- The binding of a divalent cation, almost always magnesium, strongly affects the interaction of ATP with various proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- V-type ATPases are found in vacuoles of eukaryotes and in bacteria. (tcdb.org)
- A typical intracellular concentration of ATP is hard to pin down, however, reports have shown there to be 1-10 μmol per gram of tissue in a variety of eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
- compared the structural and functional properties of F-ATP synthases in plant mitochondria with those of yeast and mammals. (tcdb.org)
- All such systems are multisubunit complexes with at least 3 dissimilar subunits embedded as a complex in the membrane (F 0 , a:b:c = 1:2:~12) and (usually) at least 5 dissimilar subunits attached to F 0 (F 1 , α:β:γ:δ:ε = 3:3:1:1:1 for F-type ATPases). (tcdb.org)
- This membrane-associated complex seems to be embedded exclusively in the inner membrane, which indicates that additional components are required to translocate substrates across the mycobacterial outer membrane. (regenerativemedicine.net)
- V-type ATPases may pump 2-3 H + per ATP hydrolyzed, and these enzymes cannot catalyze pmf-driven ATP synthesis. (tcdb.org)
- Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and pyruvate kinase. (wikipedia.org)
- The crystal structure of the S. cerevisiae c-subunit ring with bound oligomycin revealed the inhibitor docked on the outer face of the proton-binding sites, deep in the transmembrane region ( Zhou and Faraldo-Gómez 2018 ). (tcdb.org)
- Found in all known forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. (wikipedia.org)
- Two equivalents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are also produced, which can be oxidized via the electron transport chain and result in the generation of additional ATP by ATP synthase. (wikipedia.org)
- ATP production by a non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryote occurs mainly in the mitochondria, which comprise nearly 25% of the volume of a typical cell. (wikipedia.org)
- The discovery of the human polyP synthase would validate these previous findings and dramatically accelerate polyP research. (silverchair.com)
- A human adult processes around 50 kg of ATP daily. (wikipedia.org)
- F-type ATPases are found in eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts as well as in bacteria. (tcdb.org)
- A-type ATPases are found in archaea. (tcdb.org)
- ATP consists of an adenine attached by the 9-nitrogen atom to the 1′ carbon atom of a sugar (ribose), which in turn is attached at the 5' carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group. (wikipedia.org)
- Being polyanionic and featuring a potentially chelating polyphosphate group, ATP binds metal cations with high affinity. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacterial F-type ATPases pump 3-4 H + and/or Na + (depending on the system) out of the cell per ATP hydrolyzed. (tcdb.org)
- Due to the strength of the ATP-Mg2+ interaction, ATP exists in the cell mostly as a complex with Mg2+ bonded to the phosphate oxygen centers. (wikipedia.org)
- The rotor (which consists of the c, ε and γ subunits) is believed to rotate relative to the stator in response to either ATP hydrolysis by F 1 or proton transport through F 0 . (tcdb.org)
- H + transport and ATP synthesis may therefore be coupled mechanically. (tcdb.org)
- A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain. (wikipedia.org)
- Regulation of these ATPase/synthase activities is particularly important in times of cellular stress, primarily to prevent wasteful ATP consumption. (elifesciences.org)
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic compound that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- This double membrane-bound organelle generates most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through OXPHOS, processed by ETC embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). (frontiersin.org)
- ATP Synthase K+- and H+-fluxes Drive ATP Synthesis and Enable Mitochondrial K+-'Uniporter' Function: II. (nih.gov)
- Moreover, this process is reversible so that, if the pmf drops below the threshold needed to power ATP synthesis, the motor has the ability to reverse and, in some bacterial species, operates primarily as a proton pump driven by ATP hydrolysis. (elifesciences.org)
- ATP synthase produces the majority of cellular energy in most cells. (elifesciences.org)
- The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide, the combination of pathways 1 and 2, known as cellular respiration, produces about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose. (wikipedia.org)
- The binding of a divalent cation, almost always magnesium, strongly affects the interaction of ATP with various proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and pyruvate kinase. (wikipedia.org)
- This work provides direct evidence for unique conformational states that occur in E. coli ATP synthase when ATP binding prevents the ε C-terminal domain from entering the inhibitory 'up' state. (elifesciences.org)
- The dephosphorylation of ATP and rephosphorylation of ADP and AMP occur repeatedly in the course of aerobic metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- From the perspective of biochemistry, ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate, which indicates that it consists of three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and the triphosphate. (wikipedia.org)
- ATP consists of an adenine attached by the 9-nitrogen atom to the 1′ carbon atom of a sugar (ribose), which in turn is attached at the 5' carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group. (wikipedia.org)
- It is interesting from an RNA world perspective that ATP can carry a Mg ion which catalyzes RNA polymerization. (wikipedia.org)
- The F o motor spans the membrane and converts the potential energy of the pmf into rotation of the central stalk that in turn drives conformational changes in the three catalytic sites of the α 3 β 3 F 1 motor subunits to generate ATP. (elifesciences.org)
- Found in all known forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. (wikipedia.org)
- Along with pH, the free energy change of ATP hydrolysis is also associated with Mg2+ concentration, from ΔG°' = −35.7 kJ/mol at a Mg2+ concentration of zero, to ΔG°' = −31 kJ/mol at [Mg2+] = 5 mM. (wikipedia.org)
- Higher concentrations of Mg2+ decrease free energy released in the reaction due to binding of Mg2+ ions to negatively charged oxygen atoms of ATP at pH 7. (wikipedia.org)
- Some even regarded it specifically as a disorder of the complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is fundamental for mitochondrial energy production which is essential for neuronal health. (frontiersin.org)
- A typical intracellular concentration of ATP is hard to pin down, however, reports have shown there to be 1-10 μmol per gram of tissue in a variety of eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
- Living cells maintain the ratio of ATP to ADP at a point ten orders of magnitude from equilibrium, with ATP concentrations fivefold higher than the concentration of ADP. (wikipedia.org)