• Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
  • We demonstrate that deletion of the macrophage vitamin D receptor (VDR) in mice (KODMAC) is sufficient to induce insulin resistance by promoting M2 macrophage accumulation in the liver as well as increasing cytokine secretion and hepatic glucose production. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Adenosine is a potent vasodilator in most vascular beds, except in renal afferent arterioles and hepatic veins where it produces vasoconstriction. (globalrph.com)
  • DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
  • Human ZAP inhibits many viruses, including HIV and coronaviruses, by binding to viral RNAs to promote their degradation and/or translation suppression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although the exact mechanism by which adenosine receptor activation relaxes vascular smooth muscle is not known, there is evidence to support both inhibition of the slow inward calcium current reducing calcium uptake, and activation of adenylate cyclase through A2 receptors in smooth muscle cells. (globalrph.com)
  • Adenosine may also lessen vascular tone by modulating sympathetic neurotransmission. (globalrph.com)
  • Through this mechanism, the increased level of adenosine after sleep deprivation could affect the light sensitivity of the circadian clock. (adxs.org)
  • Non-resolving inflammation is the main mechanism of morbidity and mortality among patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life-threatening human genetic disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • Accruing data indicate that SPMs carry protective functions against unrelenting inflammation and infections in preclinical models and human CF systems. (frontiersin.org)
  • At the same time, adenosine modulates striatal DA release by stimulating glutamate release at adenosine receptors in the striatum , which increases dopamine levels. (adxs.org)
  • In contrast, caffeine at doses reflecting daily human consumption does not induce a release of dopamine in the shell of the nucleus accumbens but leads to a release of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, which is consistent with its reinforcing properties. (medscape.com)
  • In humans, tolerance to some subjective effects of caffeine may occur, but most of the time, complete tolerance to many effects of caffeine on the central nervous system (CNS) does not occur. (medscape.com)
  • In humans, the reinforcing stimulus functions of caffeine are limited to low or moderate doses, while high doses usually are avoided. (medscape.com)
  • Adenosine is thought to exert its pharmacological effects through activation of purine receptors (cell-surface A1 and A2 adenosine receptors). (globalrph.com)
  • Once inside the cell, adenosine is rapidly phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to adenosine monophosphate, or deaminated by adenosine deaminase to inosine. (globalrph.com)
  • Among other things, adenosine is used for autoregulation in the event of an imminent lack of energy in the cell (e.g. when the cell's performance is overloaded or when there is a lack of oxygen): If the ATP content in a cell drops, more adenosine is produced as a hydrolysis product. (adxs.org)
  • Part of this adenosine is discharged from the cell and binds to adenosine receptors of neighboring cells, which is supposed to compensate for the disturbed balance between energy consumption and energy supply. (adxs.org)
  • γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. (explorationpub.com)
  • Western Blot: SR-BI Antibody [NB400-104] - SR-BI antibody was tested in human adrenal cell lysate. (novusbio.com)
  • Increased foam cell formation results from lack of VDR-SERCA2b interaction, causing SERCA dysfunction, activation of ER stress-CaMKII-JNKp-PPARγ signaling, and induction of the scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-A1. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • However, despite growing biological and clinical significance, little is known about the structural arrangement of this receptor or any of its family members. (uci.edu)
  • Here we describe the 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of human DEC-205, thereby illuminating the structure of the mannose receptor protein family. (uci.edu)
  • In this review, we use the Heilig nomenclature to describe human γδ T cells [ 1 ]. (explorationpub.com)
  • Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
  • Their unique chemical structures, receptors, and bioactions are being elucidated. (frontiersin.org)
  • We found that the splicing factors hnRNPA1/A2, PTBP1/2, and U1-snRNP inhibit ZAPS production and demonstrated the feasibility to modulate the ZAPL/S balance by splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides in human cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In general, upon detection of an insult, the secretion of inflammatory factors by microglia (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date critical review about the main therapeutic advantages of tuning adenosine signalling pathways in HFpEF, without discounting their side effects and how these can be seized. (frontiersin.org)
  • These M1 and A1 cells have often been referred to as 'activated' (microglia) or 'reactive' (astrocytes), thus distinguishing them from the 'resting' cells found in an unstimulated brain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Regarding nerve damage, mature astrocytes are divided into A1 and A2 astrocytes. (springeropen.com)
  • Despite composing a significant fraction of the human cortex astrocytes, the function of interlaminar astrocytes is unclear (Liu et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a major component of astrocyte intermediate filaments, and antibodies to this protein are the most extensively used immunohistochemical marker for astrocyte detection in rat and human tissue (Escartin et al. (springeropen.com)
  • DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
  • Here we describe the 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of human DEC-205, thereby illuminating the structure of the mannose receptor protein family. (uci.edu)
  • Traditionally, cells representing M1 and A1 states were assumed to serve detrimental roles within diseases, propagating uncontrolled, damaging, inflammatory responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, M2 and A2 cells were considered 'protective' within diseased brains, acting to limit inflammatory responses and initiate tissue repair processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, caffeine at doses reflecting daily human consumption does not induce a release of dopamine in the shell of the nucleus accumbens but leads to a release of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, which is consistent with its reinforcing properties. (medscape.com)
  • their appearance is affected by aging, and they have never been observed in the brain of a human infant. (springeropen.com)
  • In humans, the reinforcing stimulus functions of caffeine are limited to low or moderate doses, while high doses usually are avoided. (medscape.com)
  • In the 6 years since that book, research into human physiology, nutrition, biochemistry, etc. has advanced at an amazing and exponential pace. (studylib.net)
  • In humans, about 1/3 of gut microbiota is "common," while the other 2/3 is different from one individual to another, providing our "personal identity" [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The endogenous levels of the purine nucleoside, adenosine, increase significantly following cardiovascular events. (frontiersin.org)
  • Following Burnstock's pioneering work on the role of ATP-sensitive P2 purinoceptors, its metabolite adenosine soon became recognized as an extracellular signalling molecule through the activation of plasma membrane-bound P1 receptors family that are expressed in every organ systems in the body. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, despite growing biological and clinical significance, little is known about the structural arrangement of this receptor or any of its family members. (uci.edu)
  • The relevance of these models to human pain is not known. (nih.gov)
  • Because caffeine is contained in some of the most widely consumed foods and beverages, both in the United States and internationally, it has been extensively investigated in both animal models and human studies. (medscape.com)