PneumoniaePyogenesStaphylococcusKlebsiellaIsolatesDysgalactiaeEscherichiaInfectionPathogensMastitisAntibioticStrainsLiving organismMicrobiologyHaemophilusMRSAInfectionsFungiVaginalGenusSepsisEnterobacterSequence typeBeta-hemolyticGroupGAPDHBacitracin resistantSpeciesCatalase-negativeVaccinePeople with compromised immune systemsPolysaccharidesGramAntimicrobialContains bacteriaDiseaseClinicalVaginaVirulenceSystem'sInfectPathogenImmunodeficiency virusHost immuneResponsesAntibodies
Pneumoniae7
- The infections are typically characterized by either meningitis or sepsis, and are caused by encapsulated organisms including Streptococcus pneumoniae. (wikipedia.org)
- Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae, often abbreviated as K. pneumoniae, is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the human digestive tract, as well as in soil and water. (medicallabnotes.com)
- Other studies running in parallel investigate the underlying mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and pathogenicity in clinical infections that include Mollicutes (cell-wall-less bacteria) Gram-negative bacteria (including Legionella pneumophila , Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli ) and UK invasive Gram-positive bacterial infections in adults (including Streptococcus agalactiae , Streptococcus sinensis, Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus cristatus ). (cardiff.ac.uk)
- CEFTIN tablets are indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients (who can swallow tablets whole) with acute bacterial otitis media caused by susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase-producing strains), Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase-producing strains), or Streptococcus pyogenes . (rxlist.com)
- CEFTIN for oral suspension is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 3 months to 12 years with acute bacterial otitis media caused by susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase-producing strains), Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase-producing strains), or Streptococcus pyogenes . (rxlist.com)
- Population structure, serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in Victoria, Australia. (cdc.gov)
- 90 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci). (msdmanuals.com)
Pyogenes14
- The main difference between streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus agalactiae is that streptococcus pyogenes is bacitracin sensitive, whereas streptococcus agalactiae is bacitracin resistant. (pediaa.com)
- S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae are two types of beta-hemolytic organisms. (pediaa.com)
- Streptococcus pyogenes is a species of Gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the genus Streptococcus . (pediaa.com)
- S. pyogenes is important to humans as a pathogenic bacterium. (pediaa.com)
- S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae are two types of Gram-positive cocci. (pediaa.com)
- Streptococcus pyogenes refers to a genus of Gram-positive, aerotolerant bacteria in the genus Streptococcus, while Streptococcus agalactiae refers to a Gram-positive coccus with a tendency to form chains. (pediaa.com)
- S. pyogenes is bacitracin sensitive, while S. agalactiae is bacitracin resistant. (pediaa.com)
- S. pyogenes occurs in skin microbiota, while S. agalactiae occurs in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract. (pediaa.com)
- S. pyogenes belongs to Group A Streptococcus, while S. agalactiae belongs to Group B Streptococcus . (pediaa.com)
- Overall, the main difference between S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae is the type of antigen present in each bacterium. (pediaa.com)
- Second-generation cephalosporin with activity against respiratory aerobic gram-negative organisms, including Haemophilus influenza, and aerobic gram-positive aerobic organisms, including Streptococcus pyogenes and MSSA. (medscape.com)
- CEFTIN tablets are indicated for the treatment of adult patients and pediatric patients (13 years and older) with mild-to-moderate pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by susceptible strains of Streptococcus pyogenes . (rxlist.com)
- CEFTIN for oral suspension is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 3 months to 12 years with mild-to-moderate pharyngitis / tonsillitis caused by susceptible strains of Streptococcus pyogenes . (rxlist.com)
- The efficacy of CEFTIN in the treatment of penicillin -resistant strains of Streptococcus pyogenes has not been demonstrated in clinical trials. (rxlist.com)
Staphylococcus4
- Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, commonly known as MRSA, is a type of bacteria that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, including methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporins. (medicallabnotes.com)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Salmonella, Listeria, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, viruses such as enteroviruses and mumps, fungi especially Cryptococcus, and parasites like Amoeba are also important causes of meningitis. (gambohospital.org)
- One Health Genomic Insights into the Host-Specific Evolution and Cross-Host Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in Animal Farm Environments, Food of Animal Origin, and Humans. (cdc.gov)
- 2011). Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms with higher proportions of dormant bacteria induce a lower activation of murine macrophages . (up.pt)
Klebsiella1
- Other causes include E. coli, S. agalactiae (Group B Strep), Klebsiella sp. (atsu.edu)
Isolates1
- These pathogens included Aeromonas spp ( 4 ), potentially pathogenic clinical-type Vibrio vulnificus isolates ( Technical Appendix Figure 2 ) ( 5 ), non-serotype O1 or O139 cholera toxin-negative V. cholerae isolates ( Technical Appendix Figure 2 ) ( 6 ), Mycobacteria ( 7 ), and S. agalactiae ( 3 , 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Dysgalactiae1
- Genomic epidemiology of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. (cdc.gov)
Escherichia1
- Our data showed that most tested intestinal bacteria showed MIC below that for a sensitive indicator Escherichia coli (7.5-15 mM). (biomedcentral.com)
Infection18
- The spleen is necessary for protection against encapsulated bacteria (see Mechanism) and as such when removed by splenectomy it can lead to rapid unchallenged infection by encapsulated bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Hence the bacteria are free to cause infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Normally, it causes Group A Streptococcal infection and is classified as Group A Streptococci according to the Rebecca Lancefield classification of streptococci. (pediaa.com)
- This will enable the host immune system to fight the infection and eliminate the bacteria. (immunethep.com)
- But if the bug is causing an infection, this poses a serious problem for diagnosis and treatment because the bacteria aren't necessarily going to be detected in a urine sample or be in a position where oral antibiotics can reach them. (bulletlive.com)
- A CMV test may also be done if you have a weakened immune system, such as in the case of HIV infection or an organ transplant. (angis.org.au)
- Reviewed By Experts Human Papillomavirus infection is a common sexually transmitted infection and serves as the primary catalyst for various epithelial lesions and cancers. (blogarama.com)
- Towards this goal, the Gonzalez laboratory utilizes a systems scale to single target approach to study bacterial pathogenesis, host responses to infection, and the human microbiome. (keystonesymposia.org)
- Immune deficiencies such as HIV infection or complement deficiency, immunosuppression, and active or passive smoking can also raise the risk of different types of meningitis. (gambohospital.org)
- One night he was looking after a baby boy who had sepsis, which is where the immune system goes into overdrive to protect against infection, potentially leading to severe inflammation, organ failure and death. (skepticalob.com)
- Given the good antibacterial activity of the extracts the plants may act as an immune booster and prevent infection in immunosuppressed cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
- Immunosuppression is the suppression of the immune system's ability to fight infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- Vaginal cultures are useful only for clinical research and to detect group A streptococci , trichomoniasis , and Candida albicans infection . (dermnetnz.org)
- Based on the results of this study, an idea which immediately suggests itself is that the factors and defence mechanisms of the host immune system may play a fundamental role in the different outcomes of infection. (cret-signal.com)
- In older children and adults, colonization of the bacteria rarely results in infection. (pregnancycrawler.com)
- Their immune systems are not fully developed, and cannot fight off infection very well. (pregnancycrawler.com)
- Background: The integrase strand transfer inhibitor dolutegravir has been indicated in Korea since 2014 for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in combination with other antiretroviral. (koreamed.org)
- 2007). Analysis of the immune response to Neospora caninum in a model of intragastric infection in mice . (up.pt)
Pathogens5
- Unfortunately, little is known about the types of bacteria and other potential pathogens that might be carried by these fish and the potential risks that they might pose to customers or to ornamental and native fish. (cdc.gov)
- To determine whether S. agalactiae and other bacterial pathogens might be carried more widely by these fish, from May 5, 2011, through June 30, 2011, the Fish Health Inspectorate of the Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science visited Heathrow Airport 5 times to intercept and sample consignments of G. rufa from Indonesia. (cdc.gov)
- A taxonomically diverse range of bacteria were identified ( Technical Appendix , Technical Appendix Figure 2 ), including a variety of human pathogens capable of causing invasive soft tissue infections. (cdc.gov)
- Introduction Enterobacter aerogenes is a bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, which includes several other important pathogens and opportunistic bacteria. (medicallabnotes.com)
- Fungal pathogens are most commonly found in immune-compromised patients and those who have indwelling devices, such as urinary catheters and central lines. (biomedcentral.com)
Mastitis3
- In addition to that, S. agalactiae is a common pathogen in animals, causing bovine mastitis. (pediaa.com)
- Like other gram negative bacteria, they may cause a life threatening acute mastitis. (cornell.edu)
- A bacterium which causes mastitis in cattle and occasionally in man. (lookformedical.com)
Antibiotic3
- The therapeutic use of bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill bacteria, is well suited to be part of the multidimensional strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. (asm.org)
- We cover the key points of the antibiotic resistance crisis and then explain the biological and evolutionary principles that support the use of phages, their interaction with the immune system, and a comparison with antibiotic therapy. (asm.org)
- The drug of choice is penicillin, or, for those allergic to penicillin, clindamycin or any other strep-specific antibiotic. (pregnancycrawler.com)
Strains7
- Correspondingly, we have detected differential cytokine production in human cell lines after challenge with the persistent strain vs. other GBS strains. (nih.gov)
- A new study led by ?????? researchers reveals that numerous bacterial strains are capable of hiding in the human bladder wall, suggesting why urinary tract infections often persist after treatment. (bulletlive.com)
- Professor Jennifer Rohn, senior author of the study from ?????? Division of Medicine, said: "We put a variety of UTI bacteria species and strains through their paces and discovered a battleground of diversity. (bulletlive.com)
- There are so many species and strains of bacteria in the human bladder that we don't fully understand, but the body seems to be pretty good at telling friend from foe. (bulletlive.com)
- Staphylococci are ubiquitous for humans, and many strains compose the normal skin flora. (lecturio.com)
- Although the investigated strains had different genomic click here contents, this study found no evidence of a correlation between the genomic contents of the S. Typhimurium strains and the symptoms they caused in human cases of salmonellosis. (cret-signal.com)
- Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine helps prevent Haemophilus infections but not infections caused by other strains of H. influenzae bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)
Living organism1
- Our laboratory was the first to demonstrate that this pathway is not essential for viability in a living organism and that the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans survives albeit with increased vulnerability to environmental stressors in the absence of the universally conserved minimal elements of this co-translational translocation pathway. (ufl.edu)
Microbiology1
- The last 100 years of microbiology research have clearly established that symbiotic and pathogenic microbes colonizing humans have the ability to impact health, disease, and drug action (Pharmacology and Pharmacy). (keystonesymposia.org)
Haemophilus4
- Newborn babies are at most risk from Group B streptococcus, young children are at higher risk from meningococcus, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae. (gambohospital.org)
- Most bacteria that cause meningitis such as meningococcus, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae are carried in the human nose and throat. (gambohospital.org)
- Infections of the nervous system caused by bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS, and marked by prominent inflammation of the MENINGES. (lookformedical.com)
- A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. (lookformedical.com)
MRSA1
- Fifth-generation cephalosporin antimicrobial with activity against aerobic gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic gram-positive bacteria, and aerobic gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA. (medscape.com)
Infections14
- However, they cause severe invasive infections in newborns, elder people, and people with compromised immune systems. (pediaa.com)
- Water is a well-recognized source of bacterial skin infections in humans. (cdc.gov)
- V. vulnificus can cause wound infections and primary septicemia, resulting in high mortality rates, especially among persons with predisposing risk conditions (e.g., liver disease, diabetes, or impaired immune function) ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- These bacteria can cause mild udder infections with a mild increase in somatic cell count and slight reduction in milk production. (cornell.edu)
- The research, published today in Science Advances , is the first to use a sophisticated human tissue model to explore the interaction between host and pathogen for six common species that cause urinary tract infections. (bulletlive.com)
- CMV is a member of the herpes virus family and can cause a variety of infections, especially in people with weakened immune systems. (angis.org.au)
- Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria, responsible for vaginal and urinary tract infections and newborn infections including meningitis and septicemia. (blogarama.com)
- Introduction Wound infections refer to the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, in a wound or injury site. (medicallabnotes.com)
- It is an opportunistic pathogen known for its ability to cause infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying health conditions. (medicallabnotes.com)
- To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of clindamycin hydrochloride capsules and other antibacterial drugs, clindamycin hydrochloride capsules should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. (nih.gov)
- Compounds having both anticancer and antimicrobial activity have promising therapeutic potential due to their selective cytotoxicity and their potential to reduce the occurrence of bacterial and fungal infections in immune-compromised cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
- Ceftin is available as a generic drug and is prescribed to treat infections with susceptible bacteria including skin and middle ear infections, tonsillitis , throat infections, laryngitis , bronchitis , pneumonia , urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea . (rxlist.com)
- Felix d'Herelle first coined the term "bacteriophage" ( 4 ), literally meaning "bacterium eater," and began using phages to treat bacterial infections in human patients ( Fig. 1 ). (asm.org)
- It is a component of the innate immune system against bacterial infections. (e-cep.org)
Fungi2
- Those microorganisms that are inactivated include bacteria, yeast, fungi and enveloped viruses. (healthelicious.com.au)
- Reuterin is active toward enteropathogens, yeasts, fungi, protozoa and viruses, but its effect on commensal intestinal bacteria is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaginal5
- Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a Gram-positive bacterium, which colonizes the vaginal tract in 10-30% of women. (nih.gov)
- In this work, we have used human cervical and vaginal epithelial cells, and our established mouse model of GBS vaginal colonization, to characterize key host factors that respond during GBS colonization. (nih.gov)
- We conclude that both GBS strain differences and concurrent host immune responses are crucial in modulating vaginal colonization. (nih.gov)
- It is unclear whether the primary cause of aerobic vaginitis is pathogenic organisms, lack of lactobacilli, immune dysregulation and pro-inflammatory cytokines , or insufficient oestrogen in the vaginal mucosa ( atrophic vulvovaginitis ) [2]. (dermnetnz.org)
- For a period, all women were screened with vaginal and rectal cultures during pregnancy and treated with antibiotics if they carried the bacteria. (pregnancycrawler.com)
Genus1
- Introduction Serratia liquefaciens is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the genus Serratia. (medicallabnotes.com)
Sepsis3
- These bacteria are responsible for more than half of the deaths from meningitis globally and they cause other severe diseases like sepsis and pneumonia. (gambohospital.org)
- Humans may develop jaundice as newborns to protect from something even more serious: sepsis. (skepticalob.com)
- Sepsis in the neonate is most likely to be caused by S. agalactiae (group B strep. (atsu.edu)
Enterobacter1
- Citrobacter and Enterobacter are bacteria that can be found in bedding, manure and soil. (cornell.edu)
Sequence type2
- Technical Appendix Table ) ( 2 ) indicated that it was a sequence type (ST) 261 S. agalactiae strain ( http://pubmlst.org/sagalactiae ). (cdc.gov)
- Human Fecal Carriage of Streptococcus agalactiae Sequence Type 283, Thailand. (cdc.gov)
Beta-hemolytic2
- Additionally, S. agalactiae is a beta-hemolytic bacterium that is catalase-negative and facultative anaerobic . (pediaa.com)
- They are beta-hemolytic bacteria that are catalase negative. (pediaa.com)
Group9
- S. agalactiae is a group B of the Rebecca Lancefield classification as it contains group B antigen. (pediaa.com)
- Moreover, Group B Streptococci are harmless bacteria that are a part of the human microbiota. (pediaa.com)
- Streptococcus group "G" spp. (cornell.edu)
- In addition, our group has also used our panel of well characterized monoclonal antibodies against S. mutans P1, a recognized target of protective immunity and widely studied candidate vaccine antigen, to demonstrate that exogenously administered antibodies included as part of an immune complex prior to immunization can be used in a directed and practical manner to alter the host antibody response against the bacteria towards one of increased efficacy. (ufl.edu)
- Introduction Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a Gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the Streptococcaceae family. (medicallabnotes.com)
- In the 1970s, the bacterium group B Streptococcus (GBS) emerged as the leading infectious cause of early neonatal morbidity and mortality in the United States ( 1--4 ). (cdc.gov)
- Group B Strep (Strepococcus agalactiae, group B) is a common bacteria. (pregnancycrawler.com)
- 2013). Group B Streptococcus Hijacks the Host Plasminogen System to Promote Brain Endothelial Cell Invasion . (up.pt)
- 2011). Inhibition of IL-10 production by maternal antibodies against group b streptococcus GAPDH confers immunity to offspring by favoring neutrophil recruitment . (up.pt)
GAPDH2
- PNV works by neutralizing an extracellular form of bacterial GAPDH, without blocking the human GAPDH. (immunethep.com)
- 2007). Streptococcus agalactiae GAPDH is a virulence-associated immunomodulatory protein . (up.pt)
Bacitracin resistant1
- In comparison, S. agalactiae is bacitracin resistant and occurs in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract. (pediaa.com)
Species2
- Streptococcus agalactiae is another species of Gram-positive bacterium that has a round shape. (pediaa.com)
- Wastewater contains bacteria with high tolerance to toxic substances and enzymatic reduction ability and has the potential to be rich in species that can synthesize nanoparticles. (researchgate.net)
Catalase-negative1
- In addition, both are catalase-negative bacteria. (pediaa.com)
Vaccine1
- 2004). Therapeutic vaccine against Streptococcus sobrinus-induced caries . (up.pt)
People with compromised immune systems1
- CMV can cause serious complications in people with compromised immune systems. (angis.org.au)
Polysaccharides1
- Capsules made of polysaccharides (sugars) permit bacteria to evade phagocytosis by macrophages alone, since only proteins are directly recognized by macrophages in phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
Gram13
- They are also Gram-positive bacteria that are cocci. (pediaa.com)
- C bovis are gram positive bacteria that inhabit infected udders and the teat canal. (cornell.edu)
- The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D -alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). (frontiersin.org)
- In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF ( dltX ) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. (frontiersin.org)
- The cell wall of gram-positive bacteria contains highly charged anionic polymers called teichoic acids (TAs) that consist of alditol phosphate repeats. (frontiersin.org)
- they have long been considered to be essential for Gram-positive bacteria. (frontiersin.org)
- Introduction Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the class Gammaproteobacteria. (medicallabnotes.com)
- E. aerogenes is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in various environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. (medicallabnotes.com)
- Antimicrobial susceptibility, whole genome sequence analysis, virulence and transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes from one bacteria to another are characterised for blood stream isolated Gram-positive bacteria. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- Our team have shown that even modest concentrations of bilirubin reduced by one third the growth of Gram-positive Streptococcus agalactiae. (skepticalob.com)
- The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in some Egyptian hospitals was high among Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria, and candida spp. (biomedcentral.com)
- A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals. (lookformedical.com)
- Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical bilayered nanoparticles derived from the outer layer of Gram-negative bacteria. (koreamed.org)
Antimicrobial1
- Reuterin produced from glycerol by Lactobacillus reuteri , a normal inhabitant of the human intestine, is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. (biomedcentral.com)
Contains bacteria1
- Recently, for instance, researchers discovered that placenta contains bacteria which may help shape a baby's immune system over the course of its lifetime - this discovery was made after analyzing part of an extracted placenta taken from a woman after giving birth. (seekersthoughts.com)
Disease5
- This bacterium can cause a number of illnesses, such as streptococcal pharyngitis, rheumatic heart disease, rheumatic fever, and scarlet fever. (pediaa.com)
- The clinical appearance of the disease and the diagnostic results suggested that S. agalactiae was the causative agent of the fish illness and deaths. (cdc.gov)
- Case studies in chapters that discuss specific diseases allow learners to review the postmortem condition of human remains in relation to the disease. (textbookrush.com)
- That means one may carry the bacteria, but never show signs of disease. (pregnancycrawler.com)
- Finally, WNV surveillance data from CDC is being studied to determine the spatial and temporal relationships between disease outbreaks in birds and animals and human illness. (cdc.gov)
Clinical3
- most clinical signs are due to toxins produced by the bacteria. (cornell.edu)
- Researchers are expected to begin human clinical trials in early 2024 to test the safety and efficacy of vaccines to prevent heroin and fentanyl overdoses. (blogarama.com)
- By going through up-to-date reports and, whenever possible, human clinical trials, we examine the versatility of phage therapy. (asm.org)
Vagina1
- The bacteria can be detected by a culture of the vagina and rectum. (pregnancycrawler.com)
Virulence1
- 2007). Interaction with human plasminogen system turns on proteolytic activity in Streptococcus agalactiae and enhances its virulence in a mouse model . (up.pt)
System's2
- So humoral immunity in forms of IgG and complement proteins is the human immune system's response against bacterial capsules. (wikipedia.org)
- Natural coconut fat in the diet leads to a normalization of body lipids, protects against alcohol damage to the liver and improves the immune system's anti-inflammatory response. (healthelicious.com.au)
Infect1
- S. agalactiae also produces a number of virulent factors that boost the capacity of the bacterium to infect and damage human tissues. (pediaa.com)
Pathogen3
- In this study, researchers from ?????? developed three-dimensional cell models capable of mimicking the biological environment and function of human bladder tissue, in order to observe the interactions between host and pathogen in conditions as close to the human body as possible. (bulletlive.com)
- If you want to be a successful pathogen, you have to have strategies that help you to survive treatment and hide from patrolling immune cells, which means you live to fight another day. (bulletlive.com)
- It is a significant human pathogen and is commonly found in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts of healthy adults. (medicallabnotes.com)
Immunodeficiency virus1
- BACKGROUND: In utero exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ART) is associated with adverse birth outcomes, which are often attributed to alterations in placental morphology. (bvsalud.org)
Host immune1
- In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
Responses1
- Factors shaping C. difficile pathogenesis are incompletely understood but are likely due to the ecological factors in the gastrointestinal ecosystem, mucosal immune responses, and environmental factors. (bvsalud.org)
Antibodies2
- In particular, these macrophages are activated when bacteria are bound by IgG antibodies (IgG1 or IgG3) or the complement component C3b. (wikipedia.org)
- These types of antibodies and complement are immune substances called opsonizers, molecules that bind to the surface of bacteria to facilitate phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)