Humans metabolism glucose uptake adipose tissue fatty acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

Adipocytes, the key components of the adipose tissue, have unique ability to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, sense systemic energy demands, and secrete factors (lipids, peptides, cytokines, and adipokines) to regulate other metabolic tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Accumulation of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, in key insulin target tissues, has been postulated to inhibit metabolic functions, however, they are less likely to be deleterious. (frontiersin.org)
Triglycerides are the main components of vegetable oil and animal fats, and form much of the fat stored by the human body. (bodybuilding.com)
Triglycerides play an important role in metabolism as energy sources. (bodybuilding.com)
Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)
Concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are strongly correlated in the adipocyte, but little is known about mechanisms regulating cholesterol metabolism in fat cells. (jci.org)
In a healthy person, excess fat is stored as triglycerides in the adipose tissue, and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream only in response to an increased energy requirement, for example, during fasting. (jci.org)
What I mean is that in a healthy body, our system knows what to do with fatty acids and triglycerides . (stumptuous.com)
It increases fat production by increasing fatty acid release from the liver in the form of lipoproteins which adipose tissue converts to fatty acids then to triglycerides for storage whilst also stopping the metabolism of triglycerides (fat). (advochealth.com)
Ectopic obesity is defined as the accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues [6]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Triglycerides are complex molecules used for the storage and transport of non-soluble fatty acids in the body. (biocrates.com)
Triglycerides are sourced from consumption of high-fat foods, or synthesized in the liver or adipose tissue ( Alves-Bezerra and Cohen 2017 ). (biocrates.com)
While triglycerides play an essential role in human health, elevated levels are associated with health problems such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and pancreatitis. (biocrates.com)
Triglycerides may contain three identical or three different fatty acids. (biocrates.com)
Simple triglycerides, where all three fatty acid esters are the same, take their common name from the fatty acid from which they are derived, such as palmitin, derived from palmitic acid. (biocrates.com)
There are many pathways to enhance lipolysis, the process by which stored triglycerides - the "stuff" of fat tissue - are broken down to release their potential energy into actual energy. (pncmaine.com)
First, it can increase lipase activity, which is essential for breaking off fatty acids from triglycerides. (pncmaine.com)

Insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome have been causally linked to adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in mice with diet-induced obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
We aimed to characterize macrophage phenotype and function in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in relation to insulin resistance in obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
These findings identify proinflammatory CD11c + ATMs as markers of insulin resistance in human obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle During Exercise: Effect of Obesity -- Chapter 9. (korea.ac.kr)
Adipose tissue in obesity becomes refractory to suppression of fat mobilization by insulin, and also to the normal acute stimulatory effect of insulin on activation of lipoprotein lipase (involved in fat storage). (cambridge.org)
It's known that fat cells secrete proteins called adipokines, and that many adipokines increase with obesity, having harmful effects on metabolism and health. (newswise.com)
The FGF21 gene plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, and insulin resistance. (cyagen.com)
In obesity the inherent capacity of adipose tissue to store and sense nutrients is compromised, causing spillover of the intermediate lipid metabolites into circulation and resulting in their ectopic deposition in tissues not suitable for lipid storage, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is strongly associated with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance and effective approaches to nutrition (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids intake) might improve the cardiometabolic risk profile. (frontiersin.org)
OLR1 expression in white adipose tissue is increased in obesity and is further induced by PPARγ ligand treatment in vivo. (jci.org)
We previously hypothesized that apoCIII overexpression would compromise fatty acid delivery to adipose tissues and would thus contribute to resistance to diet-induced obesity, similarly to what was described for overexpression of apoCI [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we observed the overexpression of SUMO-speci﫿c protease 2 (Senp2) in adipose tissues during obesity. (deepdyve.com)
One potential benefit of fenugreek is improving elevated blood glucose and lipid levels associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity. (lww.com)
Enhanced sympathetic tone, desyn- chronization of tissue circadian clocks, abnormal secretion of hormones, and obesity are relevant to insulin resistance during sleep disturbances. (vdocuments.mx)
Obesity element binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase. (cdc.gov)
Obesity was defi ned expression chronically in tissues. (cdc.gov)
Elevated levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia) also have implications for the pathogenesis of obesity and have been linked to deteriorated glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes 5 . (bvsalud.org)

In mice, prolonged fasting of PPAR-α strongly induces FGF21 expression in the liver, which induces the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, and stimulates liver gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis. (cyagen.com)
During fasting and other catabolic states, GH predominantly stimulates the release and oxidation of FFA, which leads to decreased glucose and protein oxidation and preservation of LBM and glycogen stores. (scienceopen.com)
In the basal state, the effects of GH on protein metabolism are modest and include increased protein synthesis and decreased breakdown at the whole body level and in muscle together with decreased amino acid degradation/oxidation and decreased hepatic urea formation. (scienceopen.com)
Lipins also act in the nucleus as transcriptional co-activators with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α to regulate target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
PGC-1α and PPARα are both master regulators of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, respectively [reviewed in 6]. (aocs.org)
The functions of the lipins in co-regulating the effects of PGC-1α and PPARα and also acting as a PAP demonstrate the unique abilities of lipins to regulate both glycerolipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
Activation of adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) by its natural ligand, adiponectin has been known to be involved in modulating critical metabolic processes such as glucose metabolism and fatty acid oxidation as demonstrated by a number of in vitro and in vivo studies over last two decades. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Adiponectin is the adipokine associated with insulin sensitization, reducing liver gluconeogenesis, and increasing fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)
Diabetes causes suppressed glucose oxidation leading to inefficient energy production, enhanced fatty acid metabolism, and increased susceptibility to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Accordingly, mechanism of enhancing myocardial energetic efficiency by stimulating glucose availability and utilization has led to the vigorous pursuit of therapeutic approaches designed to augment glucose uptake and oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
Some studies suggest that an increase in plasma fatty acid concentration reduces glucose uptake and phosphorylation, and this leads to reduced glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Carnitine plays a role in the transfer of long chain fatty acids from cytoplasm to mitochondria for beta-oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
L-carnitine supplementation decreases serum glucose but has no effect on glucose oxidation [11]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Conversely, it activates enzymes involved in ATP-generating processes, such as fatty acid oxidation (e.g., carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CPT1) and glucose uptake (e.g., translocation of GLUT4). (alliedacademies.org)

We hypothesize that loss of ANGPTL4 function might improve glucose homeostasis and decrease risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). (nature.com)
Functional studies in Angptl4 -deficient mice confirm improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
Together, these observations suggest that genetic inhibition of ANGPTL4 function might have a favorable impact on glucose homeostasis in humans and reduce risk of type 2 diabetes. (nature.com)
It is not yet known whether p.E40K affects glucose homeostasis in non-diabetics, whether other variants that abolish ANGPTL4 function modify type 2 diabetes risk, or how loss of ANGPTL4 function modifies glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes risk. (nature.com)
There are conflicting published reports of the relationship between ANGPTL4 function and glucose homeostasis in animal models. (nature.com)
We also evaluate the functional consequences of rare and novel genetic variants identified by exome sequencing, as well as the effect of Angptl4 deletion on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
The resemblance between the metabolic abnormalities of these extreme states of adiposity underscores the importance of fat tissue in energy homeostasis. (medscape.com)
The prevailing dogma is that thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to improvements in glucose homeostasis in obesogenic animal models, though much of the evidence supporting this premise is from thermostressed rodents. (diabetesjournals.org)
In this review, we intend to provide a perspective on ceramides and ceramide metabolites in the maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis and how adipose tissue ceramides contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
which, when activated, stimulate expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis, specifically the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids (Blaschke et al. (bodybuilding.com)
The multivariable linear regression model was applied to analyze the associations of dietary and serum omega-3 fatty acids with the levels of Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and body composition parameters among PCOS patients. (frontiersin.org)
The adipocyte is the major site of fatty acid storage in the body and plays a critical role in maintaining normal glucose and lipid homeostasis. (jci.org)
In his study, Glucose homeostasis is strongly linked to Neuropeptide, which falls under the umbrella field of Hypothalamus. (research.com)
The Ghrelin study combines topics in areas such as Adipose tissue, Adipocyte, Glucose uptake, Deoxyglucose and Glucose homeostasis. (research.com)
Excess or insuf﫿cient lipid storage in generation of the intermediate species of diacylglycerol (DAG) adipose tissues would impair nutrient homeostasis, which is and monoacylglycerol (MAG) (Young and Zechner, 2013). (deepdyve.com)
However, larger, adequately powered, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials examining multiple measures of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and insulin homeostasis are needed. (lww.com)
Humans tend to have a progressive loss of metabolic homeostasis when aging. (paradigmpeptides.com)
Thus, an adequate quantity of sleep is important for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. (vdocuments.mx)
The insulin signaling pathway is a central regulator of energy metabolism, particularly in the context of glucose homeostasis. (alliedacademies.org)
Brown adipose tissue, or BAT, on the other hand breaks down blood sugar (glucose) and fat molecules into usable forms of energy, mainly to create heat and maintain body temperature (homeostasis). (pncmaine.com)

Readers will find discussion on various tissues in addition to skeletal muscle, such as liver, heart and brain metabolism during exercise. (korea.ac.kr)
Exercise-Regulated Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake -- Chapter 7. (korea.ac.kr)
Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism During Exercise -- Chapter 10. (korea.ac.kr)
The Effect of Training on Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Metabolism -- Chapter 11. (korea.ac.kr)
Notably, recent studies suggest that the accumulation of sphingolipids, namely ceramides and it's metabolites, play essential roles in the development of insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and, adipose tissue in obese rodents, and humans ( 6 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
For example, lipin-1 is the major PAP in adipose tissue, and cardiac and skeletal muscle since lipin-1-deficient mice had little if any detectable PAP activity [2]. (aocs.org)
We also found that ADP-1 activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in an adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1)-dependent pathway and stimulates glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle cells (L-6 myotubes). (phoenixpeptide.com)
AdipoR1 is widely present in human cells, with the greatest numbers in skeletal muscle, AdipoR2 is mainly present in the human liver. (encyclopedia.pub)
Several unexpected findings in genetically altered mice have prompted research into the direction of intermediate metabolism of skeletal cells. (mdpi.com)
2010). Senp2 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in skeletal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-abstract/10/3/258/4763638 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 26 June 2018 Senp2 regulates adipose lipid storage by de-SUMOylation of Setdb1 j 259 muscle (Koo et al. (deepdyve.com)

Adipose tissue was obtained from lean and obese women undergoing bariatric surgery. (diabetesjournals.org)
In obese women, CD11c + ATM density was greater in subcutaneous than omental adipose tissue and correlated with markers of insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)
Not only did exercise-stimulated TGF-beta 2 improve glucose tolerance, treating obese mice with TGF beta 2 lowered blood lipid levels and improved many other aspects of metabolism. (newswise.com)
We have shown that SIK2 is down-regulated in adipose tissue from obese individuals and are currently investigating the role of SIK2 in the development of diabetes. (lu.se)

Tissue culture medium conditioned by CD11c + ATMs, but not CD11c − ATMs or other stromovascular cells, impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by human adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
The present article discusses how accumulation of triacylglycerol in adipocytes can lead to deterioration of the responsiveness of glucose metabolism in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
Stimulates glucose uptake by differentiated adipocytes by inducing the glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 (instead of SLC2A4/GLUT4). (cyagen.com)
The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
In order to understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the factors and mechanisms that regulate the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the vascular stromal fraction of the adipose tissue and its transformation into lipid-filled adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, growth of adipose tissue includes the hypertrophy of already existing adipocytes and the proliferation and differentiation of new ones from MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
We have previously shown that fish primary preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and that these cells represent a very helpful model system to study adipose tissue development in fish [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Further, ADP-1 beneficially affected lipid metabolism by enhancing lipid globule formation in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (phoenixpeptide.com)
TZDs markedly stimulate the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into adipocytes, and this requires OLR1. (jci.org)
While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
In adipocyte Senp2-de﫿ciency mice, accumulation of the SUMOylated Setdb1 suppressed the expression of Pparg and Cebpa genes as well as lipid metabolism-related target genes, which would decrease the ability of lipid storage in adipocytes. (deepdyve.com)
2003). Selective Cellular uptake of fatty acids and following storage in the form of disruption of Pparγ2 or adipocyte-speci﫿c Pparγ knockout leads TGs in adipocytes are key steps in lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)

The results revealed that oral administration of sesamin for 4 weeks (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) marginally improved blood glucose levels, body weight and significantly ameliorated the effects on heart rate and blood pressure in rats with type 1 diabetes relative to control rats. (spandidos-publications.com)
Of note, ADP-1 decreased blood glucose levels and enhanced insulin production in pancreatic β cells in db/db mice. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Sleep disturbances have been implicated in the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and reported to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications. (vdocuments.mx)
Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas (within 20 minutes of oral administration), which, in turn, reduces blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)

Indeed, it may influence multiple physiological mechanisms related to human health, i.e. synthesis of micronutrients, defence against pathogens, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune function [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Of the numerous lipid classes implicated in eliciting lipotoxicity, sphingolipid: ceramides are among the most deleterious as they modulate signaling pathways involved in regulating glucose metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, two intermediates in this pathway, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, serve as essential precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids. (aocs.org)
In the liver and muscles, it increases glycogen synthesis which is the immediate storage form of glucose. (advochealth.com)
In muscle tissue protein synthesis is increased. (advochealth.com)
When activated, AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits enzymes involved in ATP-consuming processes, such as fatty acid synthesis (e.g., acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC) and protein synthesis (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR). (alliedacademies.org)
Endogenous synthesis occurs mostly in the liver and adipose tissue, but also in the intestines, muscles, brain and other organs. (biocrates.com)
Other metabolites such as glucose, fructose, acetate and the branched-chain amino acids leucine and isoleucine also serve as precursors of acetyl-CoA and contribute carbons to the de novo synthesis of fatty acids that will enter DNL ( Wallace 2020 ). (biocrates.com)
Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)

PPARG knockout mice are devoid of adipose tissue, establishing PPARG as a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
Thus, apoCIII overexpression resulted in increased NEFA availability to adipose uptake and decreased adipocyte lipolysis, favoring lipid enlargement of adipose depots. (biomedcentral.com)
Adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feed- ing. (deepdyve.com)
Although less fat stor- adqcKO pose lipid storage in adipocyte-speci﫿c Senp2 knockout mice fed age was shown in Senp2 adipose tissues, the increased with high-fat diets (HFD). (deepdyve.com)
Therefore, adipocyte-speci﫿c remain in adipose tissues. (deepdyve.com)

Many insulin sensitizing drugs (namely, the thiazolidinediones) used in the treatment of diabetes activate PPARG as a means to lower serum glucose without increasing pancreatic insulin secretion. (wikipedia.org)
Excess dietary carbohydrate, but not fat, led to markedly increased FGF21 secretion in humans, notably without protein restriction, and affected glucose and lipid homeostais. (ku.dk)
Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds produced in body tissue that help control blood pressure, smooth muscle activity, inflammation, glandular secretion, calcium movement, hormone regulation, and cell growth control. (bodybuilding.com)
The pharmacological properties of herbal remedies, including the amelioration of insulin sensitivity, the promotion of insulin secretion, the increase of glucose uptake by adipose and muscle tissues, the inhibition of sugar absorption in intestines and the generation of sugar by hepatocytes, have been demonstrated in several studies ( 15 , 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Impaired insulin secretion and free radical formation are the initial events triggering the development of insulin resistance and its causal relations with dysregulation of glucose and fatty acids metabolism. (wiley.com)
The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. (research.com)

Energy metabolism. (korea.ac.kr)
Significance: Our findings suggest that the I. obliquus extract could be used as a natural remedy for cancer suppression by promoting energy metabolism. (researchgate.net)
Understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the entire organism has significantly improved with the application of contemporary biochemical tools for quantifying the fuel substrate metabolism with cutting-edge mouse genetic procedures. (mdpi.com)
Melatonin regulates energy metabolism by maintaining circadian rhythms. (vdocuments.mx)
Cellular energy metabolism is a highly regulated process that involves the conversion of nutrients into usable energy in the form of ATP. (alliedacademies.org)
Energy metabolism is governed by intricate signaling pathways that sense nutrient availability, energy demands, and cellular stress. (alliedacademies.org)
This article explores the pathways of cellular signaling in energy metabolism, highlighting their physiological roles and implications in pathological conditions. (alliedacademies.org)
Sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, have emerged as critical regulators of cellular energy metabolism. (alliedacademies.org)
They modulate energy metabolism through the deacetylation of various substrates, including transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, and histones. (alliedacademies.org)

This view of the link between adipose tissue and insulin resistance emphasises the important role of adipose tissue in 'buffering' the daily influx of dietary fat entering the circulation and preventing excessive exposure of other tissues to this influx. (cambridge.org)

Two isoforms of PPARG are detected in the human and in the mouse: PPAR-γ1 (found in nearly all tissues except muscle) and PPAR-γ2 (mostly found in adipose tissue and the intestine). (wikipedia.org)
They're found in adipose tissue - aka fat. (stumptuous.com)

Metabolic markers were measured in fasting serum and ATMs characterized by immunohistology, flow cytometry, and tissue culture studies. (diabetesjournals.org)
Among microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are modulators of different metabolic pathways. (springer.com)
Two years ago, the international research team first demonstrated that adipose tissue offers beneficial metabolic effects in response to exercise. (newswise.com)
The experiment showed a number of positive metabolic effects in the mice, including improved glucose tolerance and increased fatty acid uptake. (newswise.com)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease in patients with high blood glucose over prolonged period ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The injured myocardium develops an evolving dependence on glucose as its preferred metabolic substrate while development of myocardial insulin resistance is associated with the progression of heart failure and increased incidence as well as severity of the damaged hearts. (biomedcentral.com)
Insulin, glucose and potassium (GIK) are touted as useful metabolic adjuvant, associated with improvement of cardiac function in acute myocardial function, but the general acceptance of this therapeutic approach is limited by requirements for concomitant infusion of glucose and concerns regarding hypoglycemia. (biomedcentral.com)
Renewing interest in the study of intermediate metabolism and cellular bioenergetics is brought on by the global increase in the prevalence of metabolic illnesses. (mdpi.com)
In this review we focus on the bene ﬁ cial impact of sleep on glucose metabolism and suggest a possible strategy for therapeutic intervention against sleep-related metabolic disorders. (vdocuments.mx)
The main metabolic differences between HHS and DKA are the extreme elevations of glucose seen in HHS and the lack of significant ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
Overweight youth are more susceptible to metabolic disorders, since the accumulation of body fat, especially in the abdominal region, generates an increase in fatty acids circulating in the bloodstream, which consequently impairs insulin signaling and leads to a reduction in sensitivity of receptors and tissue response to cellular actions that are mediated by this hormone 1,3,4 . (bvsalud.org)

The chapters focus on metabolism during exercise, including anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism (separate chapters on muscle glycogen and blood glucose), fat metabolism (separate chapters on muscle and adipose tissue) and protein metabolism. (korea.ac.kr)
Exercise and Muscle Glycogen Metabolism -- Chapter 6. (korea.ac.kr)
When subjects are well nourished, the GH-induced stimulation of IGF-I and insulin is important for anabolic storage and growth of lean body mass (LBM), adipose tissue, and glycogen reserves. (scienceopen.com)
In conclusion, AEG enhances glucose transport by modulating the proximal and distal markers involved in glucose uptake and its transformation into glycogen. (wiley.com)

Insulin NPH/Isophane, Novolin NPH/Novolin N/Humulin N works on liver, muscle and adipose (fat) tissue to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fats. (advochealth.com)

Cardiovascular exercise and low-moderate carbohydrate diets containing essential fatty acids are recommended for reducing triglyceride levels. (bodybuilding.com)
A fat tolerance test evidenced delayed plasma triglyceride clearance and greater transient availability of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during the post-prandial state in the apoCIII mice plasma. (biomedcentral.com)

Dose-dependent increase in glucose uptake activity (GUA) was observed in both cell lines. (wiley.com)
In the ischemic myocardium, an increase in glucose uptake and subsequent ATP generated through glycolysis helps to sustain myocardial electric and mechanical performance, maintains cellular ultrastructure, promotes myocardial recovery. (biomedcentral.com)

After a specific knockout of FGF21 in the liver, mice developed fatty liver and hyperlipidemia, reducing serum ketone body levels. (cyagen.com)
In humans, ceramides predict the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events, such that the numerous clinics have started to offer serum ceramide tests as prognostic measures of cardiovascular risk ( 24 , 25 ). (frontiersin.org)
This study aimed to examine the associations of dietary and serum omega-3 fatty acids with insulin resistance (IR) and body composition among PCOS patients. (frontiersin.org)
Serum omega-3 fatty acid levels were measured with the gas chromatography method. (frontiersin.org)
We observed here that ADP-1 is stable in human serum and oligomerizes in aqueous environments. (phoenixpeptide.com)
It is present in human serum in relatively high concentrations, in three different structural forms: trimer (low molecular weight, LMW), hexamer (middle molecular weight, MMW), and 12-18-mer (high molecular weight, HMW). (encyclopedia.pub)

These agents include various polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid and arachidonic acid metabolites such as certain members of the 5-hydroxyicosatetraenoicacid and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid family, e.g. 5-oxo-15(S)-HETE and 5-oxo-ETE or 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid family including 15(S)-HETE, 15(R)-HETE, and 15(S)-HpETE, the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), its metabolite THC-COOH, and its synthetic analog ajulemic acid (AJA). (wikipedia.org)
Gut microbiota and its metabolites have been shown to influence multiple physiological mechanisms related to human health. (springer.com)
Thus, in the postprandial period especially, there is an excess flux of circulating lipid metabolites that would normally have been 'absorbed' by adipose tissue. (cambridge.org)

We used loss- and gain-of-function approaches including genetic manipulation of the lipolytic enzyme Pnpla2 , change in environmental temperature, and lifestyle interventions to comprehensively test the premise that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is coupled with enhanced glucose tolerance in female mice. (diabetesjournals.org)

And they're also important in cellular differentiation (cells deciding to grow up, get a haircut and a job), general metabolism, and… now this is cool… tumourigenesis (aka the birth and growth of tumours). (stumptuous.com)
Insulin also increases the cellular uptake of amino acids and some electrolytes such as potassium into the cell. (advochealth.com)
The exact cellular sources of IL-22 in human diseases are often unknown and probably vary depending on the nature of the disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein phosphorylation is a signalling mechanism that regulates most aspects of cellular life, and protein kinases, which carry out this post-translational modification, constitute the largest family of enzymes encoded by the human genome. (lu.se)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), maintains normal energy balance by regulating cellular metabolisms in an AMP/ADP ratio-dependent manner, is responsible for the proper mechanistic modulation of autophagy [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
The emergence of these findings, suggesting a direct control of cellular metabolism by tumorigenic pathways, has helped fuel explosive growth in this area of cancer research. (aacrjournals.org)
Paralleling the emergence of targeted therapeutics in cancer treatment, a variety of experimental approaches has led to the conclusion that tumors bearing some specific genetic alterations may lead them to be uniquely sensitive to agents deregulating their cellular metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)

One such area of interest is the ability to modulate myocardial glucose uptake and its impact on cardioprotection. (biomedcentral.com)

Studies from a number of laboratories in the past decade have revealed that the central pathways deregulated in cancer often serve to coordinately regulate both classic oncogenic signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation and cell survival with pathways controlling cell metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)

FGF21 is induced in rodents and humans on a low protein diet and reduces dietary methionine levels of the essential amino acid. (cyagen.com)
Human adiponectin protein has 244 amino acids (30 kDa), as well as the complex primary structure of a signal peptide, a hyper-variable region, a collagenous domain of 22 G-X-Y repeats, and a globular domain. (encyclopedia.pub)
Sugars, fats, and amino acids provide our body with energy to function on a daily basis. (pncmaine.com)

GH is a counterregulatory hormone that antagonizes the hepatic and peripheral effects of insulin on glucose metabolism via mechanisms involving the concomitant increase in FFA flux and uptake. (scienceopen.com)
This paper provides a review on the current evidence supporting the use of GLP-1 in experimental animal models and human trials with the ischemic and non-ischemic heart and discusses their molecular mechanisms and potential as a new therapeutic approach. (biomedcentral.com)
A deeper understanding of the effects of these medications on glucose metabolism and their underlying mechanisms of action is crucial for the treatment of diabetic patients with sleep disorders. (vdocuments.mx)
In this sense, the phrase "burning fat" captures something essential about the mechanisms of adipose metabolism. (pncmaine.com)

A collagen domain-derived short adiponectin peptide activates APPL1 and AMPK signaling pathways and improves glucose and fatty acid metabolisms. (phoenixpeptide.com)
These citrus polyphenols have been shown to enhance the physiological energetic pathways that influence lipolysis, destoring fat that has been accumulated within white adipose cells. (pncmaine.com)

In this study, we examine the association of genetic variants that abolish ANGPTL4 function with fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and risk for type 2 diabetes in 58,124 individuals of European ancestry sampled from a large US health care population, and in 13 additional datasets comprising 82,766 type 2 diabetes cases and 498,761 controls. (nature.com)
Adiponectin is a fat tissue-derived adipokine with beneficial effects against diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. (phoenixpeptide.com)
In type 2 diabetes someone usually starts around 10 units per day or 0.1-0.2mg/kg/day and the dosage is slowly increased until glucose control is achieved. (advochealth.com)
GLP-1 has insulinotropic, insulinomimetic, and glucagonostatic effects, thereby exerting multiple complementary actions to lower blood glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (biomedcentral.com)
An overall aim of our research is to study the regulation and function of protein phosphorylation cascades with relevance to type 2 diabetes, with a particular focus on adipose tissue, since this tissue is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. (lu.se)
AMPK is a target for new and existing diabetes therapy, and our research will predict effects of such therapy in adipose tissue. (lu.se)
Insuf﫿cient adipose lipid storage is asso- ciated with many pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. (deepdyve.com)
Human investigations suggest that fenugreek can be beneficial as an adjunct in controlling high blood glucose and lipid levels in people with diabetes. (lww.com)
Insulin had only recently been made available for the treatment of human diabetes mellitus, as the result of the investigations in Canada of Banting, Best, MacLeod and Collip. (animalresearch.info)

0.01), pointing to a suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis. (ku.dk)
We measured body energy balance, tissue capacity to store exogenous lipids, lipogenesis and lipolysis rates in non-transgenic and apoCIII overexpressing mice fed a HFD during two months. (biomedcentral.com)
Under physiological conditions, the main- PPARγ mutation has been shown to link to familial partial lipody- tenance of normal adipose tissue mass is mainly the result of a strophy, a clinical disorder characterized by the loss of adipose balance of lipid storage and lipolysis (Bouchard et al. (deepdyve.com)
One of the most effective is modulating the enzymes that interconvert WAT (white adipose tissue, which stores energy) to BAT (brown adipose tissue, which releases energy) and the chemical and enzymatic cascades that induce lipolysis. (pncmaine.com)

PPAR-γ also induces FGF21 expression in white adipose tissue, indicating that it also regulates metabolism in the feeding state. (cyagen.com)
One mechanism of increasing this process overall is increasing the conversion of WAT (white adipose tissue) to BAT (brown adipose tissue) - known as the "browning" of fat. (pncmaine.com)
These cells make up our fatty tissue and can further be classified as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). (pncmaine.com)

Additionally, insulin signaling inhibits gluconeogenesis, the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources, in the liver. (alliedacademies.org)

This situation leads to fat deposition in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
Despite of the relevance of this issue, very little is known about the factors regulating the development of adipose tissue in fish, and the possible health alterations associated to an increased fat deposition. (biomedcentral.com)
Adv 36 DNA persists in multiple tissues of infected sition of visceral fat disproportional to total fat deposition animals for long periods after initial infection ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)

PPARG is mainly present in adipose tissue, colon and macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)

After performing experiments in both humans and mice, the researchers found that exercise training causes dramatic changes to fat. (newswise.com)
To do so, they ran a series of molecular experiments in both humans and mice. (newswise.com)
Their analysis identified TGF beta 2 as one of the proteins upregulated in exercise in humans and mice. (newswise.com)
Mice lacking lipin-1 ( fld or fatty liver dystrophy) develop fatty livers and hypertriglyceridemia in the pre-weaning period, and are also devoid of mature adipose tissue [reviewed in 1]. (aocs.org)
However, the adipose tissue mass (45 %) and leptin plasma levels (2-fold) were significantly greater in apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipogenesis rates were similar, while exogenous lipid retention was increased in perigonadal (2-fold) and brown adipose tissues (40 %) of apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Transgenic mice overexpressing human apoCIII have marked elevated TG and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This is possible because when MOTS-c was introduced to mice it helped in the increase of brown fat function and the reduction of what is known as adipose tissue. (paradigmpeptides.com)

Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in cultured fish is an outstanding problem in aquaculture. (biomedcentral.com)
Although clinically relevant lesions become evident in middle-aged adults, it has been demonstrated that fat accumulation (known as fatty streaks) begins in early childhood [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
I ly region 4 gene was transferred to a retrovirus and inserted nfection with human adenovirus 36 (Adv 36) has been into preadipocytes in vitro, the gene was capable of induc- reported to cause a large accumulation of fat in 4 animals ing the enzymes and enhancing fat accumulation ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)

PPARG increases insulin sensitivity by enhancing storage of fatty acids in fat cells (reducing lipotoxicity), by enhancing adiponectin release from fat cells, by inducing FGF21, and by enhancing nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate production through upregulation of the CD38 enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
It is involved in the storage of fatty acids and is activated by leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and fatty acids. (bodybuilding.com)

PPARG regulates fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism. (wikipedia.org)

The functions of FGF21 are mainly manifested in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. (cyagen.com)

Interestingly, animal studies have shown that adiponectin ameliorates the proinflammatory effect of saturated free fatty acid rich diet in hypothalamus. (encyclopedia.pub)
Increased plasma free fatty acid concentration is associated with insulin resistance. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Lipodystrophy, lack of adipose tissue, is also associated with insulin resistance. (cambridge.org)

Treatment with melatonin improves glu- cose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity in target tissues in T2D ani- mals. (vdocuments.mx)
Once in circulation, hormones affect function of the target tissues, which may be another endocrine gland or an end organ. (msdmanuals.com)
result from disruptions of the endocrine glands and/or their target tissues. (msdmanuals.com)

In addition to the change in plasma fatty acid levels, hepatic apoA-I andapoA-II are increased by PPAR-alpha activation, which improves cholesterol levels by increasing HDL levels (Chinetti et al. (bodybuilding.com)

Any plausible explanation for the link between excess adipose tissue and insulin resistance needs to be able to account for this observation. (cambridge.org)
Adipose tissue is a key nutrient-sensing depot that regulates excess energy storage and consumption. (frontiersin.org)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ or PPARG), also known as the glitazone reverse insulin resistance receptor, or NR1C3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 3) is a type II nuclear receptor functioning as a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the PPARG gene. (wikipedia.org)
The activation of PPAR gamma by these and other ligands may be responsible for inhibiting the growth of cultured human breast, gastric, lung, prostate and other cancer cell lines. (wikipedia.org)

ADP-1-induced glucose transport coincided with ADP-1-induced biosynthesis of glucose transporter 4 and its translocation to the plasma membrane. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Glucose transporter 4 translocation was confirmed by determining the uptake of glucose in the presence of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and PI3K inhibitors. (wiley.com)
Insulin signaling pathway activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates and activates Akt (also known as protein kinase B). Akt regulates glucose transport by promoting the translocation of glucose transporters, such as GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. (alliedacademies.org)

A lipase is an enzyme that helps break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids that can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. (bodybuilding.com)

Bile salts in the liver break the fat into micelles, which are hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase to form fatty acids and monoglycerides ( Bayly 2014 ). (biocrates.com)

To our knowledge this is the first report on identification of a short peptidefrom adiponectin with positive effects on glucose or fatty acid metabolism. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Since its discovery, adiponectin has been identified as one of the key regulators involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. (encyclopedia.pub)
It is generated by proteolytic cleavage of full-length adiponectin and has biological activity in humans [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Despite more than 20 years of constant studies on adiponectin function in animals and humans, an increasing quantity of data has been added recently. (encyclopedia.pub)
As an example, adiponectin might be one of the key mediators responsible for regular physical activity benefits in humans. (encyclopedia.pub)
Adiponectin connects energy balance regulation in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

On the other hand, the terminal differentiation phase was enriched with genes involved in energy production, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)

In contrast to the negative effects of many adipokines, our study identified transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) as an adipokine released from adipose tissue (fat) in response to exercise that actually improves glucose tolerance," says Laurie J. Goodyear, PhD, Head of Joslin's Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism and study co-author. (newswise.com)

The genes activated by PPARG stimulate lipid uptake and adipogenesis by fat cells. (wikipedia.org)
They can affect lipid uptake (how we use fat) and adipogenesis (the creation of new fat cells). (stumptuous.com)
These changes are thought to be caused by the action causes adipogenesis in animals and humans. (cdc.gov)

Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. (scienceopen.com)

A strong positive correlation between plasma apoCIII and TG concentrations has been invariably observed in human and animal studies [ 18 - 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In fact, it is well known that fibres are the main substrate for bacterial metabolism. (springer.com)

Genetic alterations of CAV1N1 and CAV1 modify lipid metabolism and underpin lipodystrophy syndromes. (aacrjournals.org)
In lipodystrophy there is insufficient adipose tissue to absorb the postprandial influx of fatty acids, so these fatty acids will again be directed to other tissues. (cambridge.org)
Lipodystrophy, the abnormal distribution of fat, encompasses lipoatrophy, the loss of fat, and other abnormalities of adipose tissue. (medscape.com)

SIRT1 deacetylates and activates PGC-1α, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. (alliedacademies.org)

Role and Regulation of Hepatic Metabolism During Exercise -- Chapter 12. (korea.ac.kr)
It plays important roles in several areas of your body including both metabolism and the regulation of weight. (paradigmpeptides.com)
It has the ability to aid in several areas including the metabolism, the regulation of weight, and exercise longevity. (paradigmpeptides.com)

They have a glycerol backbone bound to the esters of three fatty acids, and form following a condensation reaction. (biocrates.com)

Our insulin and glucose is better regulated. (stumptuous.com)

It reduces hepatic glucose output, may decrease intestinal absorption of glucose, and may increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. (medscape.com)

Sleep disorders are treated using anti-insomnia drugs that target ionotropic and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including g -aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, melatonin agonists, and orexin receptor antagonists. (vdocuments.mx)

In addition, CD11c + ATMs were enriched for mitochondria and for RNA transcripts encoding mitochondrial, proteasomal, and lysosomal proteins, fatty acid metabolism enzymes, and T-cell chemoattractants, whereas CD11c − ATMs were enriched for transcripts involved in tissue maintenance and repair. (diabetesjournals.org)

Additional investigation confirmed that levels of this one adipokine actually increased in the fat tissue as well as in the bloodstream with exercise, in both cases. (newswise.com)

The aim of this review was to summarize and discuss current knowledge on the impact of dietary fibre as modulator of the relationship between glucose metabolism and microbiota composition in humans. (springer.com)
More specifically, we analysed evidence from observational studies and randomized nutritional intervention investigating the relationship between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
Therefore, in this review, we summarized current evidence from observational and intervention studies performed in humans investigating the relationship between the composition of the gut microbiota, concentration of SCFA and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms12

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs123

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes59

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science3

Health Care3

Triglycerides17

Obesity17

Oxidation14

Homeostasis20

Skeletal10

Obese4

Adipocytes12

Blood glucose levels4

Synthesis9

Adipocyte6

Secretion6

Energy Metabolism9

Role of adipose tissue1

Found in adipose tissue2

Metabolic11

Glycogen4

Muscle and adipose1

Triglyceride2

Increase in glucose uptake2

Serum6

Metabolites3

Enhanced glucose tolerance1

Cellular8

Modulate1

Regulate1

Amino3

Mechanisms4

Pathways2

Diabetes9

Lipolysis4

White adipos3

Gluconeogenesis1

Deposition3

Macrophages2

Mice8

Accumulation3

Storage of fatty acids2

Regulates fatty1

Lipid metabolism and insulin1

Free fatt2

Associated With Insulin Resistance1

Target tissues3

Plasma fatty acid1

Excess2

PPAR2

Translocation3

Absorbed into the bloodstream1

Pancreatic1

Adiponectin6

Carbohydrate1

Physiology1

Adipogenesis3

Protein metabolism1

Concentrations1

Substrate1

Lipodystrophy3

Mitochondrial biogenesis1

Regulation3

Glycerol1

Insulin and glucose1

Peripheral1

Receptors1

Enzymes1

Bloodstream1

Microbiota3