botulism
- Botulism is caused by a neurotoxin produced from the anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium Clostridium botulinum . (annals.org)
- Botulism in humans is usually caused by toxin types A, B, and E. Since 1973, a median of 24 cases of foodborne botulism, 3 cases of wound botulism, and 71 cases of infant botulism have been reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (annals.org)
- Because clinicians are the first to treat patients in any type of botulism outbreak, they must know how to recognize, diagnose, and treat this rare but potentially lethal disease. (annals.org)
- Clostridium botuli´num the causative agent of botulism, divided into six types (A through F) which elaborate immunologically distinct toxins. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Any of various rod-shaped, spore-forming, chiefly anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium, such as certain nitrogen-fixing species found in soil and those causing botulism and tetanus. (thefreedictionary.com)
- a species of anaerobic bacteria that causes botulism in humans and botulism-like diseases in other animals. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Most cases of human botulism is caused by toxins types A, B, D or F. These toxins are the most potent neurotoxin known. (drlam.com)
- Infant botulism Occurs when susceptible infants consumed C. botulinum spores. (drlam.com)
- Wound botulism Caused by the growth of C.botulinum bacteria in a wound In addition, botulinum toxins can also be inhaled if intentionally released in the form of aerosol. (drlam.com)
- Botulism caused by a species of anaerobic bacteria. (prezi.com)
- Botulism is a rare disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.This microbe is primarily found in the soil or untreated water. (wikipedia.org)
- Botulism, a severe form of food poisoning, affects the nerves and is caused by toxins from Clostridium botulinum bacteria. (scribd.com)
- Clostridium botuinum is a spore-forming bacterium, which produces potent neurotoxins (BoNT) and which is responsible for a severe flaccid paralysis (botulism) in man and animals. (omicsonline.org)
- In France, 20 to 40 cases of human botulism are identified every year, and severe outbreaks occurred in the last years. (omicsonline.org)
- Type B botulism is traditional in our country subsequently to ingestion of contaminated pork meat products. (omicsonline.org)
- However, in the recent years, human botulism was more diverse, and type A botulism outbreaks were predominant. (omicsonline.org)
- Michal R. Popoff (D.V.M., Ph.D.) is the head of the Research Unit of Anaerobic bacteria and Toxins as well as of the National Reference Center for Anaerobic bacteria and Botulism at Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. (omicsonline.org)
- Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (marlerclark.com)
- Four types of botulism are recognized: foodborne, infant, wound, and a form of botulism whose classification is as yet undetermined. (marlerclark.com)
- Foodborne botulism is the name of the disease (actually a foodborne intoxication) caused by the consumption of foods containing the neurotoxin produced by C. botulinum. (marlerclark.com)
- Sausages, meat products, canned vegetables and seafood products have been the most frequent vehicles for human botulism. (marlerclark.com)
- Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
- Infant botulism happens when the bacteria develops in the intestines and releases the toxin. (wikipedia.org)
- Infant botulism results from the ingestion of the C. botulinum spores, and subsequent colonization of the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
- Honey is a known dietary reservoir of C. botulinum spores and has been linked to infant botulism. (wikipedia.org)
- C. botulinum is responsible for foodborne botulism (ingestion of preformed toxin), infant botulism (intestinal infection with toxin-forming C. botulinum), and wound botulism (infection of a wound with C. botulinum). (wikipedia.org)
- Most outbreaks of human botulism are caused by group I (proteolytic) or II (non-proteolytic) C. botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
- C. botulinum producing B and F toxin types have been isolated from human botulism cases in New Mexico and California. (wikipedia.org)
- Type C produces limber-neck in birds and type D causes botulism in other mammals. (wikipedia.org)
- A few strains from organisms genetically identified as other Clostridium species have caused human botulism: C. butyricum has produced type E toxin and C. baratii had produced type F toxin. (wikipedia.org)
- Infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism. (wikipedia.org)
- Properly cured sauerkraut is sufficiently acidic to prevent a favorable environment for the growth of Clostridium botulinum, the toxins of which cause botulism. (wikipedia.org)
- Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens Bacillus cereus The rare but potentially deadly disease botulism occurs when the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum grows in improperly canned low-acid foods and produces botulin, a powerful paralytic toxin. (wikipedia.org)
toxins
- Disease Description Botulinum toxins are a group of seven related neurotoxins (Types A-G) produced by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. (drlam.com)
- High levels of oxygen, high amounts of sugar, high acidity, extremely low moisture and low temperature below 3 degree Celsius inhibit the growth and production of Clostridium botulinum spores and toxins. (drlam.com)
- Some bacteria produce poisons called toxins, which also can make us sick. (scribd.com)
- Certain bacteria give off toxins that can seriously affect your health. (scribd.com)
- The MIYAIRI 588 strain of C. butyricum does not carry any genes encoding any toxins and virulence factors associated with Clostridium or other enteropathogens. (wikipedia.org)
- The absence of genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin A,B,F and genes encoding non-toxic haemagglutinin (NTNH) and genes encoding Clostridium perfringens toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) has been demonstrated by PCR assay. (wikipedia.org)
- Seven types of toxins have been identified that are allocated a letter (A-G). All toxins are rapidly destroyed at 100 °C for 15 minutes (900 seconds). (wikipedia.org)
- Most strains produce one type of neurotoxin, but strains producing multiple toxins have been described. (wikipedia.org)
- The toxin type has been designated Bf as the type B toxin was found in excess to the type F. Similarly, strains producing Ab and Af toxins have been reported. (wikipedia.org)
- Botulinum toxins have been used off-label for several pediatric conditions, including infantile esotropia. (wikipedia.org)
- It comes in three types, labelled A, B, and a non-pathogenic type C distinguished by the range of toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)
- The toxins normally produced by the various types are shown in table 1 The alpha-toxin of Clostridium botulinum types C and D, is similar to the C novyi beta-toxin. (wikipedia.org)
- The A and B toxins of Clostridium difficile show homology with the alpha-toxin of C novyi as does the lethal toxin of clostridium sordellii. (wikipedia.org)
- Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and colloquially referred to as food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the food spoilage of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food, as well as toxins such as poisonous mushrooms and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxins from bacterial infections are delayed because the bacteria need time to multiply. (wikipedia.org)
difficile
- perfringens, tetani, botulinum, difficile Clostridium Tetani Clostridium Pathogenesis of tetanus caused by C tetani General introduction General C tetani is found worldwide. (coursehero.com)
- CDC officals said Clostridium Difficile is killing more people each year. (cbslocal.com)
- Tests confirmed Kathleen had C-Diff which is short for Clostridium Difficile. (cbslocal.com)
- Its usefulness stems primarily from its ability to interfere with the growth of highly pathogenic Clostridium difficile by antagonizing its multiplication. (wikipedia.org)
pathogenic bacteria
- C. botulinum is a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria initially grouped together by their ability to produce botulinum toxin and now known as four distinct groups, C. botulinum groups I-IV. (wikipedia.org)
- also produce antimicrobial substances that affect a wide spectrum of micro-organisms such as fungi, soil bacteria, plant pathogenic bacteria and even important anaerobic pathogens as Clostridium botulinium. (wikipedia.org)
- Listeria monocytogenes is the species of pathogenic bacteria that causes the infection listeriosis. (wikipedia.org)
perfringens
- Most common bacterial foodborne pathogens are: Campylobacter jejuni which can lead to secondary Guillain-Barré syndrome and periodontitis Clostridium perfringens, the "cafeteria germ" Salmonella spp. (wikipedia.org)
bacterial
- A prominent example of this concept is bacterial flora, which consists of exogenous bacteria ingested and endogenously colonized during the early stages of life. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacteria that are part of normal internal ecosystems, also known as bacterial flora, are called Endogenous Bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- and many species colonize in the human body to create an ecosystem known as bacterial flora. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacterial flora is endogenous bacteria, which is defined as bacteria that naturally reside in a closed system. (wikipedia.org)
- Responsible for an estimated 1,600 illnesses and 260 deaths in the United States (U.S.) annually, listeriosis ranks third in total number of deaths among food borne bacterial pathogens, with fatality rates exceeding even Salmonella and Clostridium botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
- its S. typhimurium infection is caused by consumption of eggs or poultry that are not adequately cooked or by other interactive human-animal pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) which can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome Other common bacterial foodborne pathogens are: Bacillus cereus Escherichia coli, other virulence properties, such as enteroinvasive (EIEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC or EAgEC) Listeria monocytogenes Shigella spp. (wikipedia.org)
- Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. (wikipedia.org)
- The famous notion that bacterial cells in the human body outnumber human cells by a factor of 10:1 has been debunked. (wikipedia.org)
- There are approximately 39 trillion bacterial cells in the human microbiota as personified by a "reference" 70 kg male 170 cm tall, whereas there are 30 trillion human cells in the body. (wikipedia.org)
- However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. (wikipedia.org)
- The bacterial phyla are the major lineages, known as phyla or divisions, of the domain Bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- In that system, bacteria are members of the domain Bacteria and "phylum" is the rank below domain, since the rank "kingdom" is disused at present in bacterial taxonomy. (wikipedia.org)
butyricum
- The type species is Clostridium butyricum . (thefreedictionary.com)
- In addition, some atypical strains belong to two other Clostridium species (C. baratii and C. butyricum). (omicsonline.org)
- Clostridium butyricum is a strictly anaerobic endospore-forming Gram-positive butyric acid producing bacillus subsisting by means of fermentation using an intracellularly accumulated amylopectin-like α-polyglucan (granulose) as a substrate. (wikipedia.org)
- This strain is deposited at the Fermentation Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan under the strain name Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 strain, deposit number FERM BP-2789. (wikipedia.org)
- Recent European Food Safety Authority opinions confirm the official strain nomenclature as Clostridium butyricum FERM BP-2789. (wikipedia.org)
- Committee Paper for Discussion: Adivosry Committee for Novel Foods and Processes - Clostridium Butyricum Probtiotic" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
- C. botulinum groups I-IV, as well as some strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii, are the bacteria responsible for producing botulinum toxin. (wikipedia.org)
spores
- The spores produced by Clostridium botulinum are heat resistant and able to survive and remain viable in very adverse conditions, including boiling at sea level. (drlam.com)
- As such, safe canning procedures often require pressurization in addition to boiling which can kill off the spores and prevent production of botulinum in food products. (drlam.com)
- Since Clostridium botulinum is an anerobe, it is only able to grow, produce spores and produce toxin in oxygen free environments, hence why canned goods are often an ideal environment for the organism to grow. (drlam.com)
- Brance, C-diff is one of the few bacteria capable of making spores. (cbslocal.com)
- There are two bacteria that are spores and C. diff happens to be one of them. (cbslocal.com)
- The bacteria form spores, which allow them to survive in a dormant state until exposed to conditions that can support their growth. (marlerclark.com)
- The growth of the spores releases botulinum toxin, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream and taken throughout the body, causing paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. (wikipedia.org)
- It is suggested that type C may be type B that forms spores more readily so does not go through the toxin-production stage. (wikipedia.org)
- However, spores may escape from the gut and lodge in any part of the body and result in spontaneous infection should local anaerobic conditions occur. (wikipedia.org)
wherein the botulinum toxin
- 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the botulinum toxin is selected from the group consisting of botulinum toxin types A, B, C, D, L, F and G. (google.es)
- 3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the botulinum toxin is type A botulinum toxin. (google.es)
- 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the botulinum toxin is administered with a needle. (google.ca)
- 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the botulinum toxin is administered by needleless injection. (google.ca)
- 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the botulinum toxin is selected from the group consisting of botulinum toxin types A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. (google.ca)
- 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the botulinum toxin is administered in an amount of between about 10 −3 U/kg and about 35 U/kg. (google.es)
pathogens
- Anaerobic Bacteria Category Category Spore-forming: Spore-forming: rod, Gram (+)--Clostridium Clostridium Nonspore-forming: Nonspore-forming: see next slides Category Sporerod, Gram (+)--- Clostridium Sporerod, forming: Nonspore-forming: Rod, Gram (+) Propionibacterium 丙丙丙丙 Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium Rod, Gram (-) Bacteroides Fusobacterium 丙丙丙 Cocci, Gram (+) Peptococcus Peptococcus Cocci, Gram (-) Lactobacillus Eubacterium Eubacterium Actinomyces Actinomyces Campylobacter Campylobacter Peptostreptococcus Veillonella Clostridium Species Clostridium The clostridia are opportunistic pathogens. (coursehero.com)
genus
- a genus of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria of the family Bacillaceae . (thefreedictionary.com)
- a genus of gram-positive, obligate anaerobic or microaerophilic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Clos·trid·i·um/ ( klos-trid´e-um ) a genus of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria (family Bacillaceae). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Clostridium sporogenes is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that belongs to the genus Clostridium. (wikipedia.org)
- The genus Paenibacillus comprises facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming bacteria originally included within the genus Bacillus and then reclassified as a separate genus in 1993. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacteria belonging to this genus have been detected in a variety of environments such as: soil, water, rhizosphere, vegetable matter, forage and insect larvae. (wikipedia.org)
- Murray referred to the organism as Bacterium monocytogenes before Harvey Pirie changed the genus name to Listeria in 1940. (wikipedia.org)
soil
- Clostridium bifermen´tans a species common in feces, sewage, and soil and associated with gas gangrene. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Clostridium histoly´ticum a species found in feces and soil. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Clostridium ter´tium a species found in feces, sewage, and soil and present in some gangrenous infections. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Ubiquitous in soil, it is occasionally found in intestinal flora of humans and animals C.tetani is the cause of tetanus,or lockjaw. (coursehero.com)
- Of all the residential microbes found in soil, bacteria is the smallest and most abundant. (wikipedia.org)
- According to studies, there is an estimated 60,000 different types of bacteria that reside in the soil. (wikipedia.org)
- Anthrax is a disease caused via a bacterium that resides in soil, and predominately affects animals more than humans. (wikipedia.org)
- Like other strains of Clostridium, it is an anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produces oval, subterminal endospores and is commonly found in soil. (wikipedia.org)
- BBC News "Soil bacterium helps kill cancers. (wikipedia.org)
- Clostridium botulinum is the name of a group of bacteria commonly found in soil. (marlerclark.com)
- Clostridium botulinum is a ubiquitous soil-dwelling bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
- C. botulinum produces heat-resistant endospores that are commonly found in soil and are able to survive under adverse conditions. (wikipedia.org)
spore pro
- Further study of the organism found it was an anaerobic spore producing rod bacterium. (drlam.com)
local administration of a neurotoxin
- In particular the present invention relates to methods for treating otic disorders by local administration of a neurotoxin to a human ear. (google.es)
- Methods for treating an injured muscle by local administration of a neurotoxin, such as a botulinum toxin, to promote healing and/or to reduce the pain associated with an injured muscle. (google.com)
facultative anaerobic
- It is a facultative anaerobic bacterium, capable of surviving in the presence or absence of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
produce the botulinum
- Unlike Clostridium botulinum, it does not produce the botulinum neurotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
- They produce the botulinum toxin when exposed to low oxygen levels and certain temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
ubiquitous
- The bacterium responsible, Clostridium botulinum, is ubiquitous in the environment, grows in the anaerobic conditions created in the interior of the sausage, and thrives in the 4 °C (39 °F) to 60 °C (140 °F) temperature range common in the smoke house and subsequent ambient storage. (wikipedia.org)
obligate
- Clostridium novyi (oedematiens) a Gram-positive, endospore- forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria of the class clostridia. (wikipedia.org)
tetani
- Classification and Antigenic Types: C tetani is the only species. (coursehero.com)
motile
- Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce a neurotoxin known as botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
toxin produced
- C. botulinum is divided into four distinct phenotypic groups (I-IV) and is also classified into seven serotypes (A-G) based on the antigenicity of the botulinum toxin produced. (wikipedia.org)
commonly
- Clostridium ramo´sum a species found in human and animal infections and feces and commonly isolated from clinical specimens. (thefreedictionary.com)
- This type of injury most commonly occurs near the myotendinous junction (MTJ) of the superficial muscles working across two joints, such as the rectus femoris, semitendinousus and gastroenemius muscles. (google.com)
- Most commonly, botulinum toxin can be injected into the wrong muscle group or spread from the injection site, causing paralysis of unintended muscles. (wikipedia.org)
- Botulinum toxin injection is commonly used for small and moderate degrees of infantile esotropia, acquired adult strabismus, and where it is a consequence of retinal detachment surgery, that is, in cases where there is good potential for binocular vision, so that the corrected alignment can be stabilized by motor fusion. (wikipedia.org)
wound
- These microbes can enter a host via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria, ingestion of contaminated or ill-prepared foods, sexual activity, or the direct contact of a wound with the bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Wound infection by C novyi and many other clostridium species cause gas gangrene Spontaneous infection is mostly associated with predisposing factors of hematologic or colorectal malignancies and with diabetes mellitus, although Gram-negative organisms, including Escherichia coli, may lead to a gas gangrene-like syndrome in diabetic patients. (wikipedia.org)
gangrene
- Clostridium no´vyi an important cause of gas gangrene. (thefreedictionary.com)
- type A causes human gas gangrene , colitis , and food poisoning and type C causes enteritis . (thefreedictionary.com)
colonization
- Production of IPA was shown to be completely dependent on the presence of gut microflora and could be established by colonization with the bacterium Clostridium sporogenes. (wikipedia.org)
Salmonella
- Exogenous bacteria can also enter an enclosed ecosystem via ingestion of contaminated food.Food-borne diseases such as Salmonella poisoning are transmitted by food not properly cooked or by individuals infected with the pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
- Salmonella can also be transmitted to humans via reptiles like turtles and iguanas, which are known carriers of pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
cause disease in humans
- Some microbes cause disease in humans, plants, and animals. (scribd.com)
- types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals. (wikipedia.org)
genes
- Clostridium sporo´genes a species widespread in nature, reportedly associated with pathogenic anaerobes in gangrenous infections. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Certain strains produce two types of toxin, but in different proportions, and other contain two BoNT genes, one of them being mutated and silent. (omicsonline.org)
- Moreover, each BoNT type is subdivided into several subtypes based on nucleotide sequence variations of their genes. (omicsonline.org)
- However, these integrations sites are degraded, indicating that the C. botulinum acquired the toxin genes quite far in the evolutionary past. (wikipedia.org)
- No disease is associated with type G. The "gold standard" for determining toxin type is a mouse bioassay, but the genes for types A, B, E, and F can now be readily differentiated using quantitative PCR. (wikipedia.org)
- The ability of C. botulinum to naturally transfer neurotoxin genes to other clostridia is concerning, especially in the food industry, where preservation systems are designed to destroy or inhibit only C. botulinum but not other Clostridium species. (wikipedia.org)
finding the toxin
- The diagnosis is confirmed by finding the toxin or bacteria in the person in question. (wikipedia.org)
sporogenes
- C. sporogenes is often used as a surrogate for C. botulinum when testing the efficacy of commercial sterilisation. (wikipedia.org)
- C. sporogenes is the only species of bacteria known to synthesize 3-indolepropionic acid in vivo at levels which are subsequently detectable in the blood stream of the host. (wikipedia.org)
intestines
- For example, harmless anaerobic bacteria, such as Lactobacilli acidophilus, live in our intestines, where they help to digest food, destroy disease-causing microbes, fight cancer cells, and give the body needed vitamins. (scribd.com)
- It's a bacterium that attacks your intestines. (cbslocal.com)
strains
- C. botulinum strains are genetically and physiologically heterogeneous and are classified into 4 groups. (omicsonline.org)
- This theory is supported by the presence of integration sites flanking the toxin in some strains of C. botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
- L. monocytogenes serotype 4b strains are responsible for 33 to 5% of sporadic human cases worldwide and for all major foodborne outbreaks in Europe and North America since the 1980s. (wikipedia.org)
microbes
- Disease can occur when microbes included in normal bacteria flora enter a sterile area of the body such as the brain or muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- Infections caused by exogenous bacteria occurs when microbes that are noncommensal enter a host. (wikipedia.org)
- Indeed, the relationship between microbes and humans is delicate and complex. (scribd.com)
- Most microbes belong to one of four major groups: bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. (scribd.com)
- Microbes belonging to the bacteria group are made up of only one cell. (scribd.com)
- Some types of microbes stay in the intestine, some produce a toxin that is absorbed into the bloodstream, and some can directly invade deeper body tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Freezing at 0 °F does inactivate microbes (bacteria, yeasts and molds). (wikipedia.org)
binds
- 4. A non-cytotoxic agent for treating pain comprising a botulinum neurotoxin serotype A LH N fragment chemically coupled to a substance P peptide, wherein the substance P peptide is SEQ ID NO: 1, or a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 that binds to a substance P receptor. (google.com)
rods
- Clostridia are anaerobic, spore-forming rods (bacilli). (cbslocal.com)
- Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. (wikipedia.org)
potent
- in the intestine, it uses tryptophan to synthesize indole and subsequently 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA) - a type of auxin (plant hormone) - which serves as a potent antioxidant within the human body and brain. (wikipedia.org)
- It is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod that produces a potent neurotoxin. (marlerclark.com)
- The botulinum toxin can cause a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals and is the most potent toxin known to humankind, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3-2.1 ng/kg in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- However, Clostridium Botulinum type A (most potent type) can be broken down and destroyed for 160 °f for 10 minutes, but they are resistant to degradation by enzymes found in the gastrointestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
infection
- Cholera is a waterborne infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio chloerae, and is transmitted via food or water that is contaminated with fecal matter. (wikipedia.org)
- The exogenous bacteria derived infection is primarilyfound in Africa, Asia, as well as Central and South America. (wikipedia.org)
- Although clinical descriptions of L. monocytogenes infection in both animals and humans were published in the 1920s, it was not recognized as a significant cause of neonatal infection, sepsis and meningitis until 1952 in East Germany. (wikipedia.org)
aerobic
- Terrestrial bacteria can characteristically be either aerobic or anaerobic, and some can be pathogenic if consumed by a host. (wikipedia.org)
- Like humans, some bacteria (aerobic bacteria) need oxygen to survive. (scribd.com)
gastrointestinal tract
- Indole-3-propionate (IPA), a deamination product of tryptophan formed by symbiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. (wikipedia.org)
occurs
- It occurs mainly in cooked and processed foods due to competition with other biota in raw foods, and humans are the main cause of contamination as a substantial percentage of humans are persistent carriers of S. aureus. (wikipedia.org)
improperly
- Type E is usually associated with improperly processed fish products. (thefreedictionary.com)
lethal toxin
- Botulinum is the most acutely lethal toxin known, with an estimated human median lethal dose (LD50) of 1.3-2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly and 10-13 ng/kg when inhaled. (wikipedia.org)
oxygen
- However, C. botulinum tolerates traces of oxygen due to the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
- In the laboratory, C. botulinum is usually isolated in tryptose sulfite cycloserine (TSC) growth medium in an anaerobic environment with less than 2% oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
inhibit
- The infant gut may be colonized when the composition of the intestinal microflora (normal flora) is insufficient to competitively inhibit the growth of C. botulinum and levels of bile acids (which normally inhibit clostridial growth) are lower than later in life. (wikipedia.org)
intramuscular
- The obsessions or compulsions can be eye poking, body rocking, finger biting, counting, checking and related disorders treated by low dose, intramuscular administration of a botulinum toxin. (google.es)
- 1. A method of treating obsessive compulsive finger biting disorder in a human patient having the disorder, comprising local administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a botulinum toxin, by intramuscular, subcutaneous, subdermal or transdermal route, to an arm or a forearm of said patient, thereby treating said obsessive compulsive finger biting disorder in said patient. (google.es)
- In 2010, the FDA approved intramuscular botulinum toxin injections for prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine headache. (wikipedia.org)
grows
- C. botulinum is a lipase-positive microorganism that grows between pH of 4.8 and 7.0 and cannot use lactose as a primary carbon source, characteristics important for biochemical identification. (wikipedia.org)
fermentation
- CBM 588 for clinical use is produced by submerged anaerobic fermentation followed by centrifugation, drying, blending and packaging. (wikipedia.org)
- The acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- The longer fermentation period allows for the accumulation of a non-toxic slime composed of acetic acid bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Fermentation by lactobacilli is introduced naturally, as these air-borne bacteria culture on raw cabbage leaves where they grow. (wikipedia.org)
- In the first phase, anaerobic bacteria such as Klebsiella and Enterobacter lead the fermentation, and begin producing an acidic environment that favors later bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
enteritis
- Type A causes malignant edema, type B causes dysentery in lambs and enterotoxemia, type C causes struck in sheep and necrotic enteritis in piglets, type D causes enterotoxemia and type E causes necrotic enteritis. (thefreedictionary.com)
organisms
- These microscopic organisms are found in plants and animals as well as in the human body. (scribd.com)
- Pattern formation and self-organization in microbial systems is an intriguing phenomenon, reflection social behaviors of bacteria that might provide insights into the evolutionary development of the collective action of cells in higher organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. (wikipedia.org)
- For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. (wikipedia.org)
study of bacteria
- Some technologies associated with the study of bacteria are petri dishes and microscopes used to observe the bacteria. (prezi.com)
- The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology. (wikipedia.org)
novyi type
- Some authors include Clostridium haemolyticum as Clostridium novyi type D. C novyi is closely related to Clostridium botulinum types C and D as Yoshimasa Sasaki et al. (wikipedia.org)
- C novyi type A alpha-toxin is unique in using UDP-N-acetylglucosamine rather than UDP-glucose as a substrate. (wikipedia.org)
- In the absence of a positive test, C. novyi type A may be inferred from characterisation by clinical observation, table 2. (wikipedia.org)
tetanus
- A significant amount of prominent diseases are induced by exogenous bacteria such as gonorrhea, meningitis, tetanus, and syphilis. (wikipedia.org)
foodborne
- Bacteria are a common cause of foodborne illness. (wikipedia.org)
neurotoxin
- Methods for treating an injured muscle by local administration of a neurotoxin, such as a botulinum toxin, to promote healing and/or to reduce the pain associated with an injured muscle. (google.com)
- Clostridium botulinum ( C. botulinum ) is a spore-forming bacterium that produces a very powerful neurotoxin that causes botulism. (ecolab.com)
- In particular the present invention relates to methods for treating otic disorders by local administration of a neurotoxin to a human ear. (google.es)
- Botulism is caused by ingesting the powerful neurotoxin produced by the bacteria, which poisons the central nervous system and can cause fatal heart or lung failure. (sciencephoto.com)
- Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin present in the cytoplasm of the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
- Absence of neurotoxin production has been demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot hybridisation for type E botulinum toxin gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The absence of genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin A,B,F and genes encoding non-toxic haemagglutinin (NTNH) and genes encoding Clostridium perfringens toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) has been demonstrated by PCR assay. (wikipedia.org)
- Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce a neurotoxin known as botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
- C. botulinum is only able to produce the neurotoxin during sporulation, which can only happen in an anaerobic environment. (wikipedia.org)
- Most strains produce one type of neurotoxin, but strains producing multiple toxins have been described. (wikipedia.org)
- The ability of C. botulinum to naturally transfer neurotoxin genes to other clostridia is concerning, especially in the food industry, where preservation systems are designed to destroy or inhibit only C. botulinum but not other Clostridium species. (wikipedia.org)
spore-forming b
- C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
botulism occurs
- Wound botulism occurs when C. botulinum cells infect a wound and grow, producing toxin, which is carried to other parts of the body in the bloodstream. (ecolab.com)
organism
- A high-GC organism like Streptomyces can make a given enzyme (DNA polymerase, say) using mostly G and C bases in its DNA, but a low-GC organism like Clostridium botulinum can also make the same kind of enzyme, even though it uses mostly A and T in its DNA. (blogspot.ca)
- As infants get older, they develop "healthy" bacteria in their intestine that prevent the growth of the organism. (ecolab.com)
- Murray referred to the organism as Bacterium monocytogenes before Harvey Pirie changed the genus name to Listeria in 1940. (wikipedia.org)
disease botulism
- Infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism. (wikipedia.org)
Lactic Acid Bac
- and lactic acid bacteria have been found to be major contributors to muscle food spoilage, depending on the product type and the conditions surrounding the product. (asmscience.org)
- German pronunciation: [ˈzaʊ.ɐˌkʁaʊt] ( listen)) is finely cut cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- A 2004 genomic study found an unexpectedly large diversity of lactic acid bacteria in sauerkraut, and that previous studies had oversimplified this diversity. (wikipedia.org)
Strains
- In the early 1960's, as also reported by Johnson (2007), methicillin, a type of penicillin antibiotic was introduced and was effective against these strains of Staphylococcus areus that were resistant to penicillin. (studymode.com)
- L. monocytogenes serotype 4b strains are responsible for 33 to 5% of sporadic human cases worldwide and for all major foodborne outbreaks in Europe and North America since the 1980s. (wikipedia.org)
- This theory is supported by the presence of integration sites flanking the toxin in some strains of C. botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
neurotoxins
- How do neurotoxins of clostridia work? (cram.com)
Gram
- They are Gram- positive bacteria, spherical in shape and occur in grape-like clusters. (studymode.com)
- What is the important gram negative anaerobic bacteria that we talked about? (cram.com)
- C. botulinum is anaerobic (active in low oxygen conditions), Gram-positive and has rod-shaped cells (bacilli). (sciencephoto.com)
- Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, in the division Firmicutes, named after Joseph Lister. (wikipedia.org)
- Type H is considered the deadliest substance in the world - an injection of only 2-billionths of a gram (2 ng) can cause death to an adult. (wikipedia.org)
infant botulism
- Infant botulism happens when the bacteria develops in the intestines and releases the toxin. (wikipedia.org)
toxin type
- 5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the botulinum toxin is botulinum toxin type A. (google.es)
- No disease is associated with type G. The "gold standard" for determining toxin type is a mouse bioassay, but the genes for types A, B, E, and F can now be readily differentiated using quantitative PCR. (wikipedia.org)
produces
- Type C produces limber-neck in birds and type D causes botulism in other mammals. (wikipedia.org)
Campylobacter
- Campylobacter can cause disease in both humans and animals, and most human cases are induced by the species Campylobacter jejuni. (wikipedia.org)
virulence
- What are the 4 mechanisms of virulence force in anaerobic bacteria? (cram.com)
alpha-toxin
- The type A alpha-toxin is oedematising. (wikipedia.org)
Bacteriology
- The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology. (wikipedia.org)
intestine
- Some types of microbes stay in the intestine, some produce a toxin that is absorbed into the bloodstream, and some can directly invade deeper body tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Pathogenic exogenous bacteria can enter a closed biological system and cause disease such as Cholera, which is induced by a waterborne microbe that infects the human intestine. (wikipedia.org)
- in the intestine, it uses tryptophan to synthesize indole and subsequently 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA) - a type of auxin (plant hormone) - which serves as a potent antioxidant within the human body and brain. (wikipedia.org)
favorable
- Under conditions somewhat more favorable to motion, such as growth on a softer substrate, the bacteria engineer classes of chiral colony patterns in which the branches are thinner and curl in the same direction (Figure 2). (wikipedia.org)
microorganism
- It is a common microorganism and can usually be found in the human axilla, inguinal area or nose. (studymode.com)
flora
- A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. (thefreedictionary.com)
- A prominent example of this concept is bacterial flora, which consists of exogenous bacteria ingested and endogenously colonized during the early stages of life. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacteria that are part of normal internal ecosystems, also known as bacterial flora, are called Endogenous Bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- and many species colonize in the human body to create an ecosystem known as bacterial flora. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacterial flora is endogenous bacteria, which is defined as bacteria that naturally reside in a closed system. (wikipedia.org)
- The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, though many are beneficial particularly in the gut flora. (wikipedia.org)
occur
- The morphotype transition are both inheritable - the identity is maintained during LB growth and even through sporulation/germination, and reversible - for example the reverse transitions from chiral to ordinary branching occur on harder substrates (when higher bacteria densities are required to produce sufficient amounts of lubrication). (wikipedia.org)
fungi
- Moreover, I am PI Infrastructure project of the Collaborative Research Center / Transregio 124 Pathogenic fungi and their human host: Networks of Interaction - FungiNet. (fairdomhub.org)
sugars
- It has a long shelf life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. (wikipedia.org)
evolutionary
- These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea. (wikipedia.org)
symbiotic
- Remarkably, the DNA of the tiny bacterium Buchnera aphidicola (which is distantly related to E. coli but entered into a symbiotic partnership with the aphid around 200 million years ago) has a GC content of only 26%, making its DNA look almost like a two-letter code (A and T, with the occasional G or C). (blogspot.ca)
- Indole-3-propionate (IPA), a deamination product of tryptophan formed by symbiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. (wikipedia.org)
bacterial species
- a bacterial species found in feces of humans and animals. (thefreedictionary.com)
flaccid
- The botulinum toxin can cause a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals and is the most potent toxin known to humankind, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3-2.1 ng/kg in humans. (wikipedia.org)
infections
- Infections can range from simple to complex ones that can be fatal or debilitating, but because of the continuous researches and studies to protect the human race, antibiotics were discovered. (studymode.com)
causes
- A bacterium that causes an infectious form of severe diarrhea especially in elderly people on antibiotic therapy and in hospitalized patients. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Type A causes malignant edema in cattle and sheep, and big head in rams, type B causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease), and type C has been associated with osteomyelitis in buffalo. (thefreedictionary.com)
- What is the clostridia that causes gastroinestinal disease? (cram.com)
- What causes histotoxic clostridia? (cram.com)
- What causes the majority of clostridia-mediated myonecrosis? (cram.com)
- Coloured light micrograph (LM) of Clostridium botulinum, the bacteria that causes botulism, a type of food poisoning. (sciencephoto.com)
- Injection of botulinum toxin into the muscles under facial wrinkles causes relaxation of those muscles, resulting in the smoothing of the overlying skin. (wikipedia.org)
lethal
- Botulinum is the most acutely lethal toxin known, with an estimated human median lethal dose (LD50) of 1.3-2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly and 10-13 ng/kg when inhaled. (wikipedia.org)
injection
- Replacement of strabismus surgery with less invasive procedures began in Alan B Scott's San Francisco lab with his development of botulinum toxin injection treatment. (wikipedia.org)
- Botulinum toxin injection is commonly used for small and moderate degrees of infantile esotropia, acquired adult strabismus, and where it is a consequence of retinal detachment surgery, that is, in cases where there is good potential for binocular vision, so that the corrected alignment can be stabilized by motor fusion. (wikipedia.org)
- Most commonly, botulinum toxin can be injected into the wrong muscle group or spread from the injection site, causing paralysis of unintended muscles. (wikipedia.org)