• Although its plasma levels remained unchanged in females, adiponectin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in adipose tissue of both HFD-fed groups with a more marked decrease in AD group compared to VD group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A collagen domain-derived short adiponectin peptide activates APPL1 and AMPK signaling pathways and improves glucose and fatty acid metabolisms. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • Adiponectin is a fat tissue-derived adipokine with beneficial effects against diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • Circulating adiponectin levels as well as adipose tissue mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in HFD-fed male mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review will address the biology, actions, and regulation of three adipocyte hormones-leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP), and adiponectin-with an emphasis on the most recent literature. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Work in our laboratory has primarily focused on the biology and regulation of three key adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation-stimulating protein, and adiponectin. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1) is a cysteine -rich adipose-derived peptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • Human insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta-cells (β-cell) of the pancreas, and its release is dependent on glucose levels in the circulation, in addition amino acids, incretins and cholecystokinin also promote its release. (researchsquare.com)
  • Amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide ( IAPP ), is a 37-residue peptide hormone . (wikidoc.org)
  • Resistin is an adipose-derived hormone (similar to a cytokine ) whose physiologic role has been the subject of much controversy regarding its involvement with obesity and type II diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ). (wikidoc.org)
  • This idea primarily stems from studies demonstrating that serum resistin levels increase with obesity in several model systems (humans, rats , and mice ). (wikidoc.org)
  • In accordance, it is expected that, if resistin does indeed serve as a link between obesity and T2DM while at the same time contributing to the inflammatory response, then we should also observe proportional increases in chronic inflammation in association with obesity and insulin resistance. (wikidoc.org)
  • In fact, recent data have shown that this possibility is indeed the case by demonstrating positive correlations between obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation, [21] [22] which is believed to be directed in part by resistin signaling. (wikidoc.org)
  • Exploring Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Secretomes in Human Obesity: Implications for Metabolic Disease. (harvard.edu)
  • Obesity is defined as an increase of adipose tissue mass in the body and its accumulation in peripheral organs that leads to metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance and hyperlepidemia [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These hormones, the pathways controlling their production, and their receptors are promising targets for managing obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The results reported here are compatible with SHBG being a mixture of at least two functionally different hormone-binding globulins, being affected by obesity and gender and showing different structure, affinities for testosterone and estradiol and also different immunoreactivity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ectopic obesity is defined as the accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues [6]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos , 'thin' or 'light' or 'small') is a protein hormone predominantly made by adipose cells and its primary role is likely to regulate long-term energy balance . (cloudfront.net)
  • The amount of circulating leptin correlates with the amount of energy reserves, mainly triglycerides stored in adipose tissue. (cloudfront.net)
  • Although regulation of fat stores is deemed to be the primary function of leptin, it also plays a role in other physiological processes, as evidenced by its many sites of synthesis other than fat cells, and the many cell types beyond hypothalamic cells that have leptin receptors . (cloudfront.net)
  • Predominantly, the 'energy expenditure hormone' leptin is made by adipose cells , and is thus labeled fat cell-specific . (cloudfront.net)
  • The central location of action ( effect ) of the fat cell-specific hormone leptin is the hypothalamus , a part of the brain , which is a part of the central nervous system. (cloudfront.net)
  • Non-hypothalamic targets of leptin are referred to as peripheral targets. (cloudfront.net)
  • The primary function of the hormone leptin is the regulation of adipose tissue mass through central hypothalamus mediated effects on hunger , food energy use, physical exercise and energy balance . (cloudfront.net)
  • Several studies showed a significant association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and increased carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). (dovepress.com)
  • It consists of a hormone-producing glandular portion of the anterior pituitary and a neural portion of the posterior pituitary, which is an extension of the hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypothalamus regulates the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary and creates two hormones that it exports to the posterior pituitary for storage and later release. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most anterior pituitary hormones exhibit a diurnal rhythm of release, which is subject to modification by stimuli influencing the hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This chapter summarizes that several adipokines are expressed in the ovary and that they can regulate ovarian physiology such as the steroid hormone production, cell proliferation, apoptosis and oocyte maturation in different domestic animals like pigs, cows, goats, ewes, chickens and turkeys. (intechopen.com)
  • oestrogens or œstrogens ) are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle , and functioning as the primary female sex hormone . (wikidoc.org)
  • Secretion is regulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), or somatostatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its secretion is prompted by prolactin-releasing hormone and inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secretion is stimulated by the thyroid-stimulating hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary. (wikipedia.org)
  • Appreciating the pathogenesis of HFD-induced metabolic disorders requires a thorough knowledge of adipose tissue physiology and the regulation of adipokines secretion and action including the role of gender in response to these parameters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Appearance of new glucose in the blood is reduced by inhibiting secretion of the gluconeogenic hormone glucagon . (wikidoc.org)
  • Cross-Sectional Associations of Computed Tomography (CT)-Derived Adipose Tissue Density and Adipokines: The Framingham Heart Study. (umassmed.edu)
  • In further support of its inflammatory profile, resistin has been shown to increase transcriptional events, leading to an increased expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including (but not limited to) interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) in an NF-κB -mediated (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells-mediated) fashion. (wikidoc.org)
  • The fetus also has a unique hormonal system that combines not only its own developing endocrine system, but also that of the corpus luteum, placenta and maternal hormones. (edu.au)
  • 1 The main function of insulin is to maintain glucose homeostasis, enabling glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, besides acting as an anabolic hormone that favors not only the absorption of amino acids and fatty acids, but also promotes cell growth and energy storage. (researchsquare.com)
  • Adverse effects of high-fat diets (HFD) on metabolic homeostasis are linked to adipose tissue dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The goal of this study was to examine the effect of the HFD nature on adipose tissue activity, metabolic disturbances and glucose homeostasis alterations in male mice compared with female mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • A review examining the role of these three hormones in regulating energy homeostasis and insulin action was published in early 2002. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The parathyroid glands, of which there are 4-6, are found on the back of the thyroid glands, and secrete parathyroid hormone, This causes an increase in blood calcium levels by targeting bone, the intestine, and the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
  • The parathyroid hormone is the antagonist of calcitonin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by falling blood calcium levels and is inhibited by rising blood calcium levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) , or parathormone , is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. (bionity.com)
  • Hormones are recognised by either cell surface receptors (modified amino acids, peptides, proteins) or cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors (steroids). (edu.au)
  • Currently, it is clear that female reproduction is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis, which produces many hormones that control reproductive stages. (intechopen.com)
  • Resistin accelerates the accumulation of LDL in arteries , increasing the risk of heart disease. (wikidoc.org)
  • It acts to increase the concentration of calcium (Ca 2+ ) in the blood , whereas calcitonin (a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland ) acts to decrease calcium concentration. (bionity.com)
  • Orexins (or hypocretins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides with a multitude of physiological functions. (researchgate.net)
  • Somatotropic hormone or growth hormone (GH) is an anabolic hormone that stimulates the growth of all body tissues especially skeletal muscle and bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • The endocrine glands produce hormones, which are distributed by the vascular system to the many body tissues, subsequently these organs are richly vascularized. (edu.au)
  • Hormones "orchestrate" responses in other tissues, including other endocrine organs, and these overall effects can be similar or different in different tissues. (edu.au)
  • These actions are mediated by both the actions of a number of nonsecreted proteins and hormones produced in adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • [7] [8] Activin, inhibin and a number of other structurally related proteins such as anti-Müllerian hormone , bone morphogenetic protein , and growth differentiation factor belong to the TGF-β protein superfamily . (wikidoc.org)
  • [10] In addition, both complexes are derived from the same family of related genes and proteins but differ in their subunit composition. (wikidoc.org)
  • Adipocytes produce a number of hormones that have wide-ranging effects on energy intake, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including nutrient partitioning and fuel selection. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • As cited, it has recently been discovered that resistin also participates in the inflammatory response. (wikidoc.org)
  • Hormones produced by adipose tissue play a critical role in the regulation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The purpose of the present review is to summarize the most important aspects of the biology, actions, and regulation of these hormones and to serve as an update of new information published during the past ∼18 months. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • To do this, a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) was administered to female and male Fischer 344 rats at ZT0 (in the morning) and ZT12 (at night) and the GSPE administration time effect was evaluated on clock genes expression, melatonin hormone and serum metabolite levels in a healthy and obesogenic context. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone promotes normal development and activity of the thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, insufficient maternal dietary iodine impacts on fetal thyroid gland thyroid hormone production, which in turn can lead to abnormal neural development. (edu.au)
  • OBJECTIVE: Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) binds and transports testosterone and estradiol in plasma. (bvsalud.org)
  • Specific binding of estradiol and testosterone to plasma SHBG was analyzed using tritium-labeled hormones. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thyroid tissue consists of follicles with a stored protein called colloid, containing[thyroglobulin], a precursor to other thyroid hormones, which are manufactured within the colloid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sex hormones from the gonads have significant effects prenatally and postnatally, specifically at puberty with a role to play in male/female biological maturity and have wide actions throughout the body. (edu.au)
  • It is therefore important to have knowledge of new regulators/hormones controlling reproduction in domestic animals. (intechopen.com)
  • resistin increases the production of LDL in human liver cells and also degrades LDL receptors in the liver . (wikidoc.org)
  • Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors gamma-2 (PPARγ2) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) mRNA expression levels in adipose tissue were decreased up to 70% in HFD-fed mice but were more markedly reduced in male mice as compared with female mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antidiuretic hormone stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve water, resulting in small volumes of highly concentrated urine and decreased plasma osmolality. (wikipedia.org)
  • When thyroid levels are high, there is negative feedback that decreases the amount of Thyroid-stimulating hormone secreted. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids. (wikipedia.org)
  • resistin adversely impacts the effects of statins , the main cholesterol-reducing drug used in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. (wikidoc.org)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone release is triggered by corticotropin-releasing hormone and inhibited by rising glucocorticoid levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Estrogens are used as part of some oral contraceptives , in estrogen replacement therapy of postmenopausal women, and in hormone replacement therapy for transwomen . (wikidoc.org)
  • Hormone effects can be mimicked, stimulated, and blocked by therapeutic drugs, nutritional and environmental chemicals. (edu.au)
  • [16] [17] It has also been demonstrated that resistin upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM1 ) vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM1 ) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 ( CCL2 ), all of which are occupied in chemotactic pathways involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection. (wikidoc.org)