacteria4
  • The term " germs " refers to the microscopic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that can cause disease. (kidshealth.org)
  • Teens who are sexually active should use condoms to help prevent STDs because germs like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa can spread via oral, anal, or vaginal contact. (kidshealth.org)
  • In this case, your body will build immunity to the pathogen, such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasitic worms. (water-for-health.co.uk)
  • New drugs are necessary to counter a broad range of pathogens (including viruses, fungi, and protozoans-not just bacteria). (cgdev.org)
Monoclonal antibodies7
Antigen7
  • BALB/c mice immunized with the targeted vaccine induced higher PfRH5-specific IgG1 antibody responses than those vaccinated with a non-targeted vaccine or antigen alone. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Protection was associated with a Th1 response in L. major and a mixed Th1/Th2 response in L. donovani, based on specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody and cytokine production from in vitro proliferation assays using antigen-stimulated splenocytes. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Supernatants were tested for antibody by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as described below, with whole T. foetus as the antigen. (docksci.com)
  • in most applications the substance in question serves as antigen, both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. (theodora.com)
  • Samples were assayed for the P. falciparum HRP2 antigen and anti-malarial IgG antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • An immunization introduces the body to an antigen in a way that doesn't make someone sick. (kidshealth.org)
  • Although antibodies can recognize an antigen and lock onto it, they can't destroy it without help. (kidshealth.org)
Immunity7
  • Antibodies are unique among biomarkers in their ability to identify persons with protective immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases and to measure past exposure to diverse pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibody response provides an objective and sensitive way to uncover immunization coverage gaps or waning immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases ( 5 - 7 ) and monitor a population's exposure to malaria ( 8 ), enteric pathogens ( 9 - 12 ), and many NTDs ( 13 - 17 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Interestingly, this type of immunity only begins to form when maternal antibodies (MatAb) are passed through the placenta at the end of the first trimester. (water-for-health.co.uk)
  • Immunisation is the main form of artificial active immunity. (water-for-health.co.uk)
  • However, the effect of repeated immunization on Th1 and B-cell responses leading to production of protective immunity has not yet been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Traditionally, B cells have been believed to be the lymphocytes responsible for antibody production via maturation into plasma cells (ie, humoral immunity), and T cells have been believed to be the lymphocytes responsible for killing other cells or organisms (ie, cellular immunity). (medscape.com)
  • For example, antibodies in a mother's breast milk give a baby temporary immunity to diseases the mother has been exposed to. (kidshealth.org)
Parasite5
  • In contrast, immunisation with wild type L. tarentolae, using the same immunisation protocol, had no effect on parasite burdens compared to infection controls. (strath.ac.uk)
  • The obligate-intracellular protozoan parasite Neospora caninum is a major cause of reproductive failure in cattle worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the protective immune responses after repeated immunization with soluble lysate of this parasite has not been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Toxoplasma gondii is a wide spread protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. (pdfmedarticles.com)
  • Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi . (medscape.com)
Specificity1
  • After the fourth immunization, four hybridoma lines (18G10, 9G4, 23F4 and 22A10) secreting anti-WDV CP MAbs were acquired through four time cell fusions, antibody specificity and level of sensitivity analyses, and cell limiting dilution cloning. (thetechnoant.info)
Produce neutralizi1
  • The vaccine is designed to express the spike protein of the virus, which can stimulate the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies. (inventiv.org)
Vaccination4
  • Antibody levels reflect past exposure over a period of months to years, so cross-sectional surveys contain an immense amount of information about past vaccination and pathogen exposure ( 8 , 20 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The multifunctional activity of the humoral immune response remained for at least 6 months after vaccination and was comparable to that of naturally acquired anti-MSP1 antibodies from semi-immune adults from Kenya. (nature.com)
  • Avidity of anti-circumsporozoite antibodies following vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E in young children. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Vaccination and immunization - This has enabled us to completely eradicate a deadly disease like smallpox. (kseebsolutions.com)
Infection8
  • So if that germ enters your body later, the antibodies are in place and the body knows how to fight the infection so you won't get sick. (kidshealth.org)
  • The report highlights how the flu virus could exploit this route during infection to evade antivirals and host neutralizing antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • The mechanism of spread through nanotubes could be exploited by other viral, bacterial, or protozoan pathogens to spread infection. (cdc.gov)
  • This immunisation protocol significantly reduced the neonatal mortality to 2.4%, reduced the vertical transmission from 89.1% to 2.3% and completely limited the cerebral infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SYN: group i.. humoral i. i. associated with circulating antibodies, in contradistinction to cellular i.. infection i. the paradoxical immune status in which resistance to reinfection coincides with the persistence of the original infection. (theodora.com)
  • Reason - Immunisation stimulates the body to produce antibodies that fight infection. (knowledgeboat.com)
  • Neonates are born with maternal antibodies from placental transfer which may protect against malaria infection in the first months of life. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibody levels correlate with protection against malaria infection, but considerable variation in outcome is unexplained (e.g., children may experience malaria despite high anti-circumsporozoite [CS] titers). (ox.ac.uk)
Falciparum2
  • However, immunization with AMA1 bound with RON2L (AMA1-RON2L) induces better protection against P. falciparum malaria in Aotus monkeys. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Rabbit antibodies against AMA1-RON2L, RH5, RIPR or CyRPA were tested either alone or in combinations in P. falciparum growth inhibition assay to determine Bliss' and Loewe's additivities. (ox.ac.uk)
Parasitic2
  • After immunisation with live Nc-Spain 1 H tachyzoites, no parasitic DNA was detected in the dams' brains before challenge and microsatellite analysis performed in PCR-positive mice showed that the profiles corresponded to the challenge isolate Nc-Liv, indicating the Nc-Spain 1 H isolate to be a safe vaccine candidate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The parasitic protozoan enters the bloodstream via the bite of an infected female mosquito. (benjaminbarber.org)
Transfer of antibodies1
  • or it may be passive, being acquired from transfer of antibodies from another person or from an animal, either naturally, as from mother to fetus, or by intentional inoculation (artificial passive i.), and, with respect to the particular antibodies transferred, it is specific. (theodora.com)
Sickened 247,1
  • INTRODUCTION: Malaria, a devastating febrile illness caused by protozoan parasites, sickened 247,000,000 people in 2021 and killed 619,000, mostly children and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. (cdc.gov)
Epitopes1
  • Recently, the crystal structure and key functional antibody epitopes for the truncated version of PfRH5 (PfRH5ΔNL) were characterized, suggesting PfRH5ΔNL to be a promising candidate for next-generation PfRH5 vaccine design. (ox.ac.uk)
Obligate-intracellular protozoan1
  • This obligate intracellular protozoan causes significant economic losses and poses serious public health challenges worldwide. (nature.com)
Responses2
  • One study found that most people have antibodies against Ad5 (the most common serotype for gene-transfer vectors), and that about two-thirds have lymphoproliferative responses to Ad (Chirmule et al. (inventiv.org)
  • BACKGROUND: The nature of protective immune responses elicited by immunization with the candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S is still incompletely understood. (ox.ac.uk)
Leishmania3
  • Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease that affects humans and dogs and is caused by protozoan species Leishmania infantum and Leishmania chagasi. (fiocruz.br)
  • Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan Leishmania parasites that are transmitted through female sandfly bites. (ac.ir)
  • Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoa of genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sand fly ( Figure 1 ). (intechopen.com)
Lymphocytes1
Correlate with protection1
  • report a study of antibody specificities and functions which should correlate with protection. (docksci.com)
Pathogens2
  • Robust disease surveillance is a cornerstone of global health efforts that range from detecting emerging pathogens and epidemics to the control or elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases, HIV, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) ( http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/9789241564540/en/ ) ( 2 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Antibody response can also be a key tool to monitor epidemics, such as HIV ( 18 ) and emerging pathogens ( 16 , 19 ). (cdc.gov)
Mice2
  • The efficacy of the live vaccine was evaluated in the first experiment after the immunisation of mice with 5 × 10 5 live Nc-Spain 1 H tachyzoites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TNF-α production in Group 1 mice increased fourfold in Group 2 mice from day 14 to day 28 post-immunization ( p = 0.0005). (biomedcentral.com)
Diseases3
  • In converse, some diseases appear to primarily involve the T cells and do not appear to affect antibody production. (medscape.com)
  • In this way immunisation gives protection against infectious diseases. (knowledgeboat.com)
  • SCD patients should also receive counselling on hygiene, barrier protection against vectors, routine chemoprophylaxis for locally endemic diseases, and immunization for vaccine-preventable infections as a long-term preventive strategy against IAH. (bvsalud.org)
Serology1
  • Re- immunization should occur after 3 months unless serology confirms antibody production. (cdc.gov)
Organism1
  • Laboratory tests may identify organisms directly (eg, visually, using a microscope, growing the organism in culture) or indirectly (eg, identifying antibodies to the organism). (msdmanuals.com)
Viruses1
  • However, live attenuated vaccine viruses might not successfully replicate and the subsequent antibody response could be diminished when the vaccine is given with IG. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine-induced1
  • This study supports future blood-stage vaccine development by providing a solid methodology to evaluate additive and/or synergistic (or antagonistic) effect of vaccine-induced antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)
Assays1
  • Most infectious disease surveillance maintains a single-disease focus, but broader testing of existing serologic surveys with multiplex antibody assays would create new opportunities for integrated surveillance. (cdc.gov)
Endemic1
  • CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that in RTS,S/AS01E-vaccinated children residing in malaria endemic countries, the avidity of anti-circumsporozoite antibodies, as measured using an elution ELISA method, was not associated with protection from clinical malaria. (ox.ac.uk)
Immunologic1
  • Recipients of kidney transplants undergo an extensive immunologic evaluation that primarily serves to avoid transplants that are at risk for antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection. (medscape.com)
Cells1
  • Our immune system sends out white blood cells, antibodies, and other chemicals to rid the body of the invading germs. (kidshealth.org)
Deficiency1
  • When T-cell deficiency is especially severe or involves the T-helper cell function, the deficiency causes an antibody deficiency. (medscape.com)
Germ3
Production3
  • The induced IgG and IgM antibodies were able to stimulate various Fc-mediated effector mechanisms associated with protection against malaria, including phagocytosis, release of reactive oxygen species, production of IFN-γ as well as complement activation and fixation. (nature.com)
  • Monoclonal antibody production. (docksci.com)
  • The study has demonstrated that, repeated immunization with soluble lysate of TPbA induces Th 1 response leading to increased IFN-γ and TNF-γ production. (biomedcentral.com)
Exposure2
  • The IgG dynamics of the transition from passively transferred antimalarial antibodies to actively acquired IgG from natural exposure have not been well elucidated. (cdc.gov)
  • We selected 19 cases (i.e., with clinical malaria) and 42 controls (i.e., without clinical malaria), matching for anti-CS antibody levels and malaria exposure. (ox.ac.uk)
Complement1
  • One antibody, TF1.15, also killed in the absence of complement. (docksci.com)
Clinical1
  • The human monoclonal antibody T025 targets envelope protein domain III (EDIII) of TBEV and related tick-borne flaviviruses, potently neutralizing TBEV in vitro and in preclinical models, representing a promising candidate for clinical development. (bvsalud.org)
Agglutination1
Disease3
  • Leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. (strath.ac.uk)
  • HPR-2 antibody with the panspecific anti- cious circle of poverty and disease [ 5 ]. (who.int)
  • Malaria is a protozoan disease of which over 150 million cases are reported per annum. (benjaminbarber.org)
Levels1
  • If successful, this protocol reduces antibody levels to the point where renal transplantation becomes feasible. (medscape.com)
Kenya1
  • METHODS AND FINDINGS: We measured the avidity index (AI) of the anti-CS antibodies raised in subgroup of 5-17 month old children in Kenya who were vaccinated with three doses of RTS,S/AS01E between March and August 2007. (ox.ac.uk)