• Monitoring Avian sentinel hospitals report the number of outpatient visits, by Influenza A(H7N9) age group, for ILI and the total number of outpatients. (cdc.gov)
  • A(H7N9) virus testing was performed on 20,739 specimens collected by CNISN during March 4-April 28. (cdc.gov)
  • Careful monitoring and rapid charac- sopharyngeal swab samples from 554 sentinel hospitals terization of influenza A(H7N9) and other influenza viruses throughout mainland China. (cdc.gov)
  • In general, decisions to initiate antiviral chemoprophylaxis should be guided by the risk stratification described below, 3 based on observational data for reported cases of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) and A(H5N1) viruses, and on data from seasonal influenza studies. (cdc.gov)
  • There are many subtypes of avian influenza viruses, but only some strains of five subtypes have been known to infect humans: H5N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, and H9N2. (inciner8.com)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 is a novel avian influenza virus first reported to have infected humans in 2013 in China. (inciner8.com)
  • Since the last update of 26 August 2013, China has reported no new cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus , but reported one death in a previously reported case. (flutrackers.com)
  • As of 7 October 2013, 135 human cases of influenza A(H7N9) virus infection were reported to WHO. (flutrackers.com)
  • Avian influenza of subtypes H5N1 and H7N9 are classical examples of direct animal to human transmission. (rroij.com)
  • Avian influenza types (AI) A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N7), A(H7N9), A(H9N2), which originated in birds, and swine influenza A(H3N2)v, which originated in pigs, Human infections with swine flu A(H1N1v) and A(H3N2v) viruses have been reported from different regions, with maximum notified from North America and Europe. (rroij.com)
  • Some subtypes of the Influenza A, usually called Bird flu (H5N1 and H7N9 viruses) and Swine flu (H1N1 virus) have caused serious infections in human, which have sometimes resulted in death. (gomedii.com)
  • Influenza A(H7N9) viruses remain as a high pandemic threat. (cdc.gov)
  • The continued evolution of the A(H7N9) viruses poses major challenges in pandemic preparedness strategies through vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • We assessed the breadth of the heterologous neutralizing antibody responses against the 3rd and 5th wave A(H7N9) viruses using the 1st wave vaccine sera from 4 vaccine groups: 1. (cdc.gov)
  • The 1st wave vaccines induced robust responses to the 3rd and Pearl River Delta lineage 5th wave viruses but lower cross-reactivity to the highly pathogenic 5th wave A(H7N9) virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Several human infections with avian influenza A to high mortality among chickens ( 20 ) that required the viruses, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 intervention of the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture and H10N8, have been reported among poultry-exposed for monitoring and controlling. (who.int)
  • Four more people in East China have been confirmed to be infected with the H7N9 bird flu virus, as a nationwide screening program has been launched for the rare but lethal strain. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Sixteen top-level hospitals in Jiangsu have been designated as treatment sites for patients confirmed to have the virus, and all levels of hospitals are required to strengthen the screening of pneumonia patients against H7N9. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Since 31 March 2013, the government of China has been notifying the World Health Organization (WHO) of human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 1 as mandated by the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)
  • H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7) have previously been reported, 3 the current event in China is of historical significance as it is the first time that A(H7N9) viruses have been detected among humans and the first time that a low pathogenic avian influenza virus is being associated with human fatalities. (who.int)
  • 5,6 Here, we describe the age and sex distribution of the human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) to better inform risk assessments and potential next steps. (who.int)
  • Between 31 March and 16 April 2013, there were 63 reported cases of avian influenza A(H7N9). (who.int)
  • 9 LBMs have been the primary site where avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has been detected in poultry and environmental samples in the affected areas, 9 although age- and sex-specific LBM visit patterns are unknown.Elderly Chinese men are well-known to be hobbyists of "walking" ornamental pet songbirds and take frequent and extended walks with their caged birds, congregating together in parks. (who.int)
  • H7N9 avian influenza human infection is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 better known as coronavirus. (done21.com)
  • Recent human infections with avian influenza virus revealed that H9N2 is the gene donor for H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that are infecting humans too. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • During 2020, LPAI H9N2 virus infection in one child with moderate illness after possible indirect exposure to backyard poultry was reported from Hong Kong in February 2020. (cdc.gov)
  • Senegal reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a child with mild illness after backyard poultry exposure that occurred in February 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2020, China reported five cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in four children and one adult who experienced mild illness and were detected through ILI surveillance. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2021, 24 cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection were identified in China, including 19 mild cases in children, two mild cases in adults, and three severe cases requiring hospitalization in adults, including one death. (cdc.gov)
  • During January through April 2022, China reported four cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection, three in children and one in an adult, all with mild illness. (cdc.gov)
  • In March 2022, Cambodia reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a young child who was hospitalized for one day. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequences obtained clustered tightly with those of Israeli origin as well as Lebanese H9N2 viruses from 2010. (who.int)
  • H9N2 is the most common subtype of influenza viruses in Chinese chickens and thus causes great economic loss for the poultry industry, even under the long-term vaccination programs. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The crucial role of H9N2 viruses due to the wide host range, adaptation to both poultry and mammals and extensive gene reassortment. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The H9N2 influenza virus can be transmitted by air droplet, dust, feed, or water. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has issued a task order under an existing contract to Chiron Corporation of Emeryville, CA, for the production of an investigational vaccine based on an H9N2 strain of avian influenza virus that has infected humans and has the potential to trigger a modern-day pandemic. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Over the years the H9N2 influenza strain caused illness in several children aged nine months to 5 years in Hong Kong with the latest occurring in December 2009. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The annually updated, trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Re-collection creates most beneficial situations for influenza pandemics just like the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic that took place in 2009-2010. (rroij.com)
  • The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was initially caused by new re-assortant virus, this is the aggregate of swine-avianhuman influenza viruses, arising from pigs which later mutated to efficiently become transmissible among human beings. (rroij.com)
  • PVP-I was tested against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae according to bactericidal quantitative suspension test EN13727 and against severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), rotavirus strain Wa and influenza virus A subtype H1N1 according to virucidal quantitative suspension test EN14476. (springer.com)
  • PVP-I gargle/mouthwash diluted 1:30 (equivalent to a concentration of 0.23% PVP-I) showed effective bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, influenza virus A (H1N1) and rotavirus after 15 s of exposure. (springer.com)
  • The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
  • [12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Avian Influenza H7N3 Outbreak in South Central Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • Notably, since 2000, outbreaks of avian influenza caused by high and low pathogenicity influenza A(H7N1) viruses and low pathogenicity A(H7N3) viruses occurred on poultry farms located mainly in northeastern Italy ( 3 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Campitelli L , Mogavero E , De Marco MA , Delogu M , Puzelli S , Frezza F , Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. (blogspot.com)
  • The main variants named using this convention are:[citation needed] Bird flu Human flu Swine influenza Equine influenza Canine influenza Bat influenza Variants have also sometimes been named according to their deadliness in poultry, especially chickens:[citation needed] Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), also called deadly flu or death flu Most known strains are extinct strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first human infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A H10N3 virus was reported in China in June 2021 49, 50 . (cdc.gov)
  • Also in April 2022, the first human infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A H3N8 virus was reported in China. (cdc.gov)
  • Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On August 14, 2013, infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) virus was initially detected on a layer farm in Ostellato, Ferrara Province, Italy, representing the start of an epizootic that affected another 5 poultry farms in Ferrara and Bologna Provinces (Emilia-Romagna Region) during the next 3 weeks. (blogspot.com)
  • Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pathogen that causes the flu in birds and some mammals, including humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed and many countries have stockpiled it to allow a quick administration to the population in the event of an avian influenza pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • an unusually dangerous virus for humans. (inciner8.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
  • Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza viruses are influenza virus type A which might be transmitted from animals to humans and seldom transmitted from human to human. (rroij.com)
  • In such instances, infection with avian or swine influenza can be deadly to humans. (rroij.com)
  • If we see in the past, in 2003, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus the H7N7 and H5N1, again crossed from birds to humans and caused fatal disease. (gomedii.com)
  • The influenza virus mainly has three families including A, B, and C. The type A influenza models the most serious problems among humans causing 95% of cases. (gomedii.com)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. (who.int)
  • Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
  • Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • How could bat flu viruses become capable of infecting and spreading among humans? (blogspot.com)
  • Reassortment can sometimes lead to the emergence of new flu viruses capable of infecting humans. (blogspot.com)
  • But in 2015 PLoS One published Serological Evidence of Influenza A Viruses in Frugivorous Bats from Africa, which detected serological evidence of prior H9 influenza infection - a subtype which has infected humans - in roughly 30% of bats examined in Ghana. (blogspot.com)
  • Genetic analyses revealed that the viruses from the humans were closely related to those from chickens on affected farms. (blogspot.com)
  • BACKGROUND: One strategy to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine is to redirect the immune system to the highly conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain by sequentially administering vaccines expressing chimeric (c) haemagglutinins with a conserved stalk domain and divergent head domain, to which humans are naive. (bvsalud.org)
  • This document provides guidance for follow-up and antiviral chemoprophylaxis of close contacts of cases of human infection with novel influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease or with the potential to cause severe human disease . (cdc.gov)
  • This interim guidance is based on expert opinion and currently available published and unpublished data for antiviral treatment and chemoprophylaxis of seasonal, pandemic, and novel influenza A virus infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Sufficient supplies of antiviral agents that are expected to be effective against novel influenza A viruses are available. (cdc.gov)
  • Antiviral drugs are the other option available for the treatment of influenza, which falls under three categories as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors [ 15 ] targeting the viral components, thwarted by newly emerging strains. (springeropen.com)
  • 袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)
  • Clinical merits of selected inhibitors were further evaluated, focusing mainly on their cross-protection abilities among influenza virus subtypes and their potential synergetic antiviral effects when used in combination with other drugs. (hku.hk)
  • 2004. NISN statement on antiviral resistance in influenza viruses. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Her primary research interests include molecular mechanisms of genetic variability of influenza viruses and antiviral susceptibility. (blogspot.com)
  • So a flu from a virus similar to the isolate A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2) is called Fujian flu, human flu, and H3N2 flu. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, the annual flu subtype H3N2 no longer contains the strain that caused the Hong Kong flu. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] "Contemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
  • It is an RNA virus categorized into subtypes based on the type of two proteins on the surface of the viral envelope:[citation needed] H = hemagglutinin, a protein that causes red blood cells to agglutinate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutinelli F, Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G. Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (H7N7 61, 63 , H4N5 62 , H4N6 60 , H3N3 60 and H10N7 59 ) have caused epidemics in seals. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza C viruses are not known to cause serious symptoms or result in epidemics. (zovon.com)
  • Recent virus epidemics and rising antibiotic resistance highlight the importance of hygiene measures to prevent and control outbreaks. (springer.com)
  • worldwide, annual influenza epidemics are estimated to result in about 3-5 million cases of severe illness and about 250,000-500,000 deaths [ 4 ]. (springer.com)
  • 2000. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The Mexican Avian Influenza (H5N2) Outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • In May 2021, HPAI H5N1 virus was detected in wild fox kits 51 at a rehabilitation center in the Netherlands, during an outbreak of HPAI in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • An biosecurity and concentration of poultry in outbreaks or outbreak of H5N1 HPAI was first described in Lebanon in the emergence of HPAI virus ( 1 ). (who.int)
  • For a more detailed description of how estimates have been determined for the numbers of deaths caused by the 1918 influenza outbreak, see Barry's section in Chapter 1 . (nationalacademies.org)
  • Epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (1996-98). (nationalacademies.org)
  • During an influenza A(H7N7) virus outbreak among poultry in Italy during August-September 2013, infection with a highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was diagnosed for 3 poultry workers with conjunctivitis. (blogspot.com)
  • Koopmans M , Wilbrink B , Conyn M , Natrop G , van der Nat H , Vennema H , Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (blogspot.com)
  • Is There Any Kind of Influenza Vaccines Available? (gomedii.com)
  • Yes, there is some type of vaccines that are helpful in preventing the flu, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this vaccination against influenza helps in reducing sickness due to the flu, hospitalizations as well as deaths. (gomedii.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Emerging data suggest that second-generation influenza vaccines with higher hemagglutinin (HA) antigen content and/or different production methods may induce stronger antibody responses to HA than standard-dose egg-based influenza vaccines in adults. (cdc.gov)
  • All influenza A subtypes have been isolated of escaping vaccines or producing novel viral strains from wild bird species ( 3 ). (who.int)
  • What is the evidence that influenza vaccines are effective? (lpmhealthcare.com)
  • However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We aimed to assess the reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted investigational supra-seasonal universal influenza virus vaccines (SUIVs) in healthy young adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • Occasionally, it is transmitted from wild to domestic birds, and this may cause severe disease, outbreaks, or human influenza pandemics. (wikipedia.org)
  • From late 2021 to 2022, the predominant HPAI H5 virus causing poultry outbreaks worldwide was the wild-bird adapted HPAI H5N1virus, according to WHOA (formally known as OIE [610 KB, 6 pages] ). (cdc.gov)
  • however those are the activities that cause global influenza outbreaks or pandemics. (rroij.com)
  • In addition to seasonal endemic viruses, emerging and re-emerging virus outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) require close contact for human-to-human transmission and can spread nosocomially [ 5 , 6 ]. (springer.com)
  • This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Europe, avian influenza viruses of subtype H7 have been responsible for several disease outbreaks among poultry, which resulted in human infections ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • The neuraminidase, on the other hand, is critical for the subsequent release of the daughter virus particles created within the infected cell so they can spread to other cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Different influenza viruses encode for different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, the H5N1 virus designates an influenza A subtype that has a type 5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type 1 neuraminidase (N) protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). (wikipedia.org)
  • Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase AIV subtypes were determined for pos- itive samples. (who.int)
  • Influenza A viruses are classified into several subtypes based on the structural proteins hemagglutinin (HA/H) and neuraminidase (NA/N), such as H1-H18 and N1-N11 [ 24 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The neuraminidase (NA), and internal genes, were also highly divergent from previously known influenzas. (blogspot.com)
  • 2004. Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Zoonotic influenza is also called as non-seasonal influenza as it may be transmitted at any time of the year when people are exposed to animal influenza viruses. (rroij.com)
  • It is specific to a scenario where there are sporadic cases associated with infected domestic poultry or wild bird exposures, and there is concern for possible limited, non-sustained human-to-human virus transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2020, reassortment (gene-swapping) between poultry and wild bird viruses led to the emergence of HPAI H5N1 with the NA viruses with an N1 NA from wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • During January through April 2022, China reported seven cases of HPAI H5N6 virus infection following poultry exposures, with severe or critical illness, including one death. (cdc.gov)
  • As influenza A(H5N1) virus is thought to be circulating widely in poultry in Cambodia and Indonesia, additional sporadic human cases or small clusters might be expected in the future. (flutrackers.com)
  • Whenever influenza viruses are circulating in poultry, sporadic infections or small clusters of human cases are possible, especially in people exposed to infected household poultry or contaminated environments. (flutrackers.com)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The occurrence and spread of LPAI or HPAI were detected in backyard growers from Bekaa and viruses in poultry vary depending on the levels of South Lebanon Governorates respectively ( 19 ). (who.int)
  • We compared antibody responses to high-dose egg-based inactivated (HD-IIV3), recombinant (RIV4), and cell culture-based (ccIIV4) vs standard-dose egg-based inactivated influenza vaccine (SD-IIV4) among health care personnel (HCP) aged 18-65 years in 2 influenza seasons (2018-2019, 2019-2020). (cdc.gov)
  • Prevaccination and 1-month-postvaccination sera were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay against 4 cell culture propagated vaccine reference viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • HD-IIV3 recipients had similar postvaccination antibody titers compared with SD-IIV4 recipients, whereas RIV4 recipients had significantly higher 1-month-postvaccination antibody titers against vaccine reference viruses for all outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • recombinant virus like particle (VLP) vaccine with 15 g HA/dose + ISCOMATRIX. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccine group 1 had the highest antibody responses to the vaccine virus and the 3rd/5th wave drifted viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Notably, the relative levels of cross-reactivity to the drifted viruses as measured by the antibody GMT ratios to the 5th wave viruses were similar across all 4 vaccine groups. (cdc.gov)
  • Experts say the manufacture of a vaccine will take some time, as researchers will need a thorough understanding of the virus. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • METHODS: Hospitalized adults who met a standardized ARI case definition were prospectively enrolled across 3 respiratory seasons from hospitals participating across all sites of the US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (2016-2019). (bvsalud.org)
  • Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • [15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine, containing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein and the AS01 adjuvant, was previously shown to boost neutralization responses against historical RSV strains and to be efficacious in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract diseases in older adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using the electronic Iranian influenza surveillance system and data of cases in sentinel hospitals of 3 selected provinces, we estimated the monthly trend (seasonality) of incidence for SARI and F-SARI, overall incidence of SARI and F-SARI and their disaggregation by age with the aid using the Monte Carlo technique. (who.int)
  • We compared the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of RSV infections vs influenza in adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in a prospective national surveillance network. (bvsalud.org)
  • This work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health project "Virological surveillance of epidemic and pandemic influenza" (grant no. 4M13) and by the Emilia-Romagna Region. (blogspot.com)
  • Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory waterfowl. (cdc.gov)
  • Past, present, and possible future human infection with influenza virus A subtype H7. (blogspot.com)
  • Health care personnel with unprotected close contact to case-patients with novel influenza A virus infection may have higher risk exposures than others through caring for patients of greater illness severity and higher viral levels. (cdc.gov)
  • The signs and symptoms of zoonotic influenza infections in human beings can range from eye infections (conjunctivitis) or influenza-like infection (e.g. fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to severe breathing disorder (e.g. pneumonia, acute breathing distress, viral pneumonia). (rroij.com)
  • This study underscores the medical importance of polymerase functional domains as druggable targets, which may be due to the fact that these targeted areas are not only highly conserved among virus subtypes but also key to viral fitness. (hku.hk)
  • Importantly, the established screening platforms for PA endonuclease inhibitors, PB2 cap-binding inhibitors, and PA-PB1 interaction disrupters should advance the development of a category of anti-influenza drugs that target viral polymerase. (hku.hk)
  • Fungal respiratory illnesses caused by endemic mycoses can be nonspecific and are often mistaken for viral or bacterial infections. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Appropriate viral tests were arranged for the patient and the test result was positive for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. (blogspot.com)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • We performed fungal testing on serum specimens from patients hospitalized with acute respiratory illness (ARI) to assess the possible role of endemic fungi as etiologic agents. (bvsalud.org)
  • Novel influenza A viruses have caused sporadic infections resulting in severe human disease and substantial mortality among detected cases to date . (cdc.gov)
  • Limited, non-sustained human-to-human transmission of some novel influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease likely occurred or cannot be excluded in some case clusters that have occurred worldwide . (cdc.gov)
  • The public health goal of this interim guidance is to prevent further spread of novel influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease if there are infected persons in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Persons with an unprotected exposure to novel influenza A virus associated with severe human disease in a laboratory setting may have a high-risk or moderate-risk exposure, and need to be evaluated case by case. (cdc.gov)
  • Public health personnel should attempt to identify as soon as possible and monitor all close contacts of confirmed or probable cases of human infection with novel influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease for new illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Most of the reported cases of human infection have resulted in severe respiratory illness. (inciner8.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza like other influenza causes mild to severe illness in the patients they infect. (rroij.com)
  • Severe illness and weakness can be observed if the affected person has underlying clinical or physiological conditions including pregnancy or is in an immune deficiency state. (rroij.com)
  • According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)
  • Throughout the past few years, the public has become intensely aware of the threat of emerging infectious diseases with the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the threat of bioterrorism, the discovery of human cases of monkeypoxin, and the proliferation of West Nile virus. (gomedii.com)
  • Unlike the remaining four coronaviruses, which are typically associated with mild, self-limiting respiratory illness, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV cause severe respiratory symptoms and are associated with considerable mortality [ 7 ]. (springer.com)
  • In this study we estimated the burden of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and influenza-associated SARI (F-SARI) in selected provinces of Islamic Republic of Iran, the trends of SARI and confirmed cases of influenza (F-SARI) over 12 months (seasonality), and the age groups most at risk. (who.int)
  • The World Health Organization estimates 3-5 million severe illness cases and 290,000-to 650,000 respiratory-related death worldwide due to annual epidemic [ 10 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Current understanding of severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in adults is limited by clinical underrecognition. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is an RNA virus whose subtypes have been isolated from wild birds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in domestic and wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. (cdc.gov)
  • In January 2022, the first HPAI H5N1 virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) infection in wild birds in the United States since 2016 was reported by USDA/APHIS . (cdc.gov)
  • Human infection with avian influenza type A viruses are unusual and particularly result from indirect contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. (rroij.com)
  • Both do- burden of influenza in middle eastern countries is now of mesticated and wild birds can be infected with AI virus considerable concern. (who.int)
  • Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Among the workers, infection with highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was confirmed for 3 who had conjunctivitis but no respiratory symptoms. (blogspot.com)
  • Bonfanti L , Monne I , Tamba M , Santucci U , Massi P , Patregnani T , Highly pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza in Italy. (blogspot.com)
  • Laboratory research of typeA influenza cases and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses assist additionally to diagnose each seasonal and zoonotic influenza. (rroij.com)
  • Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus (or different viruses), especially influenza, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The term antigenic shift is more often applied specifically (but is not limited) to the influenza literature, as it is the best known example (e.g. visna virus in sheep). (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Illustration of potential influenza antigenic shift. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • This antigenic shift could cause the formation of a highly virulent virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Population from patients with influenza-like illness in 10 provinces with data by age group were provided by the National Bureau of confirmed human cases: 6 (0.03%) were positive, and in- Statistics of China. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.S." Globally the toll of influenza virus is estimated at 290,000-645,000 deaths annually, exceeding previous estimates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)
  • The 1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy: veterinary and human health implications. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
  • During 2020, five human cases of HPAI H5N6 virus infection were reported in China. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2021, China reported 36 cases of human infection with HPAI H5N6 virus with 18 deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • In April 2022, the first human case of HPAI H5N1 virus was reported in the United States, though this detection may have been the result of contamination of the nasal passages with the virus rather than actual infection. (cdc.gov)
  • From 2003 through 7 October 2013, 641 laboratory-confirmed human cases with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection have been officially reported to WHO from 15 countries. (flutrackers.com)
  • Since the last WHO Influenza at the Human Animal Interface update on 26 August 2013, four new laboratory-confirmed human cases of influenza A(H5N1) virus infection were reported to WHO from Cambodia (3)and Indonesia (1). (flutrackers.com)
  • There are four types of influenza viruses, namely, A, B, C and D. Human influenza viruses, A and B cause seasonal flu every year. (zovon.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza when human beings are exposed and infected with influenza viruses circulating in animals. (rroij.com)
  • This kind of contamination does no longer result in the efficient transmission of those viruses among human beings. (rroij.com)
  • Several zoonotic influenza viruses have these days caused sporadic human contamination. (rroij.com)
  • These symptoms begin within two days after exposure of the virus with the human body and most last less than a week. (gomedii.com)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The yellow warning suggests that people are infected with the virus but that human-to-human transmission has yet to take place. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Influenza infection always poses a threat to human and animal health. (springeropen.com)
  • Globally, influenza virus infections present a potential threat to human and animal health due to frequent reassortant and novel mutant strains [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • The continual emergence of influenza viruses remains the main threat to human health results in a considerable record of morbidity and mortality. (springeropen.com)
  • 2 While human infections with other subgroups of H7 influenza viruses (e.g. (who.int)
  • Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It could occur with primate viruses and may be a factor for the appearance of new viruses in the human species such as HIV. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Because the human immune system has difficulty recognizing the new influenza strain, it may be highly dangerous. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Because the internal genes of bat flu viruses are compatible with human flu viruses, it is possible that these viruses could exchange genetic information with human flu viruses through a process called "reassortment. (blogspot.com)
  • However, the conditions needed for reassortment to occur between human flu viruses and bat flu viruses remain unknown. (blogspot.com)
  • A different animal (such as pigs, horses, dogs or seals) would need to serve as a "bridge," meaning that such an animal would need to be capable of being infected with both this new bat flu virus and human flu viruses for reassortment to occur. (blogspot.com)
  • In their current form bat flu viruses do not appear to pose a threat to human health. (blogspot.com)
  • For the first few years only novel ` bat specific ' ( H17 & H18 ) flu viruses were detected in bats, suggesting a wide gap between human and bat flu. (blogspot.com)
  • As avian influenza subtype H9 is associated with human infections, the implications of our findings from a public health context remain to be investigated. (blogspot.com)
  • We describe the clinical and virologic findings of the investigation conducted with regard to these 3 human cases of influenza A(H7N7) virus infection. (blogspot.com)
  • In January 2022, an HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection was reported in an asymptomatic 80-year-old man who raised ducks that became sick in England in late December 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • ABSTRACT There are few estimates of influenza burden in the WHO Region for the Eastern Mediterranean. (who.int)
  • When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The identified antivirals exhibit substantial promise for clinical applications and provide new additions to the arsenal of drugs that are already used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (hku.hk)
  • The emergence of a new strain of influenza virus are responsible for a pandemic. (zovon.com)
  • In the book "The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control" it reported that the West Nile Virus, discovered in Uganda in 1937, was transported to American soil in 1999 by planes that carried their vectors (mosquitos). (dnx.news)
  • Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
  • Histologic findings may include pulmonary changes with alveolar damage similar to seasonal influenza. (medscape.com)
  • It isn't possible to differentiate clinical symptoms and signs of seasonal and zoonotic influenza. (rroij.com)
  • Yet according to the World Health Organization (WHO), seasonal influenza kills up to 650 000 people every year. (gomedii.com)
  • Vaccination is the primary method opted for to prevent influenza infections. (springeropen.com)
  • The anti-influenza effects of plants have been extensively studied, and many pharmaceutical companies have prepared their products on this basis. (springeropen.com)
  • The present review documents the successfully launched anti-influenza commercial products. (springeropen.com)
  • Recent studies give supporting evidence that natural products like extracts and other compounds derived from traditional medicinal plants have a broad spectrum of anti-influenza activities [ 16 , 17 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Therefore, novel anti-influenza therapeutics utilizing new targets and creative strategies are essential. (hku.hk)
  • Influenza , generally known as "flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus including type A virus, type B virus, type C virus, and Thogotovirus. (gomedii.com)
  • Influenza is an infectious disease, which means it can be easily spread from person to person. (gomedii.com)
  • Most infectious disease experts believe that the world stands on the verge of an influenza pandemic (Chen et al. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
  • So far, the results of these studies continue to indicate that bat flu viruses are very unlikely to reassort with other flu viruses to create new and potentially more infectious or dangerous viruses. (blogspot.com)
  • See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Flu may not always be considered of by most people as a serious illness, its symptoms of a runny nose, cough, headaches, and muscle pain can confuse people it with a heavy cold. (gomedii.com)
  • What are the Symptoms of Influenza? (gomedii.com)
  • Influenza C viruses are less frequently detected and cause mild infections, which are not a threat to public health. (zovon.com)
  • The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
  • Considerably more attention has been focused on protecting the public from terrorist attacks than from the far more likely and pervasive threat of pandemic influenza-an event conservatively expected to cause between 2 and 8 million deaths (WHO, 2004a). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Viboud C, Grais RF, Lafont BAP, Miller MA, Simonsen L. Multinational impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza pandemic: Evidence for a smoldering pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • 1999. The next influenza pandemic: Lessons from Hong Kong, 1997. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In a number of cases they cause clinically manifested illnesses of varying severity, including diseases affecting the central nervous system, heart, endocrine pancreas, etc. (oaji.net)
  • Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
  • A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • The flu virus can live on any surfaces for like up to 24 hours which means in some cases, the flu can be spread when a healthy person touches a surface or a thing, like a table, cell phone, and a door, that has the virus and then touches his mouth, nose, or eyes. (gomedii.com)
  • The district was in the news earlier due to Nipah virus cases. (ceezad.org)
  • Zanella A. Avian influenza attributable to serovar H7N1 in light layers in Italy. (cdc.gov)
  • On Tuesday (2 April), Shanghai authorities reiterated that no bird flu virus had been found in dead pig samples from a river providing drinking water to residents. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center tested 34 samples from pig carcasses pulled from the Huangpu River and found no bird flu viruses. (thepoultrysite.com)