It is the main cause of equine influenza and is also known as equine influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission of the equine influenza virus (EIV) to humans has not occurred during outbreaks of the disease in horses. (wikipedia.org)
Equine influenza virus (H3N8) can be spread by a few different routes. (wikipedia.org)
Viremia is rare, but is possible if the virus crosses the basement membrane and enters the circulation, potentially causing inflammation of skeletal and cardiac muscle (myositis and myocarditis), encephalitic signs, and limb edema Fever of 102.5-105.0 °F (39.2-40.6 °C), frequent dry cough for several weeks, 'drippy' nose with discharge and secondary bacterial infection are some of the clinical signs of Equine influenza virus infection. (wikipedia.org)
One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. (cdc.gov)
Outbreaks9
In 1963, the H3N8 (A/equine/2/Miami/63) subtype created an epidemic of equine influenza in Miami and subsequently spread throughout North and South America and Europe, creating massive outbreaks during 1964 and 1965. (wikipedia.org)
Since the first isolation in 1963 of an avian-origin influenza A(H3N8) virus from horses ( 1 ), subtype H3N8 influenza viruses have continued to circulate panzootically among horses, causing severe outbreaks of equine influenza respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)
Over previous decades in Mongolia, outbreaks of respiratory disease, thought to be influenza, among camels have been reported. (cdc.gov)
Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to reveal their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. (cdc.gov)
The most recent global analysis of official reports of animal outbreaks and human infections with all reportable AI viruses was published almost a decade ago. (cdc.gov)
A multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between variables of interest and reported AI virus animal outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
RESULTS: From 2013 to 2022, 52.2% (95/182) of World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Member Countries identified 34 AI virus subtypes during 21,249 outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
Seasonality patterns of animal outbreaks and human infections with AI viruses were very similar, occurred year-round, and peaked during November through May. (cdc.gov)
Influenza outbreaks are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and economic burden. (bvsalud.org)
Avian influenza3
BACKGROUND: Avian influenza (AI) virus detections occurred frequently in 2022 and continue to pose a health, economic, and food security risk. (cdc.gov)
400 million poultry have been culled since 2003 as a result of efforts to control highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza ( http://www.fao.org/avianflu/en/index.html ), and there are increasing biological and ecological consequences. (nationalacademies.org)
Next generation antivirals are needed to treat seasonal infections and prepare against zoonotic spillover of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (bvsalud.org)
H5N13
This was long thought to happen only rarely, but since 1997 in southeast Asia there have been annual occurrences of humans contracting bird flu subtypes such as H5N1 or H7N9 and these cases are often lethal. (thehorse.com)
Increased or renewed reports of AI viruses, especially high pathogenicity H5N8 and H5N1 in birds and H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 in humans globally, have established the need for a comprehensive review of current global AI virus surveillance data to assess the pandemic risk of AI viruses. (cdc.gov)
H7N9 (1568/2000, 78.40%) and H5N1 (254/2000, 12.70%) viruses accounted for the most human infections. (cdc.gov)
Pandemic3
H3N8 has been suggested as a possible cause of the 1889-1890 pandemic in humans, and also another epidemic in 1898-1900. (wikipedia.org)
Before the identification of H3N8 as a possible cause of the 1889 pandemic, the H2N2 subtype was suggested. (wikipedia.org)
This study defines the mechanistic foundation for high sensitivity of influenza viruses to 4'-FlU and supports 4'-FlU as developmental candidate for the treatment of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (bvsalud.org)
Infection7
Cats have been experimentally infected with the virus, leading to clinical signs, shedding of the virus and infection of other cats. (wikipedia.org)
Spread of the disease has been associated with the movement of people, pets, horse equipment and tack where proper biosecurity procedures have not been followed Subclinical infection with virus shedding can occur in vaccinated horses, particularly where there is a mismatch between the vaccine strains and the virus strains circulating in the field. (wikipedia.org)
In Mongolia, the site of some of the world's largest epizootics of equine influenza A(H3N8) virus (EIV) infection, transmission of this virus is sustained among 2.1 million free-ranging horses, causing significant economic losses among rural herders. (cdc.gov)
METHODS: We analyzed AI virus infection reports among animals and humans submitted to animal and public health authorities from January 2013 to June 2022 and compared them with reports from January 2005 to December 2012. (cdc.gov)
2001. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia. (nationalacademies.org)
Once-daily oral treatment of ferrets with 2 mg/kg 4'-FlU initiated 12 hours after infection rapidly stopped virus shedding and prevented transmission to untreated sentinels. (bvsalud.org)
With a global decline in the COVID-19 control, the infection rate of influenza virus is gradually increasing. (bvsalud.org)
North America2
The human "influenza season" in North America is now about to begin again, while in South America spring is approaching and their influenza season is almost over. (thehorse.com)
H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. (cdc.gov)
20232
In 2022 and 2023, three people in China were infected with H3N8, with one fatality, marking the first time a human has died from this strain of flu. (wikipedia.org)
A lineage of H3N8 has been found to infect humans, with the first two cases in China in April and May 2022, and a third case in March 2023, which was the first death. (wikipedia.org)
Respiratory disease2
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses and related animals such as donkeys, mules and zebras (collectively known as equines). (wikipedia.org)
AIM OF THE STUDY: Influenza is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, which has high annual morbidity and mortality worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
Transmission of influenza viruses from one species to another can and does happen. (thehorse.com)
Does this mean that horses cannot be infected by influenza viruses from other species of animals? (thehorse.com)
Transmission of influenza viruses between different species definitely occurs. (thehorse.com)
Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. (cdc.gov)
This highlights the incredible species diversity of viruses in these ancient species and provides essential data for the prevalence of RNA viruses in the global aquaculture industry. (bvsalud.org)
Although Australian marsupials are characterised by unique biology and geographic isolation, little is known about the viruses present in these iconic wildlife species. (bvsalud.org)
Of particular note was the identification of a marsupial-specific clade of delta-like viruses that may indicate an association of deltaviruses with marsupial species. (bvsalud.org)
As many of these Dasyuromorphia species are currently being used in translocation efforts to reseed populations across Australia, understanding their virome is of key importance to prevent the spread of viruses to naive populations. (bvsalud.org)
Transmission3
One specimen was positive for influenza A virus (A/camel/Mongolia/335/2012[H3N8]), which is phylogenetically related to equine influenza A(H3N8) viruses and probably represents natural horse-to-camel transmission. (cdc.gov)
We describe the isolation, full-genome sequencing, and phylogenetic characterization of an influenza A(H3N8) virus of equine lineage isolated from a Bactrian camel, thereby identifying a novel route of influenza virus interspecies transmission and raising further questions about influenza A virus ecology in under-studied regions such as Mongolia. (cdc.gov)
Having previously identified oral efficacy of the nucleoside analog 4'-Fluorouridine (4'-FlU, EIDD-2749) against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we explored activity of the compound against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in cell culture, human airway epithelium (HAE) models, and/or two animal models, ferrets and mice, that assess IAV transmission and lethal viral pneumonia, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
H1N12
The influenza season happens every year during autumn, winter, and early spring months, and the influenza viruses that circulate each season tend to be the usual suspects: influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and influenza B viruses. (thehorse.com)
In the 1980s, the virus was characterized, and researchers speculated that it was related to a reassortant influenza A(H1N1) virus vaccine strain, A/PR-8/34 + A/USSR/77, generated in a Soviet laboratory and administered to humans in Mongolia and possibly transmitted from vaccinated humans to camels in a reactivated form ( 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Spillover1
Examples of health threats to biodiversity include the "spillover" of human diseases to great ape populations (Köndgen et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Infect3
The only influenza subtypes that have been confirmed to infect horses naturally are H3N8 and H7N7, and the horse-adapted H7N7 viruses appear to have disappeared from horses nearly 40 years ago. (thehorse.com)
Can bird flu viruses infect horses? (thehorse.com)
Was that coincidence or is there some unique characteristic of the H3N8 subtype that makes it more apt to infect horses? (thehorse.com)
1980s1
Since the late 1980s, evolution of the H3N8 virus has diverged into two families: an "American-like" lineage and a "European-like" lineage. (wikipedia.org)
Circulate1
In the United States, these viruses jumped from horses to dogs and continue to circulate among dogs ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Phylogenetic2
Phylogenetic analyses of the RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) showed that brine shrimp viruses were often grouped with viruses isolated from other invertebrates and fungi. (bvsalud.org)
In addition, both virome composition and phylogenetic analyses revealed global connectedness in certain brine shrimp viruses, particularly among Asia and Northern America. (bvsalud.org)
Zoonotic1
Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. (cdc.gov)
Lineage2
Since 1963, the H3N8 virus has drifted along a single lineage at a rate of 0.8 amino acid substitutions per year. (wikipedia.org)
In the early 21st century, the American lineage of EIV diverged into two 'Florida' clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. (cdc.gov)
Bats1
The 'H' and 'N' varieties (called "subtypes") of influenza A viruses now go up to H18 and N11 with the recent discovery of new subtypes in bats. (thehorse.com)
Outbreak1
At this point, it is not possible to identify the virus for either the 1889 or 1900 outbreak with certainty. (wikipedia.org)
Clades1
Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV. (cdc.gov)
Genus3
Equine influenza is caused by a type A influenza virus in the family Orthomyxoviridae (genus Influenzavirus). (wikipedia.org)
This review will focus on current and future efforts in developing universal vaccines targeting different viruses at the genus and/or family levels, with a special focus on henipaviruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses. (bvsalud.org)
It is evident that strategies for developing broad-spectrum vaccines will be virus-genus or family specific, and it is almost impossible to adopt a universal approach for different viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Clinical2
Although FF possesses a prominent clinical therapeutic effect, seldom pharmacological studies have been reported on its anti-influenza B virus (IBV) activity. (bvsalud.org)
Apart from conventional antiviral drugs, TCM has been widely used in the clinical treatment of influenza in China. (bvsalud.org)
Horses1
Coughing horses can release the virus into the air, where it can spread up to 30-50 metres. (wikipedia.org)
Populations1
Despite reports of serologic activity against influenza A virus among camels in several African countries ( 7 , 8 ), the lack of isolated virus from these populations highlights how little is known about the ecology of influenza viruses in camels. (cdc.gov)
Infections2
A 1997 study found H3N8 was responsible for over one quarter of the influenza infections in wild ducks. (wikipedia.org)
Between January 2013 and June 2022, 17/194 (8.8%) World Health Organization (WHO) Member States reported 2000 human AI virus infections of 10 virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
Biodiversity1
However, our understanding of the biodiversity, prevalence and global connectedness of viruses in brine shrimp is still very limited. (bvsalud.org)
Wild1
Most of these subtypes are rare in mammals but common in wild waterfowl. (thehorse.com)
Control1
2001). Examples of drivers of these infectious diseases include climate and landscape changes, human demographic and behavior changes, global travel and trade, microbial adaptation, and lack of appropriate infrastructure for wildlife disease control and prevention (Daszak et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Viral1
If the infecting dose of virus is high, abundant viral neuraminidase breaks down the mucosal layer, allowing access of the virus to the underlying epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
20221
A total of 10 high pathogenicity AI and 6 low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes were reported to the WOAH for the first time during 2013-2022. (cdc.gov)
Surveillance3
Questions about the potential role of camels in human cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome ( 9 ) further highlight our lack of knowledge of infectious diseases in camels and the merits of increased surveillance at this unique human-animal interface. (cdc.gov)
Since January 2011, surveillance of equine influenza viruses has been enhanced in 3 Mongolian aimags (provinces). (cdc.gov)
surveillance and reporting gaps for animals and humans are identified. (cdc.gov)
Cell2
The virus then attaches to epithelial cells through binding of the hemagglutinin spike to the N-acetylneuraminic acid receptor on the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The virus then enters the cell by endocytosis into the cell cytoplasm where it replicates to produce new virions that are released back into the respiratory tract by budding from the infected cell. (wikipedia.org)
Review1
the black-footed ferret from canine distemper and sylvatic plague (for a review see Abbott et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Case1
As many as 8 of these 17 Member States did not report a human case prior to 2013. (cdc.gov)