• Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. (cdc.gov)
  • De Mucha-Macias J , Sanchez-Spindola I , Campillo-Sainz C . Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis antibodies in human beings of southeastern Mexico. (cdc.gov)
  • Weaver SC , Salas R , Rico-Hesse R , Ludwig GV , Oberste MS , Boshell J , Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. (cdc.gov)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). (wikipedia.org)
  • Dissemination barriers for western equine encephalomyelitis virus in Culex tarsalis infected after ingestion of low viral doses. (ajtmh.org)
  • All natural transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis is via mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
  • The virus that causes VEE is transmitted primarily by mosquitoes that bite an infected animal and then bite and feed on another animal or human. (wikipedia.org)
  • Culex taenopius mosquitos, which prefer rodents, were replaced by Aedes taeniorhynchus mosquitoes, which are more likely to bite humans and large equines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brugia malayi microfilariae enhance the infectivity of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus to Aedes mosquitoes. (ajtmh.org)
  • Mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes. (ajtmh.org)
  • ITDI's research projects have included immunoparasitological studies in experimental mouse models of Chagas disease, vectorial competence of mosquitoes to transmit Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis and Rift Valley Fever virus, safety of the blood supply, Chagas disease epidemiology in Ecuador and in the USA, among others. (ohio.edu)
  • Maximum parsimony phylogenetic tree derived from partial PE2 envelope glycoprotein precursor gene sequences showing relationships of the newly isolated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) strains from sentinel hamsters (Mex01-22 and Mex01-32) to other subtype IE strains sequenced previously ( 19 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Oberste MS , Fraire M , Navarro R , Zepeda C , Zarate ML , Ludwig GV , Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico. (cdc.gov)
  • Equine Amplification and virulence of subtype IE Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses isolated during the 1993 and 1996 Mexican epizootics. (cdc.gov)
  • Major outbreaks involving humans have been associated with Venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype I, varieties AB and C. The IA and IB strains are considered genetically indistinguishable and are thus classified as IAB. (medscape.com)
  • The speed with which the disease spreads depends on the subtype of the VEE virus and the density of mosquito populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The Mucambo virus (subtype III) appears to have evolved ~1807 AD (95% credible interval: 1559-1944). (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the 18 VEE virus strains isolated from humans, three were identified antigenically as IC-subtype viruses, which have been the principal cause of epizootics in northern South America. (cdc.gov)
  • this study describes the pathogenesis of the ebola-reston (ebo-r) subtype of ebola virus for experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • While these epizootic strains are virulent in equines and humans, the enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA can cause illness in humans but not in equines. (medscape.com)
  • Epizootic viral strains IAB and IC are virulent in humans and equines. (medscape.com)
  • The ostensible goal of these experiments- in which researchers manipulate already-dangerous pathogens to create or increase communicability among humans-is to develop tools to monitor the natural emergence of pandemic strains. (thebulletin.org)
  • Partial nucleotide sequencing of the strains indicated they were closely related to strains isolated from Venezuela earlier in 1995. (cdc.gov)
  • the ravn isolate was indistinguishable from reference marburg virus strains by cross-neutralization testing. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the biochemical and hemostatic parameters were compared in guinea pigs after inoculation of ebola virus strains lethal and nonlethal for them and of inactivated antigen of this virus. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Between December 1992 and January 1993, the Venezuelan state of Trujillo experienced an outbreak of this virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • June 1993 saw a bigger outbreak in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, as 55 humans died as well as 66 equine deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • The outbreak caused about 11,390 febrile cases in humans as well as 16 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • An outbreak of this disease occurred in Colombia on September 1995. (wikipedia.org)
  • This outbreak resulted in 14,156 human cases that were attributable to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus with 26 human deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Though the majority of VEE outbreaks occur in Central and South America, the virus has potential to outbreak again in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • Editorial Note: Although the VEE outbreak has spread rapidly through La Guajira, control measures have contained the outbreak within this northern-most state of Colombia, with no evidence of human cases in adjoining Magdalena and Cesar states. (cdc.gov)
  • The recent outbreak of the human Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) epidemic is spiraling out of control in West Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The recent outbreak of the human Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) infection starting in West African countries has resulted in 15,351 infected patients, as of 18th of November 2014. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To combat such an unprecedented global public-health crisis before these experimental agents are available, alternative available interventions that can target different steps in the replication cycle of the EBOV should be explored in the management of the human EBOV infection as contingency preparation for the international dissemination of the EBOV outbreak in West Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although predominantly a disease found in South and Central America, Venezuelan equine encephalitis has been reported in southern border areas of the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Although predominantly a disease found in South and Central America, Venezuelan equine encephalitis has spread to the United States. (medscape.com)
  • In the case of dengue fever, for example, as the virus remains for more time in the blood stream (close to one week) the viraemia period is greater than that of yellow fever (close to two days). (fapesp.br)
  • Colombia is an endemic country for dengue fever where the four serotypes of virus dengue (DENV1-4) circulate simultaneously, and all types are responsible for dengue cases in the country. (mdpi.com)
  • The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibodies to E2 can neutralize virus infectivity. (medscape.com)
  • Isolation of state-dependent monoclonal antibodies against the 12-transmembrane domain glucose transporter 4 using virus-like particles. (pubchase.com)
  • Enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA are avirulent in equines but can cause illness in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Sudia WD , Newhouse VF , Beadle ID , Miller DL , Johnston JG Jr , Young R , Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vector studies. (cdc.gov)
  • Emergence of a new epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in South America. (cdc.gov)
  • This was the first major epidemic of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in 22 years. (medscape.com)
  • Although several promising therapeutic agents and vaccines against EBOV are undergoing the Phase I human trial, the current epidemic might be outpacing the speed at which drugs and vaccines can be produced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This virus was isolated in 1938, and outbreaks have been reported in many different countries since then. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another vaccine, containing the TC-83 strain, is only used on humans in military and laboratory positions that risk contracting the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human vaccine can result in side effects and does not fully immunize the patient. (wikipedia.org)
  • The virus may have escaped from a lab attempting to prepare an attenuated H1N1 vaccine in response to the US swine flu pandemic alert. (thebulletin.org)
  • Apart from supportive care, neither a licensed vaccine nor a specific therapy is available for the treatment of the human EBOV infection [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ZMapp), anti-sense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO AVI-6002), lipid nanoparticle small interfering RNA (LNP-siRNA: TKM-Ebola), and an EBOV glycoprotein-based vaccine using live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-EBOGP) or a chimpanzee adenovirus (rChAd-EBOGP)-based vector. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Initiated a Phase 1 study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of EBS-LASV, a recombinant VSV-vectored Lassa virus vaccine candidate being developed for prevention of disease caused by Lassa virus infection. (inyoregister.com)
  • The study demonstrated that CHIKV VLP was well-tolerated and immunogenic in both alphavirus vaccine-naïve participants and participants previously vaccinated against the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. (inyoregister.com)
  • Go to Encephalitis and Viral Encephalitis for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)
  • INTRODUCTION: The Biosafety Research Road Map reviewed the scientific literature on a viral respiratory pathogen, avian influenza virus, and a bacterial respiratory pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1952, the first naturally acquired human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was reported from Colombia, whereas the first reported natural human infection in the United States was not documented until 1968. (medscape.com)
  • During September 1-October 12, 1995, a total of 12,403 patient visits for Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) were reported from La Guajira state, Colombia. (cdc.gov)
  • En la presente revisión se actualiza la información sobre el género Trichoprosopon en Colombia, especialmente en lo relativo a su importancia médica y los registros históricos de las especies con presencia en el país, adicionando algunos nuevos a partir de muestreos en las costas Caribe y del Pacífico, en las montañas altoandinas y los valles interandinos (periodo 2009-2018). (raccefyn.co)
  • Informe sobre una investigación entomológica realizada en Colombia.Revista Facultad de Medicina de Bogotá. (raccefyn.co)
  • Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) asociados a guadua en los municipios de Anserma, Hispania y Jardín, Colombia. (raccefyn.co)
  • development of the immunoenzyme test-system for detection of ebola virus antigen]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • an enzyme immunoassay system has been developed for the detection of ebola virus antigen. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Recognition of signs and symptoms of illness by those living and working in endemic areas is essential to limit the spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • These forms of the virus can cause human illness but generally do not affect equine health. (wikipedia.org)
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is an acute or subacute illness that causes both general and focal signs of cerebral dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • After infection, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous system disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • A Monitoring for human pathogens in sewage Monitoring of human pathogens in sewage is possible because they may be excreted in a range of bodily fluids, skin, and hair during active infection (Feachem et al. (scienceopen.com)
  • Brain infection is thought to occur by means of direct neuronal transmission of the virus from a peripheral site to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve and indirect immune-mediated processes inducing neuroinflammation. (medscape.com)
  • no other clinical entity has attached more attention now-a-day than those precipitated by the infection with a hemorrhagic fever virus. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Equine vaccination creates an immune barrier against the spread of the virus by removing the most important vertebrate amplifying host from the epizootic transmission cycle. (cdc.gov)
  • About 500 equine cases were reported with 475 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • The extensive transmission of the virus was probably due to a combination of unvaccinated horses and a record high level of rainfall leading to an increase in the mosquito population. (medscape.com)
  • As new communications are created between countries, vector spread of the virus has been documented. (medscape.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis is an arthropod-borne virus, with the mosquito serving as the most common vector. (medscape.com)
  • Of the estimated 50,000 equines infected, 8% died of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Although a mosquito-transmitted disease, researchers determined that these infections can also be acquired from aerosolized virus. (medscape.com)
  • Humans also can contract this disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Equines, rather than rodents, are the primary animal species that carry and spread the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • From the Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. (cdc.gov)
  • in 1987, an isolated case of fatal marburg disease was recognized during routine clinical haemorrhagic fever virus surveillance conducted in kenya. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the disease course of ebo-r in macaques was very similar to human disease and to experimental diseases in macaques following ebo-zaire and ebo-sudan infections. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the media have brought to the public's attention many newly described infectious diseases, such as ebola virus hemorrhagic fever, that were not part of common medical parlance a decade ago. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • change in biochemical and hemostatic indicators in guinea pigs upon administering ebola virus preparations]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • It is caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and has a significant presence in the tropical Americas. (medscape.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis may have been present for centuries as one of many undiagoised fevers common in the tropical Americas. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, patient had periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography, which supports diagnosis of herpes encephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • The virus incubates in the mosquito for 1 week after the mosquito bites an infected equine or rodent host. (medscape.com)
  • The virus is then transmitted when the mosquito feeds on an uninfected host. (medscape.com)
  • A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. (curehunter.com)
  • They sent me and my family to Lahore, Pakistan to do research on mosquito borne diseases like Malaria and viruses at their Pakistan Medical Research Center, (9 years as Director), and administrating other projects 1966-1979. (pelicanislandaudubon.org)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) has considered that it is ethically acceptable to offer unproven interventions that have shown promising results in laboratory and animal models, but have not yet been evaluated for safety and efficacy in humans as potential sources of treatment or prevention [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Director Instituto de Enfermedades Transmisibles del INS (1995-1998). (gob.pe)
  • In 1943, the first descriptions of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in humans were reported from laboratories where equine isolates were being characterized. (medscape.com)
  • The public health danger from the escape, from laboratories, of viruses capable of causing pandemics has become the subject of considerable, well-merited discussion, spurred by "gain of function" experiments. (thebulletin.org)
  • Events over the past 15 years have resulted in the promulgation of regulations in the United States to enhance biosecurity by restricting the access to pathogens and toxins (i.e., biological select agents and toxins [BSATs]), which pose a severe threat to human being, animal, or plant health or to animal or plant products, to qualified institutions, laboratories, and scientists. (cdc.gov)
  • The consequences of escape of a highly lethal avian virus with enhanced transmissibility would almost certainly be much graver than the 1977 escape of a "seasonal," possibly attenuated strain to a population with substantial existing immunity. (thebulletin.org)
  • mAbs against GLUT4 were generated using virus-like particles to present this complex membrane protein in its native conformation and using a divergent host species (chicken) for immunization to overcome immune tolerance. (pubchase.com)
  • the complex interactions between microorganisms and human hosts include the well-known, traditional infectious diseases and the symbiotic relation we have with our normal flora. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Ongoing active surveillance of all hospitals in La Guajira through October 12 indicated no evidence of human cases in the southern part of the state. (cdc.gov)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly infectious by the aerosol route, and numerous laboratory infections have occurred, making it a possible biowarfare agent. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers determined that these infections were acquired from aerosolized virus. (medscape.com)
  • Eradication of natural smallpox transmission made the prospect of reintroduction of the virus intolerable. (thebulletin.org)
  • These forms of the virus are highly pathogenic to equines and can also affect human health. (wikipedia.org)
  • On May 23, 1995, equine encephalitis-like cases were reported in the northwest portion of the country. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unconfirmed equine cases were reported near Santa Marta, but no human cases acquired in Magdalena have been confirmed. (cdc.gov)
  • The swine flu scare of 1976 and the H1N1 human influenza pandemic of 1977. (thebulletin.org)
  • In 1976, H1N1 swine influenza virus struck Fort Dix, causing 13 hospitalizations and one death. (thebulletin.org)
  • The most famous case of a released laboratory strain is the re-emergent H1N1 influenza-A virus which was first observed in China in May of 1977 and in Russia shortly thereafter. (thebulletin.org)
  • this report describes the isolation and partial characterization of the new marburg virus (strain ravn) isolated from this case. (liverpool.ac.uk)