Humans hemagglutinin glycoproteins influenza virus. Medical search. Frequent questions

Ferrets vaccinated with a human 2016-17 seasonal influenza vaccine were protected against infection with the antigenically matched 1A pandemic 2009 virus but not against the swine-lineage 1C virus. (cdc.gov)
Our results reaffirm the need for continuous influenza A virus surveillance in pigs and identification of candidate human vaccine viruses. (cdc.gov)
The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
Individuals with metabolic dysregulation of cellular glycosylation often experience severe influenza disease, with a poor immune response to the virus and low vaccine efficacy. (cdc.gov)
IMPORTANCE People with disorders such as cancer, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or obesity often have metabolic dysregulation of cellular glycosylation and also have more severe influenza disease, a reduced immune response to the virus, and reduced vaccine efficacy. (cdc.gov)
Our findings link metabolic dysregulation of host glycosylation to increased risk of severe influenza and reduced influenza virus vaccine efficacy. (cdc.gov)
Frequent nucleotide substitutions lead to changes on the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins on the surface of IAV particles (also known as antigenic drift) that contribute to the need for continuous vaccine updates. (jcvi.org)
This evolutionary arms race between vaccine design and viral mutation contributes to annual influenza epidemics worldwide, which on average results in 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and up to 291,000 to 646,000 deaths annually. (jcvi.org)
A naturally protective epitope of limited variability as an influenza vaccine target. (ox.ac.uk)
Current antigenic targets for influenza vaccine development are either highly immunogenic epitopes of high variability or conserved epitopes of low immunogenicity. (ox.ac.uk)
Consequently the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine contains an influenza B virus component. (virology.ws)
There is no vaccine against influenza C virus. (virology.ws)
To improve vaccine efficiency and pandemic risk assessment for currently-dominant H3N2 influenza viruses, we investigated HA stability of 6 vaccine reference viruses and 42 circulating viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Recent vaccine reference viruses had destabilized HA proteins due to egg-adaptive mutation HA1-L194P. (bvsalud.org)
In ferrets, the vaccine reference viruses and circulating viruses required a relatively stable HA (activation and inactivation pH (bvsalud.org)
The recent vaccine reference viruses with destabilized HA proteins had reduced infectivity, had no airborne transmissibility unless reversion to HA1-P194L occurred, and had skewed antigenicity away from the studied viruses and circulating H3N2 viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Other vaccine reference viruses with stabilized HAs retained infectivity, transmissibility, and antigenicity. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, HA stabilization should be prioritized over destabilization in vaccine reference virus selection to reduce mismatches between vaccine and circulating viruses. (bvsalud.org)
This virus is responsible for significant morbidity which is why the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine contains Flu B as an integral component. (exonbio.com)
In 201920, seasonal influenza vaccine uptake data will continue to be collected on frontline healthcare workers hcws involved with direct patient care from all nhs trusts, including acute, mental health, ambulance, care and foundation. (web.app)
The current recommendations for seasonal influenza vaccine in the influenza chapter of the green book. (web.app)
This treatment summary topic describes influenza vaccine. (web.app)
Annual vaccine is prepared in advance of the influenza season. (web.app)
Seasonal influenza frontline healthcare workers vaccine uptake survey 201920 guidance. (web.app)
Influenza vaccine treatment summary bnf content published by. (web.app)
Promote and administer seasonal influenza vaccine annual vaccination is the most important measure to prevent seasonal influenza infection. (web.app)
The major influenza virus that was prevalent during that season was influenza anew caledonia h1n1, a strain that was included in the available vaccine. (web.app)
Influenza vaccine will continue to be offered to children in at risk groups but the upper. (web.app)
Use the flu finder feature on the cdc influenza website to find the flu vaccine near you. (web.app)
These data indicate that the pseudotype baculovirus-mediated vaccine could be utilized as an alternative strategy against the pandemic spread of H5N1 influenza virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
82 rheumatoid patients and 30 healthy controls were vaccinated with a split-virion inactivated vaccine containing 15 μg haemagglutinin (HA) per dose of each of B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (HK), A/Panama/2007/99 (PAN), and A/New Caledonian/20/99 (NC). (bmj.com)
Influenza virus vaccine generated a good humoral response in rheumatoid patients, although lower than in healthy controls. (bmj.com)
In addition to these concerns over the safety of the influenza vaccine in rheumatoid arthritis, there is uncertainty about the immunogenicity of vaccines in immunocompromised patients such as rheumatoid patients. (bmj.com)
To complicate things even more, there are variants within each subtype, since influenza viruses are permanently evolving and new strains are constantly emerging (this explains why the vaccine changes each year). (pasteur.fr)
Each year, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends which strains should be used to compose the vaccine (three in France and four in other countries) on the basis of the information it receives from the different countries on the viruses circulating there. (pasteur.fr)
We characterize the influenza viruses and determine their genome sequences to see how they are evolving and whether they still match the vaccine. (pasteur.fr)
December 7, 2020 -- A new universal influenza vaccine has been developed that targets the stalk portion of the influenza virus surface protein rather than the head portion. (scienceboard.net)
This vaccine, which is capable of neutralizing diverse strains of influenza, was evaluated in a phase I clinical study whose results were published in Nature Medicine on December 7. (scienceboard.net)
Therefore, the development of a universal influenza virus vaccine is desirable. (scienceboard.net)
Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)
The vaccine consists of group 1 or group 2 stalk domains in combination with head domains from avian influenza virus subtypes. (scienceboard.net)
An influenza virus vaccine that results in broad immunity would likely protect against any emerging influenza virus subtype or strain and would significantly enhance our pandemic preparedness, avoiding future problems with influenza pandemics as we see them now with COVID-19," said author Florian Krammer, PhD, professor of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in a statement. (scienceboard.net)
Our chimeric hemagglutinin vaccine is a major advance over conventional vaccines which are often mismatched to the circulating strains of virus, impacting their effectiveness. (scienceboard.net)
The researchers conducted a randomized, multicenter, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the group 1 cHA-based vaccine (a live attenuated or inactive influenza virus vaccine expressing a cH8/1 HA and an N1 NA with a backbone from a master donor stain) in 65 participants in the U.S. (scienceboard.net)
The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza vaccine effectiveness could be improved by combination with an adjuvant with the potential to enhance the host-vaccine response both quantitatively and qualitatively. (researchsquare.com)
The goal of this study was to explore a RIG-I agonist (SDI-nanogel) and a TLR7/8 agonist (Imidazoquinoline (IMDQ)‐PEG‐Chol) as adjuvants, when co-administered with a licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV), and to determine the role of these adjuvants in directing helper T (Th) cell responses for their role in the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. (researchsquare.com)
Vaccine-induced antibody and T cell responses correlated with protection against lethal influenza virus infection. (researchsquare.com)
Despite several vaccine candidates available on the market, influenza virus is responsible for severe illness in humans, with a substantial global death toll every year (https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/flu_by_age_virus.html). (researchsquare.com)
Additionally, vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers diminish over time, thereby affecting the extent of protection against infection during an entire influenza season and the subsequent seasons. (researchsquare.com)
Therefore, there is an urgent need for a better cost-effective influenza vaccine which can induce antigenically broader and long-lasting immune response. (researchsquare.com)
A DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein protected guinea pigs from infection by two lineages of influenza D virus. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, IDV can infect other economically important domestic livestock, including pigs, and has the potential to infect humans, which necessitates the need for an efficacious vaccine. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we designed a DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) protein (FluD-Vax) and tested its protective efficacy against two lineages of IDV (D/OK and D/660) in guinea pigs. (cdc.gov)
Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. (embrapa.br)
Methods: This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. (embrapa.br)
The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies. (embrapa.br)
Moreover, veterinary services revealed more than two log differences in cross hemagglutination inhibition tests between field isolates and the vaccine seed virus (Lucio E., unpublished). (biomedcentral.com)
We compared HA gene sequences from AIVs isolated between 1994 and 2000 [ 3 ], more recent isolates (2002 to 2006) from vaccinated birds showing clinical manifestations of avian influenza, and the A/Chicken/Hidalgo/232/94 vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
A ferritin-based COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine that elicits robust, durable, broad-spectrum neutralizing antisera in non-human primates. (stanford.edu)
Here, we describe DCFHP, a ferritin-based, protein-nanoparticle vaccine candidate that, when formulated with aluminum hydroxide as the sole adjuvant (DCFHP-alum), elicits potent and durable neutralizing antisera in non-human primates against known VOCs, including Omicron BQ.1, as well as against SARS-CoV-1. (stanford.edu)
ABSTRACT Understanding the genetic evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses can help better select strains to be included in the annual influenza vaccine. (who.int)

Neuraminidase (NA) has 11 known subtypes, hence influenza virus is named as H1N1, H5N2 etc., depending on the combinations of HA and NA. (wikipedia.org)
We investigated the infection dynamics of 2 influenza A(H1N1) virus isolates from the swine 1A.3.3.2 (pandemic 2009) and 1C (Eurasian, avian-like) lineages. (cdc.gov)
Both H1N1 viruses could infect pigs and were transmitted to cohoused ferrets. (cdc.gov)
Subsequent reassortment with human-origin viruses produced the human-like H1 1B lineage (formerly known as the H1huN2 clade) and human-like H3N2 clades that cocirculated in pig populations in Europe as antigenically distinct IAV lineages until the introduction of the H1 1A.3.3.2 pandemic H1N1 (H1pdmN1) lineage in 2009 ( 9 - 12 ). (cdc.gov)
Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu. (indiatimes.com)
Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. (indiatimes.com)
H1N1 strains caused a small percentage of all human flu infections in 2004-2005. (indiatimes.com)
Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). (indiatimes.com)
H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
In virology, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of Influenza A virus. (xopt.io)
Well known outbreaks of H1N1 strains in humans include the 2009 swine flu pandemic, as well as the 1918 flu pandemic. (xopt.io)
Furthermore, vaccinating mice with these epitope conformations can induce immunity to human H1N1 influenza strains that have circulated since 1918. (ox.ac.uk)
Is there a difference between being diagnosed with Influenza A and H1N1? (virology.ws)
Here, we investigated in ferrets the replication and transmission of swine H1N1 isolates P4 and G15, whose majority population had decreased polymerase activity and poor hemagglutinin (HA) stability, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
1. Humoral and cellular immune responses in critically ill influenza A/H1N1-infected patients. (eenzyme.com)
Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethalchallenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (uninsubria.it)
The K163 residue lies in a part of a conserved surface that is common to the hemagglutinins of the 1977 and 2009 H1N1 viruses. (ox.ac.uk)
We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Splicing of PB2 generates PB2-S1, which was only identified in pre-2009 human H1N1, and may inhibit the retinoic acid-inducible gene I signaling pathway [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
Abstract: Background: Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. (embrapa.br)
There is little information on their evolution in Jordan so this study investigated the genetic and antigenic variability of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses in Jordan by performing phylogenetic and genetic analyses of the HA and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses between 2011 and 2013. (who.int)
The full HA and NA genes of 16 H1N1-positive samples obtained in our study and 21 published HA sequences and 20 published NA sequences from Jordanian viruses that were available on online gene databases were analysed. (who.int)
Jordanian H1N1 viruses had mutations that are characteristic of antigenic group 6 while H3N2 virus mutations belonged to group 3. (who.int)
RÉSUMÉ La compréhension de l'évolution génétique des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 permet de mieux sélectionner les souches devant être ajoutées au vaccin antigrippal annuel. (who.int)
Peu de renseignements sont disponibles sur les mutations des virus saisonniers de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 en Jordanie. (who.int)
Afin de remédier à ce problème et d'étudier les variations génétiques et antigéniques des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2, nous avons procédé à des analyses génétiques et phylogénétiques des gènes de l'hémagglutinine (HA) et de la neuraminidase (NA) de ces virus, sur la période 2011-2013 en Jordanie. (who.int)
L'analyse a porté sur les séquences complètes des gènes de l'HA et de la NA de 16 échantillons positifs au virus H1N1 prélevés dans le cadre de cette étude, ainsi que sur 21 séquences publiées de l'HA et 20 séquences publiées de la NA, issues de virus jordaniens disponibles sur les bases de données de gènes en ligne. (who.int)
Les virus H1N1 jordaniens présentaient des mutations caractéristiques du groupe antigénique 6, tandis que les virus H3N2 appartenaient au groupe 3. (who.int)
Influenza viruses are considered one of and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 erated with SeqMan DNA Lasergene the most common causes of respira- and H3N2 viruses in Jordan between 7 software (DNASTAR, Madison, tory infection among humans and they March 2010 and March 2013. (who.int)

Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. (cdc.gov)
The modular architecture of the segmented IAV genome allows for genetic re-assortment (antigenic shift) with other divergent IAVs, resulting in the sporadic emergence of novel viruses capable of causing large epidemics or pandemics. (jcvi.org)
bacterial and virus co-infection during seasonal influenza epidemics are commonly associated with increase hospital admissions, severe disease and deaths. (jcvi.org)
Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic,potentially devastating pandemics. (uninsubria.it)
Being associated with seasonal influenza (flu) epidemics, IAVs have caused several pandemics worldwide, including the 1918 Spanish flu, which resulted in 50 million deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
There are four classes of influenza viruses (A-D), with influenza A and B causing most seasonal epidemics. (scienceboard.net)
Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
These findings support recent concerns about the challenge of AIV antigenic drift and influenza epidemics. (biomedcentral.com)

Hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza A has at least 18 different subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
Genetically and antigenically, AIV exist as multiple subtypes based on the two glycoproteins (HA and NA) on the virion surface. (scialert.net)
Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
To date, 18 hemagglutinin (H1-H18) and 11 neuraminidase (N1-N11) subtypes have been identified ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
For instance, within hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes coding for surface glycoproteins used to classify influenza A subtypes, they saw between 99 and 100 percent sequence homology in the set of isolates tested. (genomeweb.com)
These two proteins determine the subtypes of Influenza A virus. (eenzyme.com)
There are 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes known , but only H1, H2, H3, N1, and N2 are commonly found in human. (eenzyme.com)
It is divided into subtypes, based on the nature of their surface glycoproteins, HA and NA. (exonbio.com)
These subtypes are classified based on the combination of the virus coat glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. (mitokor.com)
In this study, we describe a human monoclonal antibody (PN-SIA49) that recognizes a highlyconserved epitope located on the stem region of the HA and able to neutralize a broad spectrum of influenza virusesbelonging to different subtypes (H1, H2 and H5). (uninsubria.it)
Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on the nature of their surface proteins: hemagglutinin (H1 to H18) and neuraminidase (N1 to N11). (pasteur.fr)
The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)
In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)

The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface. (wikipedia.org)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
Cells treated with NGI-1 produced morphologically unaltered viable influenza virus with sequence-neutral glycosylation changes (primarily reduced site occupancy) in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (cdc.gov)
However, since host cells are responsible for glycosylation of influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and glycosylation is important for interactions of these proteins with the immune system, the viruses may have functional differences that are not reflected by their genomic sequence. (cdc.gov)
Specific residues of influenza A virus (IAV) PB1-F2 proteins may enhance inflammation or cytotoxicity. (cdc.gov)
The enveloped influenza A virions have three membrane proteins (HA, NA, M2), a matrix protein (M1) just below the lipid bilayer, a ribonucleoprotein core (consisting of 8 viral RNA segments and three proteins: PA, PB1, PB2), and the NEP/NS2 protein. (virology.ws)
Influenza B virions have four proteins in the envelope: HA, NA, NB, and BM2. (virology.ws)
Like the influenza A and B viruses, the core of influenza C viruses consists of a ribonucleoprotein made up of viral RNA and four proteins. (virology.ws)
H5N1 hemagglutinin interacts with cell surface proteins containing oligosaccharides with terminal sialyl residues. (mitokor.com)
Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
Recombinant DNA techniques have been used to express the proteins of influenza virus individually. (ox.ac.uk)
Results have shown that, contrary to expectation, the majority of the proteins recognized by class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted CTLS are not transmembrane glycoproteins. (ox.ac.uk)
These and more recent results with nonviral glycoproteins are consistent with the existence of a mechanism for degrading viral (and perhaps host) proteins and exposing them at the cell surface for recognition by cytotoxic T cells in association with class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. (ox.ac.uk)

However, a mutant virus combining Q196R with mutations from previous pandemic viruses (Q226L and G228S) revealed predominantly α2-6 binding. (nih.gov)
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have pandemic potential and remain a threat to human and animal health, mainly owing to their intrinsic ability to continually diversify and infect a broad range of host species. (cdc.gov)
We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
Crossing the species barrier to mammals highlights the pandemic potential of H9N2 virus. (scialert.net)
With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
Here, we review the principal findings in the analytical techniques used to study influenza N-linked glycosylation, the evolutionary dynamics of N-linked glycosylation in seasonal vs. pandemic and zoonotic strains, its role in host innate immune responses, and the prospects for lectin-based therapies. (cdc.gov)
The proclivity of the current A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b virus lineage to reassort and target the central nervous system warrants concerted planning to combat the spread and evolution of the virus within the continent and to mitigate the impact of a potential influenza pandemic that could originate from similar A(H5N1) reassortants. (bvsalud.org)
In keeping with ESWI's excellent scientific reputation, the ninth edition of the conference gave the floor to the most renowned influenza, RSV and COVID-19 scientists, public health experts and healthcare professionals, discussing hot topics in epidemic and pandemic flu, RSV and COVID-19. (eswiconference.org)

Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
The complex changes required for airborne transmissibility in ferrets suggest that extensive evolution is needed for H5N1 transmissibility in humans. (nih.gov)
citation needed] A highly pathogenic avian flu virus of H5N1 type has been found to infect humans at a low rate. (wikipedia.org)
This finding seems to explain how an H5N1 virus that normally does not infect humans can mutate and become able to efficiently infect human cells. (wikipedia.org)
The hemagglutinin of the H5N1 virus has been associated with the high pathogenicity of this flu virus strain, apparently due to its ease of conversion to an active form by proteolysis. (wikipedia.org)
The overall risk to human health associated with the ongoing A(H5N1) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry has not changed and remains low at this time. (cdc.gov)
On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
This is the second human case of A(H5N1) ever reported in South America, which includes a January 2023 case reported by Ecuador ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b underwent an explosive geographic expansion in 2021 among wild birds and domestic poultry across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (bvsalud.org)
These reassortant A(H5N1) viruses are genotypically and phenotypically diverse, with many causing severe disease with dramatic neurologic involvement in mammals. (bvsalud.org)
During 1997, an H5N1 avian influenza virus was determined to be the cause of death in 6 of 18 infected patients in Hong Kong. (mitokor.com)
Although it has been known that cleavage site and glycosylation patterns of the HA protein play important roles in determining the pathogenicity of H5 avian influenza viruses, it has only recently been shown that an additional glycosylation site within the globular head of the neuraminidase protein also contributes to the high virulence of the H5N1 virus. (mitokor.com)
Virus isolated from a human infected with the H5N1 strain in 1997 could bind to oligosaccharides from human as well as avian sources, indicating its species-jumping ability. (mitokor.com)
In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)

Sporadic human infection with so-called variant (v) influenza viruses that normally circulate in swine continue to be reported ( 3 , 13 ). (cdc.gov)
In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
Influenza pneumonia: Amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride are approved for the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus infection. (medscape.com)
Together with results from infection studies on chicken, duck, mouse, and ferret models, the genetic profiles generated for the H7N9 viruses hint that fairly small genetic changes could potentially lead to a version of the virus capable of human-to-human transmission. (genomeweb.com)
Host innate immune responses are the first line of defense against infection, and glycosylation of these major antigens plays an important role in the generation of host innate responses toward the virus. (cdc.gov)
(La Jolla, California)-May 26, 2020- Scientists from the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile examined changes in the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiome during an influenza A virus (IAV) infection. (jcvi.org)
Humans and ferrets share similar lung physiology, and both are known to be susceptible to and transmit the same strains of IAVs, thus making ferrets an ideal model to study IAV infection in the URT. (jcvi.org)
Given the unequivocal association between viral and bacterial co-infection and influenza disease severity, there is a pressing need to better understand how changes in the host microbiome correlates with viral infections that facilitate opportunistic co-infections. (jcvi.org)
The complete results, Microbiome disturbance and resilience dynamics of the upper respiratory tract during influenza A virus infection , are published in the journal Nature Communications . (jcvi.org)
HA is the major surface antigen of the influenza viruses, against which neutralizing antibodies are elicited during virus infection and vaccination. (eenzyme.com)
In comparison, Flu B infection mostly occurs in humans and is divided into lineages and strains. (exonbio.com)
Influenza is a highly infectious, viral infection of the respiratory tract. (web.app)
The pages listed below offer public health and health care professionals key information about vaccination, infection control, prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of seasonal influenza. (web.app)
In other words, the "seasonal" influenza that causes annual outbreaks is far from being a "trivial" infection, and it is by no means harmless. (pasteur.fr)
Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
Moreover, antibody responses induced by influenza virus vaccines are usually short-lived and less cross-reactive against antigenically drifted virus variants than those induced by a natural influenza virus infection 1 . (researchsquare.com)
The resistance to zanamivir is rare [17] , but its use is limited to patients who can actively inhale it, which often excludes young children, impaired older adults or patients with underlying airway disease [14] , that is the groups of patients most vulnerable to serious influenza infection complications. (distantreader.org)
His work covers various topics, including B cell responses to viral infection and vaccination, human primary immunodeficiency, and biology of lymphocyte development and function and to elucidate etiology of immunological disorders. (stanford.edu)

Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
these vaccines would also have the potential to protect against newly emerging influenza strains. (ox.ac.uk)
Seasonal influenza vaccines are available through personal health care providers and local pharmacies. (web.app)
Given that seasonal influenza vaccines are safe and effective, all persons aged 6 months or above except those with. (web.app)
Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices united states, 201617 influenza season. (web.app)
The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against theseviruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein.However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protectionoffered by seasonal vaccines. (uninsubria.it)
This reluctance is based on sporadic case reports on the onset or exacerbation of the disease following vaccination with influenza, tetanus, hepatitis, and other vaccines. (bmj.com)
When developing influenza vaccines, researchers are forced to predict the genetic makeup of the virus some months in advance, and mismatches occur relatively frequently as strains become antigenically diverse. (scienceboard.net)
Most current influenza vaccines target the immunodominant head domain of the viral HA and therefore antibodies produced by these vaccines are strain specific. (scienceboard.net)
This genetic change, or shift, in the virus results in immunity to only specific strains of the influenza virus, requiring frequent re-formulation and re-administration of seasonal vaccines. (scienceboard.net)
However, due to antigenic drift in influenza viruses, vaccines need to be updated every year to protect against the circulating strains of the virus. (researchsquare.com)
However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)

Hemagglutinin is a Class I Fusion Protein, having multifunctional activity as both an attachment factor and membrane fusion protein. (wikipedia.org)
The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
Similar to influenza C virus (ICV), IDV also has seven segments in its genome and has only one major surface glycoprotein, called the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein, for receptor-binding, receptor-destroying, and membrane fusion. (flu.org.cn)
Their envelope contains the ion channel forming M2 protein and the hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins. (frontiersin.org)
Hemagglutinin with reduced glycan occupancy required a higher concentration of surfactant protein D (an important innate immunity respiratory tract collectin) for inhibition compared to that with normal glycan occupancy. (cdc.gov)
Here we identify a highly immunogenic epitope of limited variability in the head domain of the H1 haemagglutinin protein. (ox.ac.uk)
Like the M2 protein of influenza A virus, the BM2 protein is a proton channel that is essential for the uncoating process . (virology.ws)
The M1 protein lies just below the membrane, as in influenza A and B virions. (virology.ws)
During influenza virus entry, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein binds receptors and causes membrane fusion after endosomal acid activation. (bvsalud.org)
Any application that detects Influenza B virus, pseudo virus, and Influenza B native nucleocapsid protein. (exonbio.com)
Recall that an adhesin is a protein or glycoprotein found on the surface of a pathogen that attaches to receptors on the host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
Mouse anti Newcastle Disease Virus antibody, clone 8H2 recognizes the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
The HN protein of the virus is a type II membrane glycoprotein on virion and infected cell surfaces. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
It binds to sialic acid-containing cellular receptors and promotes activity of the viral fusion protein, thereby allowing the virus to penetrate the cell. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
This has been extended to the influenza matrix protein, and a peptide epitope defined that is recognized by human CTLS in association with HLA -A2. (ox.ac.uk)

Hemagglutinin-Influenza A Virus H7N9 Anhui 2013 (Anhui H7N9) is a part of the influenza viruses hemagglutinin family. (prospecbio.com)
H7N9 Anhui is anantigenic glycoprotein which is responsible for binding the virus to the infected cell. (prospecbio.com)
An H7N9 virus was firstreported to have infected humans in March 2013, in China. (prospecbio.com)
Although the risk is low, The H7N9 virus has thegreatest potential compared with other influenza A viruses to cause a pandemicbecause like other type A viruses, it is not easily transmitted between people in its current form. (prospecbio.com)
Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - A team from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Gansu Agricultural University used genome sequencing as part of its effort to understand the traits and transmissibility of influenza A H7N9 viruses that are behind a spate of human infections in China. (genomeweb.com)
By comparing those sequences with the genomes of five H7N9 viruses involved in human infections, they found hints about the small genetic changes needed to make the H7N9 more virulent and transmissible in mammals. (genomeweb.com)
Currently, implementation of compulsory control measures in H7N9 virus-positive live poultry markets is preventing further human infections," senior author Hualan Chen, a veterinary researcher affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Gansu Agricultural University, and her colleagues wrote. (genomeweb.com)
H]owever, the elimination of the H7N9 virus from nature is a huge and long-term challenge. (genomeweb.com)
Its non-pathogenic nature in poultry enables the avian H7N9 virus to replicate silently in avian species and to transmit to humans," they continued. (genomeweb.com)
More than 130 individuals in China have come down with flu cases involving the avian influenza A virus H7N9 over the past few months, Chen and her co-authors noted, and the virus has been linked to 37 deaths in that country since mid-February. (genomeweb.com)
That rash of flu infections has prompted closure of poultry-markets where the H7N9 virus was detected and spurred interest from several research groups keen to understand the strain's origins, pathogenicity, and transmissibility. (genomeweb.com)
To get at the genetics behind the newly emerged flu virus subtype, the team sequenced all eight genes that make up the influenza A genome in 37 of the new H7N9 isolates. (genomeweb.com)
Exposure to H7N9 viruses initially isolated from birds did not lead to discernible signs of disease in mice - nor did they produce symptoms in their typical avian hosts such as chickens and ducks. (genomeweb.com)
On the other hand, viruses involved in human H7N9 flu cases in China did appear capable of causing disease in mice: animals infected with those viruses dropped as much as 30 percent of their body weight. (genomeweb.com)
Moreover, at least one of the human H7N9 isolates was readily passed from one ferret to another via respiratory droplets in the team's transmissibility experiments. (genomeweb.com)
From their genome sequencing data, investigators speculated that the increased virulence and transmissibility of the human H7N9 isolates may stem from subtle genetic changes that alter one or two amino acids encoded by H7N9's basic polymerase 2 gene, for instance, and/or shift hemagglutinin interactions with host cell receptors. (genomeweb.com)
But, they added, results from their analysis indicated that "only a few amino acid changes would be needed to make the avian H7N9 viruses highly transmissible in mammals. (genomeweb.com)
4. Nanobodies mapped to cross-reactive and divergent epitopes on A(H7N9) influenza hemagglutinin using yeast display. (eenzyme.com)
Nevertheless, the calculation results also showed that some newly-found virus strains of the H7N9 subtype have a high binding affinity for human receptors, suggesting that the H7N9 subtype might include strains with a high risk for infecting humans. (pku.edu.cn)

Vaccination is the most effective form of influenza prevention. (web.app)
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza 1. (web.app)
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza 1 more dangerous than you might think. (web.app)
The flu chapter of the green book has been updated to reflect the latest guidance from the joint committee on vaccination and immunisation in readiness for the 2015 to 2016 influenza season. (web.app)
Vaccination with the 2009 hemagglutinin induced an antibody response tightly focused on this common surface that is capable of selecting current antigenic drift variants in H1N1pdm09 influenza viruses. (ox.ac.uk)
To assess the efficacy and safety of vaccination against influenza virus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on the effect of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockers. (bmj.com)
4, 5 However, the eventual capacity of influenza vaccination to induce a significant clinical flare of rheumatoid arthritis is still debated. (bmj.com)
Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
Antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
To evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic AIV under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of AIVs isolated from 1994 to 2006. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination programs produce faster antigenic drifts of human and avian influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The Mexican aviculture system offers an excellent model to study AIV genetic evolution under high vaccination pressure for two important grounds: i) avian influenza vaccination is a regular veterinary practice, and ii) poultry systems are characterized by high avian population density per production unit. (biomedcentral.com)

The most widespread virus in France during the last winter outbreak in 2016-2017 was an A virus (H3N2). (pasteur.fr)
Pour le virus H3N2, nous avons généré 20 séquences de l'HA et 19 de la NA, et avons également inclus dans l'analyse 19 séquences publiées de l'HA et 19 de la NA. (who.int)

There are 18 different HAs and 11 NAs that are distinguishable serologically (antibodies to one virus subtype do not react with another). (exonbio.com)
In vitro selection of virus variants with representative monoclonal antibodies revealed that a single amino acid replacement at residue K163 in the Sa antigenic site, which is characteristic of the clade 6B viruses, was responsible for resistance to neutralization by multiple monoclonal antibodies and the donor serum. (ox.ac.uk)
Human monoclonal antibodies may be a useful adjunct to ferret antisera for detecting antigenic drift in influenza viruses. (ox.ac.uk)
Antibodies to HA neutralize virus. (powershow.com)
The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)

Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
The major role of the NA is to release new progeny virions from an infected cell by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid receptors, which aids virus spread to uninfected cells within an infected host. (cdc.gov)
When the binding ability of HA variants towards human receptors becomes strong, influenza A virus can infect humans. (pku.edu.cn)
Screening of high risk virus strains by analyzing the binding ability of HA variants for human receptors through a high-throughput method would be particularly useful. (pku.edu.cn)
In this study, we used H7 (a subtype of HA) as a subject and developed a molecular docking based theoretical calculation method to evaluate the affinity of HA variants for human receptors. (pku.edu.cn)
The results showed that the binding affinity of H7 for human receptors is lower than that of H1, which shows a strong ability to infect humans. (pku.edu.cn)
Our method may be used to rapidly predict the affinity of HA for human receptors and provides a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of the infectiousness of influenza A virus toward humans. (pku.edu.cn)

So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
Pandemics occur if such a new subtype acquires the ability to infect and transmit in the human population. (frontiersin.org)
Since influenza viruses that infect such people do not show consistent genomic variations, it is generally assumed that the altered biology is mainly related to host factors. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Two lineages of influenza D virus (IDV) have been found to infect cattle and promote bovine respiratory disease complex, one of the most commonly diagnosed causes of morbidity and mortality within the cattle industry. (cdc.gov)

abstract = "The hemagglutinin, esterase, and fusion (HEF) glycoprotein of influenza C virus possesses receptor binding, receptor destroying, and membrane fusion activities. (northwestern.edu)

Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
So, flu B jumped from birds to humans 4000 years ago, I read. (virology.ws)
Here we show that the western movement of clade 2.3.4.4b was quickly followed by reassortment with viruses circulating in wild birds in North America, resulting in the acquisition of different combinations of ribonucleoprotein genes. (bvsalud.org)
Flu A virus is the most common flu virus infecting humans, animals, and birds. (exonbio.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
All AIVs were obtained from vaccinated birds showing clinical signs of avian influenza. (biomedcentral.com)

Therefore, HA is responsible for binding Influenza virus to sialic acid on the surface of target cells, such as cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes, causing as a result the internalization of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. (medscape.com)
Influenza A virus is a highly infectious upper respiratory tract disease in humans and animals caused by a negative-sense segmented RNA virus. (jcvi.org)
Nearly all adults have been infected with influenza C virus, which causes mild upper respiratory tract illness. (virology.ws)
That's correct - influenza C causes mild upper respiratory tract infections with cold-like symptoms. (virology.ws)
To cause pandemics, zoonotic respiratory viruses need to adapt to replication in and spread between humans, either via (indirect or direct) contact or through the air via droplets and aerosols. (bvsalud.org)
We here summarize available data from (animal) studies on the impact of HA acid stability on airborne transmission and hypothesize that the transmissibility of other respiratory viruses may also be impacted by an acidic environment in the airways. (bvsalud.org)
Unlike Flu A or B, Influenza C viruses only cause a mild respiratory illness in humans and secondary complications are rare. (exonbio.com)
The michigan department of health and human services mdhhs seasonal influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. (web.app)
Seasonal influenza refers to the limited periodic outbreaks of respiratory illness that typically occur in the fall and winter in the united states. (web.app)
Seasonal influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. (web.app)
We use these samples to search for influenza viruses and also systematically for other major respiratory tract viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). (pasteur.fr)
Each week, we publish a bulletin with reports on the current situation concerning influenza and other respiratory tract infections. (pasteur.fr)
Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)

Circulation of a new IAV in the naïve human population has caused pandemics in the past resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, the most notable in 1918 and 1919, when the Spanish flu killed approximately 20 to 50 million people worldwide. (jcvi.org)
Influenza B viruses cause the same spectrum of disease as influenza A. However, influenza B viruses do not cause pandemics. (virology.ws)
Understanding how animal influenza A viruses (IAVs) acquire airborne transmissibility in humans and ferrets is needed to prepare for and respond to pandemics. (bvsalud.org)
Novel influenza virus strains emerge periodically to which humans have little or no immunity, resulting in devastating pandemics. (mitokor.com)

The 1C-lineage virus, A/Pavia/65/2016, although phylogenetically related to swine-origin viruses, was isolated from a human clinical case. (cdc.gov)
Infecting ferrets and pigs (the natural host) resulted in mild or inapparent clinical signs comparable to those observed with 1A.3.3.2-lineage swine-origin viruses. (cdc.gov)
their susceptibility to IAVs originating from numerous mammalian (including human) and avian hosts enables virus reassortment and contributes to the expanding genetic heterogeneity of circulating swine IAV (swIAV) lineages ( 2 , 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Predominant viruses detected globally in swine populations belong to 3 main H1 genetic lineages (1A, 1B, and 1C) and multiple H3 clades, although antigenic and genetic differences might occur within these groupings according to geographic location ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
The 1A.3.3.2 lineage continues to circulate and adapt in both pig and human populations globally and, in the swine reservoir, genetic mutation together with reassortment with established lineages is driving the expansion of viral diversity ( 1 , 7 , 13 ). (cdc.gov)

His research programme follows an integrated "viroscience" concept, bringing together world-leading scientists in molecular virology, immunology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and intervention studies for human and animal virus infections. (eswiconference.org)

To tackle these seasonal outbreaks, detailed surveillance mechanisms have been introduced at national and international level, making influenza viruses the most closely monitored viruses on the planet (see Interview below). (pasteur.fr)
There are three types of influenza virus in humans, A, B and C. Types A and B are responsible for annual outbreaks. (pasteur.fr)
This has enabled health authorities like the WHO to effectively combat disease outbreaks like SARS and avian influenza. (eswiconference.org)

This strain infected ferrets, a human influenza model species, and could be transmitted by direct contact and, less efficiently, by airborne exposure. (cdc.gov)

The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
The ferret is a well-suited model for the study of human and avian influenza virus pathogenicity, and transmissibility. (cdc.gov)

The most important protective antigen on the surface of influenza virus is HA, whose structure can be divided in two distinct regions: the globular head, responsible for the binding to the sialic acid, and the stem region that contains the fusion peptide and the membrane anchor domain. (distantreader.org)

However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
As the efficiency of innate immune responses is a critical determinant of disease severity and adaptive immunity, the study of influenza glycobiology is of clinical as well as research interest. (cdc.gov)
We show that a cohort of young children exhibit natural immunity to a set of historical influenza strains which they could not have previously encountered and that this is partially mediated through the epitope. (ox.ac.uk)
Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)
Protective anti-influenza immunity often correlates with antibody responses to influenza surface glycoproteins, particularly hemagglutinin (HA), the main antigenic determinant on the surface of both influenza virus and infected cells. (researchsquare.com)

The major influenza C virus envelope glycoprotein is called HEF (hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion) because it has the functions of both the HA and the NA. (virology.ws)

Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
however, the ability to neutralize A/USSR/90/1977 influenza, to which the donor would have been exposed in childhood, was retained. (ox.ac.uk)

Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxoviridae family of RNA viruses and are divided into five genera: Influenza A, B and C, Thogtovirus and Isavirus. (scialert.net)
Influenza A viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a segmented negative-sense RNA genome ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
I nfluenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae . (eenzyme.com)
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, Influenzavirus A genus. (biomedcentral.com)

Previously it has been found in studies with the C/Johannesburg/1/66 strain of influenza C virus (HEF-JHB) that transport of HEF to the cell surface is severely inhibited, and it is thought that the short cytoplasmic tail, Arg-Thr-Lys, is involved in blocking HEF cell surface expression (F. Oeffner, H.-D. Klenk, and G. Herrler, J. Gen. Virol. (northwestern.edu)
Symptoms of the disease vary greatly, depending on the strain of virus and the species, age and health of the bird. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)

Hemagglutinin (HA) is a glycoprotein located on the surface of the avian influenza A viruses. (pku.edu.cn)
Molecular Docking of Human-Like Receptor to Hemagglutinins of Avian Influenza A Viruses[J]. Acta Phys. (pku.edu.cn)

When they compared the genomes to one another and to sequences from five human viruses - including an isolate called A/Anhui/1/2013 from the current outbreak in China - the researchers determined that much of the genome was similar across the isolates. (genomeweb.com)
I showed that the influenza C virus genome consists of 7 RNA segments, and demonstrated reassortment among different influenza C virus strains. (virology.ws)
IAV is an enveloped virus carrying a segmented genome that comprises eight negative-sense and single-stranded RNA segments. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
Other genes housed a bit more genetic diversity, the study's authors noted, and half a dozen genes showed signs of mixing with sequences from influenza A viruses in the H9N2 subtype. (genomeweb.com)

H9N2 viruses circulate widely in the Middle East and are associated with serious disease in poultry. (scialert.net)
From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
No cleavage site mutation as seen in virulent poultry influenza strains (e.g. (cdc.gov)

Unfortunately, the virus is able to escape neutralization by mutating this part of hemagglutinin through a process known as antigenic drift," explained co-author Peter Palese, PhD, professor and chair of the department of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (scienceboard.net)

In addition, sporadic IAV gene segment exchange (shift) events can lead to the emergence of reassortant viruses with novel gene constellations and functional attributes. (cdc.gov)
The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or haemagglutinin[p] (British English) is a homotrimeric glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses and is integral to its infectivity. (wikipedia.org)
HA are homotrimeric glycoproteins found on the surface of influenza viruses. (scienceboard.net)

By in vitro selection for binding α2-6 sialosides, we identified four variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (S227N, D187G, E190G, and Q196R) that revealed modestly increased α2-6 and minimally decreased α2-3 binding by glycan array analysis. (nih.gov)
The hemadsorbing site of neuraminidase had up to 3 amino acid substitutions and is different from those of earlier Iranian viruses. (scialert.net)
I]t is difficult to conclude which amino acid substitution alone makes the virus highly transmissible," the study's authors concluded. (genomeweb.com)
In nature, influenza A virus undergoes continuous variation, particularly the amino acid sequence at the receptor binding site of HA. (pku.edu.cn)

Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
There are 18 H types and 11 NA types, giving 198 possible combinations, but only a few are human pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)

Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the 1918 spanish flu anitbodies reagents distributed by Genprice. (mitokor.com)
The 1918 Spanish Flu Anitbodies reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (mitokor.com)
Where did the 1918 flu virus come from? (cdc.gov)

The influenza A virion is studded with glycoprotein spikes of HA and NA, in a ratio of approximately four to one. (scialert.net)
Therefore the influenza virion contains 7 RNA segments, not 8 RNAs like influenza A and B viruses. (virology.ws)

HA is a homotrimeric integral membrane glycoprotein. (wikipedia.org)

Their lipid membrane envelope contains two glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) . (eenzyme.com)

Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Results suggest that microbiome disturbance and resilience dynamics may be critical to addressing bacterial co-infections associated with influenza-derived illnesses. (jcvi.org)
Among his major accomplishments are the discovery of more than 70 new viruses of humans and animals (e.g. human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses, influenza viruses), elucidation of the pathogenesis of major human and animal virus infections, and development of novel intervention strategies. (eswiconference.org)

In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)

The name "hemagglutinin" comes from the protein's ability to cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to clump together ("agglutinate") in vitro. (wikipedia.org)

Immunization of mice with NGI-1-treated virus significantly reduced antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase titers of total serum antibody and reduced hemagglutinin protective antibody responses. (cdc.gov)

Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)

Neuraminidase (NA), another surface glycoprotein, enzymatically removes sialic acid, promoting viral release from the infected host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
It also removes sialic acids from progeny virus particles to prevent viral self-agglutination. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)

phylogenetic evidence suggests direct incursion of an avian (duck)-origin virus into pigs ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)

Anatomy21

Organisms68

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs61

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes61

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science5

Health Care9

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Vaccine67

H1N136

Epidemics14

Subtypes16

Proteins14

Pandemic9

H5N127

Infection23

Vaccines13

Protein16

H7N920

Vaccination12

H3N22

Antibodies5

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Major influenza1

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Orthomyxoviridae4

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Avian influenza A viruses2

Genome3

Sequences2

Poultry4

Known as antigenic drift1

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Amino acid4

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19183

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Membrane glycoprotein1

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Infections3

Infectious diseases1

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Sialic2

Phylogenetic1