Humans sex chromosome aberrations. Medical search. Frequent questions

Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is discerned by determining the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
Mortality and cancer incidence in persons with numerical sex chromosome abnormalities: a cohort study. (ox.ac.uk)
Mortality and cancer incidence were assessed in a cohort of 1373 patients with numerical sex chromosome abnormalities diagnosed at three cytogenetics centres in Britain during 1959-90, and were compared with expectations from national rates. (ox.ac.uk)
The genetic controversy about LSD started in 1967 when Cohen, Marinello and Back (22) published a paper suggesting that LSD should be added to the list of substances capable of causing abnormalities in the chromosomes. (druglibrary.net)
Trisomy of sex chromosomes is compatible with life, but will cause phenotypic abnormalities. (mindmeister.com)
Knowledge on the prevalence of sex chromosome abnormalities (SCAs) is limited, and delayed diagnosis or non-diagnosis of SCAs are a continuous concern. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosomal abnormalities are changes to the number or structure of chromosomes that can lead to birth defects or other health disorders. (solarpoultry.com)
Other evidence of chromosomal abnormalities include abnormal sexual development, behavioral disturbances, malignancy (e.g., the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukemia), and spontaneous abortion. (solarpoultry.com)
Well-known examples are some chromosomal translocations or sex-chromosomal abnormalities and Y-chromosome deletions. (virascience.com)
Changes in the structure or quantity of chromosomes , which are strands of condensed genetic material, are known as chromosomal aberrations or abnormalities. (schleiden-eifel.de)
However, within populations there can be found abnormalities involving the structure or number of chromosomes . (schleiden-eifel.de)
These studies will also examine how aberrations in these mechanisms lead to related diseases such as infertility and genetic abnormalities in offspring. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
Finally, using mouse PGCLCs as our model, we are investigating oocyte development, meiosis, and the effects of sex chromosome abnormalities on fertility. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
The addition of more than one extra X or Y chromosome to a normal male karyotype results in variable cognitive and physical abnormalities. (medscape.com)
Comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is a powerful diagnostic tool for detecting DNA copy number gains and losses associated with chromosome abnormalities. (enzolifesciences.com)
Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)
Autosomal abnormalities can have profound implications for human health and are the focus of extensive research. (biologyonline.com)
In general, the extent of phenotypic abnormalities, including mental retardation, is directly related to the number of supernumerary X chromosomes. (medscape.com)

Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes(22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes)giving total of 46 per cell. (oracleias.org)

Aneuploidy - failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle results in the gain or loss of chromosome. (solarpoultry.com)
examples include aneuploidy (atypical chromosome number), deletion (loss of part of a chromosome), duplications (extra copies of a region of a chromosome), inversion (when part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in reverse. (schleiden-eifel.de)
XXY aneuploidy, the most common human sex chromosome disorder, has a prevalence of 1 in 500 males. (medscape.com)

A gene is a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and contains the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body (see Genes and Chromosomes for a discussion about genetics). (solarpoultry.com)
The lectures focus primarily on studies carried out in yeast, C. elegans, Drosophila, mouse, and humans to illustrate the power of genetics as an experimental tool. (freebookcentre.net)
This note covers the following topics: quantitative versus qualitative genetics, Hardy-Weinberg law for gene frequency stability in large populations, Relationship and inbreeding, Estimation of breeding values, Inbreeding, crossing and bred structure, Chromosomes and chromosome aberrations, Genetics on hair and coat colour in mammals, Estimating- and biotechnology and disease resistance. (freebookcentre.net)
This book explains the following topics: Mendelian analysis, The chromosomal theory of inheritance, The chromosomal theory of inheritance, Brown Symposium, Chromosome Mutation, Structure of DNA, Recombinant DNA techniques, Applications of recombinant DNA techniques, Population genetics and Quantitative genetics. (freebookcentre.net)
Medical genetics encompasses diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases, study of inheritance of diseases in families, mapping of disease genes to their chromosome locations, study of the molecular genetics and pathogenesis of inherited disorders, provision of genetic counseling for families, and recently, investigations of methods for gene therapy. (freebookcentre.net)
When we discuss the core concepts of Genetics , chromosomes are the first word that pops into our minds. (biologyonline.com)
Understanding the intricate functions and interactions of autosomes is crucial for unraveling the complexities of human genetics and advancing personalized medicine. (biologyonline.com)
Understanding the role and significance of autosomes in human genetics is crucial for uncovering the complex interplay of genes, their expression, and their impact on health and disease. (biologyonline.com)
This is why autosomes form the backbone of human genetics as they hold the key to our intricate biological processes and susceptibility to genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)

A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes. (wikipedia.org)
A karyogram or idiogram is a graphical depiction of a karyotype, wherein chromosomes are generally organized in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size. (wikipedia.org)
A full account of a karyotype may therefore include the number, type, shape and banding of the chromosomes, as well as other cytogenetic information. (wikipedia.org)
The attached sheet shows the karyotype of four human individuals (A through D). Complete the following table to identify the sex, and the chromosomal aberration or name of the syndrome. (collepals.com)
[ 1 ] The etiology was thought to be due to an endocrine disorder of unknown cause, until 1959, when Jacobs et al recognized that Klinefelter syndrome was a chromosomal disorder in which there is an extra X chromosome, resulting in the karyotype 47,XXY. (medscape.com)
Today, the term Klinefelter syndrome (KS) refers to a group of chromosomal disorders in which the normal male karyotype, 46,XY, has at least one extra X chromosome. (medscape.com)
It is defined classically by a 47,XXY karyotype with variants that demonstrate additional X and Y chromosomes. (medscape.com)

The mother and father each contribute one set of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. (solarpoultry.com)
Presentation Summary : Human Chromosomal Disorders Human disorders due to chromosome alterations in autosomes (Chromosomes 1-22). (solarpoultry.com)
Autosomes can be described as the non-sex chromosomes that play diverse roles in the human body like harboring genes for the body's metabolism, functioning, and growth. (biologyonline.com)
An important point to note here is that certain autosomes do play a role in phenotypic sex determination! (biologyonline.com)
So, we can't say that autosomes have no role in phenotypic sex determination in humans because they play an integral and indispensable role! (biologyonline.com)
Human autosomes , the non-sex human chromosomes, are integral components of the human genome . (biologyonline.com)
The human genome is composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes, with autosomes (22 pairs) comprising the majority. (biologyonline.com)

Figure 1: A diagrammatic representation of a total of 46 chromosomes in human beings (females: 44+XX and males: 44+XY). (biologyonline.com)

[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
Structures like centromere, kinetochore, secondary constriction and chromosomal arms are not formed in prokaryotic chromosomes. (oracleias.org)
Eukaryotic chromosome contains centromere kinetochore and chromosomal arms. (oracleias.org)
Iso-chromosomes: A new type of chromo-some may arise from a break (i.e., a misdivision) at the centromere. (solarpoultry.com)
of someones chromosomes (while a cell is in mitosis), cut them out and match them up using size, banding pattern and centromere position as guides. (solarpoultry.com)
We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)

A search of a 35-kilobase region of the human Y chromosome necessary for male sex determination has resulted in the identification of a new gene. (nih.gov)
Immunoassay for the in vitro quantitative determination of Sample testosterone in human serum and plasma. (cdc.gov)
Most of these conditions are associated with abnormal sex determination and/or sexual development (for review, see Villagomez et al. (veteriankey.com)
It is, therefore, not clear whether haploinsufficiency for Xp genes in XO cells or the overdose of MSY and PAR genes in Xi(Y) cells is the cause of abnormal sex determination and differentiation in these animals. (veteriankey.com)
The common belief is that they don't have any role to play in sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
Figure 2: SOX9 gene on the autosome 17 (long arm) plays an integral role in gonadal sex determination. (biologyonline.com)

In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
Using one sentence for each example, explain five lines of evidence in support of the chromosome theory of heredity. (collepals.com)
In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Dr. Multani has extensive expertise in the field of Human and Mammalian Cytogenetics, and specializes in the evaluation of genetic instability and complex chromosomal rearrangements in cancer cells, telomere dysfunction, characterization of embryonic stem cells, and authentication of cell lines. (mdanderson.org)
The events that have led to the development of cytogenetics as a specialty within the life sciences are described, with special attention to the early history of human cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)

So, in normal diploid organisms, autosomal chromosomes are present in two copies. (wikipedia.org)

In 1959, these men with Klinefelter syndrome were discovered to have an extra X chromosome (genotype XXY) instead of the usual male sex complement (genotype XY). (medscape.com)

SCE in human lymphocytes has been investigated as an indicator of chemical mutagenesis. (soton.ac.uk)
Before observing SCE's in chemically treated lymphocytes the spontaneous SCE frequency in human lymphocytes was investigated for natural variation eg due to donor age or sex differences. (soton.ac.uk)
A method is proposed to allow quantitative estimates to be made of mutation frequency.The induction of SCE and cytogenetic aberrations in human lymphocytes and point-mutation in Salmonella has been investigated following exposure to a range of selected direct-acting chemical mutagens. (soton.ac.uk)
The cells studied were in most cases human white blood cells (lymphocytes). (druglibrary.net)
Ten cases with known cryptic aberrations were selected (seven cases with subtelomeric rearrangements, one case with an interstitial deletion and two cases with microdeletion syndromes: one case with DiGeorge syndrome and one case with a microdeletion of 17p11 (Smith Magenis syndrome) in 60% of the lymphocytes). (bmj.com)
An increase in the level of chromatidtype aberrations in T-lymphocytes of CLL patients during in vitro irradiation is a consequence of the development of RIBE against the background of TIBE. (org.ua)
The frequency of chromosomal aberrations seen at metaphase in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes is used for absorbed dose estimation after suspected exposure to ionizing radiation. (onlinestandardssearch.com)
Souyris et al reported that in both females and males with Klinefelter syndrome, substantial fractions of primary B lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells express TLR7 on both X chromosomes, leading to greater immunoglobulin secretion. (medscape.com)

As the number of supernumerary X chromosomes increases, somatic and cognitive development are more likely to be affected. (medscape.com)

Isolation and characterization of Y chromosome DNA probes. (barrowneuro.org)
and Golbus, M S, "Isolation and characterization of Y chromosome DNA probes. (barrowneuro.org)
3- 16 However, these probes only reveal chromosome rearrangements located in the subtelomeric region. (bmj.com)
Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)

3.3 Concept of Human Genome : nuclear genome, mitochondrial genome, Chromosome and chromosomal aberrations in man (Numerical and structural aberrations, point mutation), Satellite DNA. (souravsirclasses.com)
Chromosomal disorders: numerical disorders The most frequent cause of numerical disorders in chromosomes tends to be n ondisjunction. (solarpoultry.com)

The sensitivity, accuracy and feasibility of application of SCE as an in vitro screening test has been evaluated against cytogenetic aberrations and the Ames test. (soton.ac.uk)
Also, the lack of molecular tools for the study of ECAY has considerably hindered the detection of fine-scale cytogenetic aberrations. (veteriankey.com)

Mutagenic studies consisted of unscheduled DNA synthesis in human diploid WI-38 cells, mutation frequency in host mediated assays, sex linked recessive lethal mutation and loss of X or Y chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster, spermhead abnormality in rats and mice, chromosomal aberrations in rat bone marrow, and rat dominant lethal experiments. (cdc.gov)

In an organism, any visible abnormality in chromosome number or structure from the diploid set is known as chromosomal aberration . (schleiden-eifel.de)
If a normal diploid cell is 2n, the chromosome content of a double tetrasomic cell is designated. (schleiden-eifel.de)

X-linked lissencephaly and "double cortex" are allelic human disorders mapping to Xq22.3-Xq23 associated with arrest of migrating cerebral cortical neurons. (nih.gov)
Chromosome specific micro-arrays have however been used in a few cases to determine the critical regions in microdeletion disorders. (bmj.com)
Known human disorders include Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, which may be caused by duplication of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) on chromosome 17. (solarpoultry.com)
Title: Microsoft Word - Chapter 8 - Ch Author: gregory carey Created Date: 10/4/2000 3:51:47 PM A. Trisomy Disorders disorders in which an individual has an extra (or piece of an extra) chromosome. (solarpoultry.com)
Genetic Disorders refer to any abnormality in the individual gene(s) or the chromosomes which are caused due to the change in the sequence of the DNA or gain or loss of gene(s) or chromosomes. (solarpoultry.com)
chromosomal disorders It is caused due to absence or excess or abnormal arrangement of one or more chromosomes. (solarpoultry.com)
Human Chromosomal Disorders - PBworks PPT. (solarpoultry.com)
Because even small segments of chromosomes can span many genes, chromosomal disorders are characteristically dramatic and often fatal. (schleiden-eifel.de)
Other sex chromosomal aneuploidies are included in the KS group of chromosomal disorders. (medscape.com)
aCGH provides an understanding of genetic disorders, cancers and other genomic aberrations. (enzolifesciences.com)
These chromosomes play a pivotal role in various aspects of human development, including metabolic pathways, cellular homeostasis , and genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)
Aberrations in autosomal genes can give rise to a wide range of genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)
Studying autosomal genetic disorders provides valuable insights into disease mechanisms and paves the way for targeted therapies and genetic counseling for the human creed. (biologyonline.com)

Inversions: A portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down, and reattached, therefore the genetic material is inverted. (solarpoultry.com)
This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)

Despite the large chromosome fragments involved in the unbalanced translocation in this case, repeated standard G-band analysis could not reveal this rearrangement due to the similarity in the banding pattern of the chromosome fragments involved. (bmj.com)
It has been well established that the background translocation frequency in individuals varies with age due to various confounding factors (i.e. nutritional status, genotoxic exposures, lifestyle factors, malsegregation of sex chromosomes). (onlinestandardssearch.com)

Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

For example, the legumes Lotus tenuis and Vicia faba each have six pairs of chromosomes, yet V. faba chromosomes are many times larger. (wikipedia.org)
This consists of a failure in the chromosome pairs or the chromatids to separate in the first or second meiotic divisions or during mitosis. (solarpoultry.com)
General designation for syndromes due to chromosomal aberrations, typically associated with mental … Thus, there are normally 23 pairs of chromosomes in the fertilized egg. (solarpoultry.com)
All the other chromosomes are still arranged in pairs of two, but. (schleiden-eifel.de)
These chromosomes occur in pairs (22 pairs) and are 44 in number in human beings. (biologyonline.com)
These chromosomes exist in pairs in the somatic cells in contrast to their solo presence in germinal or sex cells , i.e. gametes . (biologyonline.com)

Like deletions, duplications can happen anywhere along the chromosome. (solarpoultry.com)
The only true Y chromosome structural rearrangements, reported so far, are large-scale ECAY deletions in 64,XY sex reversal mares (Raudsepp et al. (veteriankey.com)

is determined in men when reduced testosterone production is suspected, e.g. in hypogonadism, estrogen therapy, chromosome aberrations (as in the Klinefelter's syndrome) and liver cirrhosis. (cdc.gov)
[ 9 ] Consequences of an extra X chromosome, usually acquired through a nondisjunctional error during parental gametogenesis, include hypogonadism, gynecomastia, and psychosocial behavioral concerns. (medscape.com)
The major consequences of the extra sex chromosome, usually acquired through an error of nondisjunction during parental gametogenesis, include hypogonadism, gynecomastia, and psychosocial problems. (medscape.com)
Whether the morbidity associated with Klinefelter syndrome is a result of hypogonadism and hyperestrogenism or due to abnormal function of X chromosome linked genes is unclear. (medscape.com)

During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)

Each eukaryotic chromosome contains a linear DNA with two ends. (oracleias.org)
Eukaryotic chromosome contain many origin of replications and the genetic material will only replicate at the S phase of cell cycle. (oracleias.org)
Telomere is present in the tip of eukaryotic chromosome. (oracleias.org)

disruption in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and cause major changes in the genetic condition in human ,such as: down syndrome , klinefelter syndrome etc. (oracleias.org)
The only significantly raised risks of cancer incidence or mortality in the cohort were for lung cancer and breast cancer in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome with a 47,XXY constitution, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in men with more than three sex chromosomes. (ox.ac.uk)
Smokers produce sperm with the wrong number of chromosomes, a DNA error that leads to miscarriages and Down Syndrome . (susansmithjones.com)
Individual Sex Aberration or syndrome name A B C D c. (collepals.com)
Trisomy 21 → gain of an extra chromosome 21, results in Down's syndrome. (mindmeister.com)
Down Syndrome - Extra chromosome at position 21. (solarpoultry.com)
Trisomy 21, also referred to as Down's syndrome, is a chromosomal aberration characterized by the presence of an additional chromosome 21.Trisomy 21 is associated with a rate of incidence of 1:600 among newborns and is one of the most common chromosomal … However, they can also have detrimental effects. (solarpoultry.com)
Analysis of syndromic DNA using an oligonucleotide microarray (Agilent 4 x 180K) demonstrated the characteristic deletion in 15q11.2-q13 (chromosome 15) found in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. (enzolifesciences.com)
Additionally, there are two reports about infertile stallions having XXY sex chromosomes - an equine counterpart to human Kleinfelter syndrome (Kubien et al. (veteriankey.com)
The higher risk of SLE in women and men with Klinefelter syndrome may be associated with enhanced expression of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), a key pathogenic factor in SLE that is encoded on an X chromosome locus. (medscape.com)

Of the 287 chemicals detected in the umbilical cord blood, (lots more below) 180 cause cancers in humans, 217 are toxic to the brain and nervous system, and 208 cause birth defects or abnormal development. (susansmithjones.com)
The result is an abnormal number of chromosomes. (solarpoultry.com)
Some medical authorities assert that homosexuality is either the result of genetic problems (abnormal chromosome variations) or psychological aberrations. (christiancourier.com)

Karyotypes describe the chromosome count of an organism and what these chromosomes look like under a light microscope. (wikipedia.org)
These differences could have resulted from successive unequal translocations which removed all the essential genetic material from a chromosome, permitting its loss without penalty to the organism (the dislocation hypothesis) or through fusion. (wikipedia.org)
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
what do you call an organism with four sets of chromosomes . (schleiden-eifel.de)

The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic cells of an individual or a species is called the somatic number and is designated 2n. (wikipedia.org)
In the germ-line (the sex cells) the chromosome number is n (humans: n = 23).p28 Thus, in humans 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)
Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid cells have single copies. (wikipedia.org)
For humans, white blood cells are used most frequently because they are easily induced to divide and grow in tissue culture. (wikipedia.org)
The sex of an unborn fetus can be predicted by observation of interphase cells (see amniotic centesis and Barr body). (wikipedia.org)
[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
A number of scientific papers have been published indicating that LSD might cause structural changes in the chromosomes, genetic mutations, disturbances of embryonic development, and malignant degeneration of cells. (druglibrary.net)
22) * After my arrival in the United States, I participated in a major study concentrating on structural changes of the chromosomes in the white blood cells following LSD administration. (druglibrary.net)
The first group includes papers describing structural changes of the chromosomes produced by LSD in vitro , ** in these experiments various concentrations of LSD are added to cultures of cells from human, animal, or plant tissues in a test-tube. (druglibrary.net)
The result is that some cells have the normal number of 46 chromosomes, and other cells have more (47) or fewer (45) chromosomes. (solarpoultry.com)
Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain DNA and many genes. (solarpoultry.com)
The frequency of ICF cells with chromosomal aberrations seems to increase with passage number, 3,4,40 although this is not a consistent finding. (schleiden-eifel.de)
Generation of human oogonia from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro, Science, 362, 356-360. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
Evolutionarily Distinctive Transcriptional and Signaling Programs Drive Human Germ Cell Lineage Specification from Pluripotent Stem Cells, Cell Stem Cell, 21, 517-532. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
Robust In Vitro Induction of Human Germ Cell Fate from Pluripotent Stem Cells, Cell Stem Cell, 17, 178-194. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
The aberrations to be used are translocations and insertions in stable cells. (onlinestandardssearch.com)
The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the long arm of ECAY carries the MSY and the PAR, the cells with i(Y) are genetically similar to those with Y chromosome disomy (YY). (veteriankey.com)

19- 22 Yet none of these techniques is able to offer a high resolution screening of the whole genome for chromosome imbalances. (bmj.com)

The most common chromosomal aberrations associated especially with severe oligo- and azoospermia are sex chromosome aneuploidies and chromosomal translocations. (virascience.com)

For individual D, indicate which parent contributed the extra chromosome. (collepals.com)

In schematic karyograms, just one of the sister chromatids of each chromosome is generally shown for brevity, and in reality they are generally so close together that they look as one on photomicrographs as well unless the resolution is high enough to distinguish them. (wikipedia.org)
As feminists from various traditions have long argued, it's crucial to distinguish between biological sex categories and cultural gender norms. (nationofchange.org)
Using different colors to distinguish chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin, draw a metacentric set of homologous chromosomes at: b. (collepals.com)

Perchloroethylene caused spermhead abnormality in mice, positive responses in host mediated assay, and weak or borderline responses in tests for unscheduled DNA synthesis and bone marrow aberrations. (cdc.gov)

More than a half-century ago, Pritchard's study of male homosexuals found a normal complement of XY chromosomes in every case (1962, 108). (christiancourier.com)

Sex chromosomes determine an individual's sex: females have two X chromosomes (XX), and males have an X and a Y chromosome (XY). (solarpoultry.com)
B. This chromosomal aberration tends to manifest in males in the form of absent or delayed puberty, sterility, development of breast, etc. (schleiden-eifel.de)
Gonadal development is particularly susceptible to each additional X chromosome, resulting in seminiferous tubule dysgenesis and infertility, as well as hypoplastic and malformed genitalia, as seen in polysomy X males. (medscape.com)

In eukaryotes the genetic material is organized as distinct structural entities called chromosomes. (oracleias.org)
The possibility of inducing structural changes in the chromosomes by exogenous agents such as radiation, viruses, and a variety of chemicals, has been a subject of great scientific interest for a long time. (druglibrary.net)

Because of the various life-threatening medical problems surrounding this condition, the majority of infants with trisomy 13 … 12.24, the two resultant telocentric chromosomes may open up to produce chromosomes with two identical arms (i.e., iso-chromosomes). (solarpoultry.com)

Prokaryotic chromosomes code for few proteins. (oracleias.org)
Most of the circulating testosterone is bound to carrier proteins (SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin). (cdc.gov)

Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)

Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
Six different characteristics of karyotypes are usually observed and compared: Differences in absolute sizes of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Differences in relative size of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Differences in basic number of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Beyond "sex" is "gender" (the non-biological meaning societies create out of sex differences). (nationofchange.org)
Sex differences at the genetic/epigenetic level in early development. (ubc.ca)

No evidence of a genotoxic effect was detected in the Ames Salmonella, chromosome aberration, mouse lymphoma, or sister-chromatid exchange tests (McGregor et al. (europa.eu)

a complete haploid set of chromosomes is present. (schleiden-eifel.de)

Derivative chromosomes are indicated with arrows. (schleiden-eifel.de)

Genetic diseases that are linked to gene mutations on the X CHROMOSOME in humans (X CHROMOSOME, HUMAN) or the X CHROMOSOME in other species. (bvsalud.org)

Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

The vast majority of humans are born with male or female reproductive systems, secondary sexual characteristics, and chromosomal structure, and there is a small segment (the size of this category would depend on what degree of ambiguity is used to mark the category) born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit the definitions of female or male - anomalies of sex chromosomes, gonads, and/or anatomic sex. (nationofchange.org)

The long series of GA repeats in Y5, anticipated to be polymorphic, may provide a sensitive means to follow Y chromosome variation in human populations. (barrowneuro.org)
It has been proposed that racial/ethnic variation in prostate cancer incidence may be, in part, due to racial/ethnic variation in sex steroid hormone levels. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy20

Organisms1

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Abnormalities18

Pair of sex chromosomes1

Aneuploidy3

Genetics9

Karyotype7

Autosomes7

Total of 461

Centromere6

Determination6

Heredity3

Cytogenetics6

Autosomal chromosomes1

Male sex1

Lymphocytes8

Supernumerary X chromosomes1

Probes4

Numerical2

Cytogenetic aberrations2

Drosophila1

Diploid2

Disorders13

Portion of the chromosome2

Translocation2

Recombination1

Pairs6

Deletions2

Hypogonadism4

Metaphase chromosome1

Eukaryotic chromosome3

Syndrome10

Abnormal3

Organism4

Cells19

Genome1

Aneuploidies1

Extra chromosome1

Distinguish3

Abnormality1

Complement1

Males3

Structural2

Trisomy 131

Proteins2

Theory of inheritance1

Differences6

Salmonella1

Haploid1

Derivative1

Gene mutations1

Inheritance1

Anomalies1

Variation2