• The dominant viewpoint in personality psychology indicates that personality emerges early and continues to develop across one's lifespan. (wikipedia.org)
  • As you study the Bachelor of Business - Bachelor of Psychological Science joint degree, you will cultivate a balance between academic theory and practical ability - valuable to employers in both psychology and business. (edu.au)
  • Develop an in-depth understanding of how human psychology impacts business and how the unique combination of knowledge and skills that you acquire in this degree can be implemented in a career with unlimited potential. (edu.au)
  • Your psychological science studies allow you to tailor your degree by choosing from a range of specialised subjects, including forensic psychology, memory and cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and intercultural psychology. (edu.au)
  • 6. T.A. Judge, J.E. Bono, R. Ilies and M.W. Gerhardt, "Personality and Leadership," Journal of Applied Psychology 87, no. 4 (August 2002): 765-780. (mit.edu)
  • In recognition of her contributions to advancing knowledge of the psychological aspects of children's pain, Dr. Noel received early career awards from the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), the Canadian Pain Society, the American Pain Society, the Canadian Psychological Association, and the Society of Pediatric Psychology. (sfu.ca)
  • You will apply basic concepts of biological psychology to complex human behaviours like drug addiction, stress and aggression. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • The tests vary but they must have certain attributes in common, says psychologist Steve Griffin, coordinator of psychological evaluations for the Center for Applied Psychology and Forensic Studies (CAPFS Inc.), a Chicago, Illinois-based company that administers tests to police and fire agencies, and does psychological pre-screening interviews as well. (officer.com)
  • The first unit of this Level 5 Diploma in Psychology Studies course explains how to set up an ePortfolio which students will use during the lifetime of the course for storage of all their files including coursework, self-assessment activities, independent research notes and reflective journals. (oxfordcollege.ac)
  • Psychology is a relatively new discipline, with the first modern scientific psychological laboratory established in 1878. (oxfordcollege.ac)
  • The textbooks on this page cover a variety of topics in personality psychology. (socialpsychology.org)
  • Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature (6th ed. (socialpsychology.org)
  • The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology (5th ed. (socialpsychology.org)
  • 2005). Current Directions in Personality Psychology . (socialpsychology.org)
  • Here you will find information on research and teaching in the Personality Psychology and Psychological Diagnostics Group of the Institute of Psychology at the University of Bremen. (uni-bremen.de)
  • The module provides students with a descriptive overview of human development from a lifespan perspective, based on different developmental psychology issues and themes of relevance for the psychologist. (lu.se)
  • The Encyclopedia addresses culture across a broad spectrum of psychological perspectives and includes topics that are relevant to social psychology, cognitive psychology, environmental psychology, cross-cultural psychology, and clinical psychology. (lu.se)
  • Adult personality traits are believed to have a basis in infant temperament, meaning that individual differences in disposition and behavior appear early in life, potentially before language of conscious self-representation develop. (wikipedia.org)
  • Psychological assessment instruments consist in methods of systematic research and of understanding the structural and functional components of human behavior, with diverse goals and technical strategies, respecting the specificities of the development. (usp.br)
  • When executives identify a leader they admire, they often underestimate how much that individual may have struggled to curb certain patterns of behavior or certain dominant facets of his or her personality. (mit.edu)
  • Sociology and Anthropology -Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures and their history and origins. (minnstate.edu)
  • It provides high-utility assessment of deeply rooted dispositions that exert a constant and pervasive influence on resilience to risk, risk-taking behavior and decision-making. (prmia.org)
  • Thus one of their faces, either the Extraverted (E) or Introverted (I), takes the lead in their personality development and plays a more dominant role in their behavior. (personalitypathways.com)
  • After this, successful candidates get a physical exam, a personality assessment to ensure there are no character flaws, a psychological test where they sit in front of a TV and are presented with different scenarios to see how they respond under stress (and where they are viewed by hidden observers who monitor their reactions/behavior), and the usual background investigation, drug tests, etc. (officer.com)
  • The human need to belong is an innate drive that dictates much of our behavior. (researchgate.net)
  • Includes instruction in cognitive and perceptual development, emotional development, personality development, the effects of biological maturation on behavior, theories of cognitive growth and related research methods, testing and assessment methods for different age levels, research on child and adolescent behavior therapy, and the psychology of aging. (hodgsonruss.com)
  • Charles' research focuses on the gene-culture coevolution of human social cognition and behavior in domains involving conformity, coordination, and cooperation. (unil.ch)
  • Among other journals, Charles has published in Evolution and Human Behavior , Nature Human Behaviour , Proceedings of the Royal Society B , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Science, and Nature . (unil.ch)
  • He is consulting editor for Evolution and Human Behavior and a member of the editorial board for Evolutionary Human Sciences . (unil.ch)
  • Nutrition, development and social behavior : proceedings of the Conference on the Assessment of Tests of Behavior from Studies of Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere / edited by David J. Kallen. (who.int)
  • The New economics of human behavior / edited by Mariano Tommasi and Kathryn Ierulli. (who.int)
  • Her expertise involves the assessment and management of violence, self-directed violence, and personality disorders. (sfu.ca)
  • Variables, human and spiritual, that promote and / or maintain various mental disorders such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, somatoform disorders and other problems relevant to the field of human relationships and spirituality. (ustpaul.ca)
  • The neuroses, transient reactions to stress, psychological factors in physical illnesses, personality disorders and affective disorders are treated in depth. (ustpaul.ca)
  • Each class of disorders is viewed from the point of view of its etiology, diagnostic indicators, assessment, research and treatment. (ustpaul.ca)
  • The course will cover the assessment and treatment of offenders, risk assessment methods, and treatment of offenders with mental health and personality disorders. (gold.ac.uk)
  • Personality development encompasses the dynamic construction and deconstruction of integrative characteristics that distinguish an individual in terms of interpersonal behavioral traits. (wikipedia.org)
  • This suggests that individual differences in levels of the corresponding personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) are present from young ages. (wikipedia.org)
  • Personality is developed by the three traits that make up the Psychoanalytic theory conflicting. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to this theory, traits make up personality. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some commonly accepted trait theories are the Big Five personality traits and the HEXACO model of personality structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • In other words, personality traits are a function of complex cognitive strategies used to effectively maneuver through social situations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, according to the social-cognitive perspective, cognitive processes are central to an individual's unique expression of personality traits and affective processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Through cognitive mechanism and social competencies, individuals interpret contextual situations to derive beliefs that guide their thoughts and behaviors, thus developing an enduring pattern of personality traits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to human complexity, many opposing personality traits proved to be beneficial in a variety of ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • The division of labor resulted in differentiation in personality traits in order to achieve a higher efficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Differentiation in personality traits increased functionality, therefore becoming adaptive through natural selection. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lifespan perspectives of personality are based on the plasticity principle, the principle that personality traits are open systems that can be influenced by the environment at any age. (wikipedia.org)
  • Psychologists have identified countless personality traits and dimensions that distinguish us from one another. (mit.edu)
  • But research in recent years has converged toward five broad dimensions, each comprising a cluster of traits that account for the majority of the differences among individual personalities. (mit.edu)
  • Personality Traits (3rd ed. (socialpsychology.org)
  • In book: The SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences. (researchgate.net)
  • Personality and Individual Differences. (edu.au)
  • You will learn about the psychobiological basis of human behaviour, memory and cognition, and individual differences, covering conceptual and historical development of the area as well as contemporary literature and debates. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • In addition, the module will cover the nature and dynamics of intelligence, the reasons why people differ in intelligence and personality, and where individual differences in intelligence and personality originate. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • An Introduction to Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence (2nd ed. (socialpsychology.org)
  • Determining one's natural Myers Briggs Personality Type is frequently complicated by our life-long learning experiences. (personalitypathways.com)
  • Also, the right to protect one's health belongs to the basic human rights and the necessary prerequisites to achieve the best possible state of health must be guaranteed to everyone - every Estonian must have a possibility to live in an environment supporting health and an opportunity to make healthy choices. (who.int)
  • The social cognitive theory of personality views personality development in terms of reciprocal interactionism, that is, a perspective that considers the relationship of person-society as an interactive system that defines and molds personal development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bethany Plakke, psychological sciences, "Can exercise rescue cognitive function in a genetic rodent model of autism spectrum disorder? (k-state.edu)
  • It presents, critically in depth, representative theories from the current major orientations (e.g., experiential, cognitive, psychodynamic, behavioural) with a focus on the integration of understanding, assessment and treatment in the counselling process. (ustpaul.ca)
  • Salient findings included the remission of psychopathology following the initiation of hoasca use along with no evidence of personality or cognitive deterioration. (erowid.org)
  • Cognitive Style Inventory) will help you determine the letters of your MBTI or to assist in verifying your Myers Briggs personality type score. (personalitypathways.com)
  • Screening tools can measure aspects such as cognitive abilities, job-specific skills, emotional stability, personality and self-control. (officer.com)
  • This collection of research explores various aspects of AI, published between 2018 and 2022 in the APS journals Psychological Science , Clinical Psychological Science , Current Directions in Psychological Science , Perspectives on Psychological Science , Psychological Science in the Public Interest , and Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science . (psychologicalscience.org)
  • Perspectives on Personality (8th ed. (socialpsychology.org)
  • The Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent provides a balanced, objective assessment of the various perspectives on the nature of intelligence, innovation, and optimal states. (lu.se)
  • Projective techniques such as the Rorschach Method and the Human Figure Drawing are widely used resources in psychological evaluation processes of personality characteristics, contributing to the understanding and development of therapeutic interventions in various application fields, such as in the childhood obesity area. (usp.br)
  • In this context, this study aimed to identify and compare psychological characteristics of children with obesity compared with those of normal weight, using projective methods of personality assessment. (usp.br)
  • It includes theory, research, and illustrations, all dealing with the classroom application of psychological principles. (lakelandcollege.ca)
  • Robots can increase our knowledge about human cognition and serve as tools for research in psychological science. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • Fortunately, advances in personality research can provide executives with a much richer picture of their personality. (mit.edu)
  • This course helps the students to develop skills for the critical evaluation of empirical research in the human sciences and the application of these skills in graduate research projects and theses. (ustpaul.ca)
  • Dr. Jackson committed his lifework to research in human assessment. (sigmaassessmentsystems.com)
  • Based on extensive global psychological research, it places individuals into one of eight distinctive Risk Types, providing insights that have important implications for individuals, teams and the organization. (prmia.org)
  • This work has the presentation of the result of the convergent correlation research between 16PF - The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and the BBT - Profession Photos Test as objective. (bvsalud.org)
  • Issues relating to ethics, human rights, professional practice and research will be emphasised to provide a firm grounding for further professional training and practice. (gold.ac.uk)
  • Personality: Theory and Research (14th ed. (socialpsychology.org)
  • Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research (6th ed. (socialpsychology.org)
  • 2008). Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (3rd ed. (socialpsychology.org)
  • 2010). Pieces of the Personality Puzzle: Readings in Theory and Research (5th ed. (socialpsychology.org)
  • To fulfil the purpose of the study, a conceptual framework was developed based on past models and theories of human motivation to derive four intrinsic factors that formed the basis of the four hypotheses that were tested via the conduct of a quantitative mode of research. (mohe.gov.my)
  • Jacobs and Bates suggested that creating better training experiences for DNNs and limiting their processing powers to mimic limits in human systems (e.g., attentional mechanisms) will likely improve DNNs' ability to become better models for psychological processes. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • The programme will introduce you to a range of psychological theories, methods and processes within the context of the legal, criminal and civil justice systems. (gold.ac.uk)
  • It will be implemented through a comprehensive system of internally coherent human resource management policies and processes based on WHO governance and good practice harmonized with the United Nations Common System. (who.int)
  • and it also promotes pro-active implementation of skills enhancement through tutor feedback and self-assessment. (oxfordcollege.ac)
  • Measures administered to both groups included structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews, personality testing, and neuropsychological evaluation. (erowid.org)
  • Psychological trauma ( mental trauma , psychotrauma , or psychiatric trauma ) is an emotional response caused by severe distressing events that are outside the normal range of human experiences, such as experiencing violence , rape , or a terrorist attack . (wikipedia.org)
  • WHO psychiatric disability assessment schedule (WHO/DAS) : with a guide toits use. (who.int)
  • WHO psychiatric disability assessment schedule (WHO/DAS : with a guide to its use. (who.int)
  • Cover a range of assessment tests and clinical methodologies used by practising psychologists. (edu.au)
  • It will introduce different duties and professional roles in which psychologists use knowledge of human development. (lu.se)
  • Professionals, such as psychologists, involved in assessment of intellectual functioning should also consider linguistic diversity and cultural differences when determining the validity of IQ scores. (medscape.com)
  • The author also discussed whether and when robots are perceived as possessing human characteristics and how robots have been used to implement computational models of human cognition. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • With an advanced understanding of human behaviour and motivation, a Bachelor of Business - Bachelor of Psychological Science will empower you with the skills to maximise your employability and stand out in your future workplace. (edu.au)
  • This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction. (wvu.edu)
  • Measuring the impacts of oral conditions on quality of life is an important part of oral health needs assessment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Administration and Management - Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources. (wvu.edu)
  • He published prolifically in the areas of personality, personality assessment, and test development methods. (sigmaassessmentsystems.com)
  • Realization of this fact has given rise to new trends in modern scientific methods of assessment of human personality. (awgp.org)
  • This course is an overview of major psychological theories, approaches, and methods. (wallenpaupack.org)
  • The expressions "work organization" or "organization of work" refer to the nature of the work process (the way jobs are designed and performed) and to the organizational practices (e.g., management and production methods and accompanying human resource policies) that influence the design of jobs. (cdc.gov)
  • More than 300 new entries cover recent phenomena, concepts, cults, personalities, organizations and publications in this updated work. (lu.se)
  • A new psychological parameter called emotional quotient (EQ) is now used along with theintelligence quotient (IQ) as a measure of ones emotional depth and stability and also of his compassionate and edifying control over the thought process. (awgp.org)
  • Even a highly successful industrialist, a billionaire, an efficient manager or anyone else, who has accomplished significantly in the domains of intellectual potentials and talents, remains unsuccessful and backward in terms of complete development of personality if he or she does not possess reasonably high EQ. Lack of compassion or emotional depth often gives rise to split- personality. (awgp.org)
  • Educational and Psychological Measurement. (lu.se)
  • In 1956, a group of scientists coined the term "artificial intelligence" (AI) to refer to the implementation in man-made hardware, such as computers, of the intelligence features that are found in humans and animals. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • Deep neural networks (DNNs)-artificial intelligence systems that can learn from data input-might provide insights about human intelligence, namely human visual perception. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • In the Bachelor of Psychological Science, you'll take a behind the scenes look at the social, psychological, and biological factors that shape human behaviour. (edu.au)
  • Nature Human Behaviour. (unil.ch)
  • A program that focuses on the scientific study of the unique stages of psychological growth and development of individuals from adolescence to adulthood. (hodgsonruss.com)
  • The aim of the course is to provide students with a broad understanding of human development from childhood and adolescence to adulthood and old age, focusing especially on parts of the field of relevance to the psychological profession. (lu.se)
  • Prior to this (using personality screening/stress testing, etc) we had officers who had trouble keeping their positions,' he explains. (officer.com)
  • Using data from their Coping Skills Assessment , researchers at PsychTests discovered that Millennials are more likely to use unhealthy and unproductive techniques to cope with stress. (prweb.com)
  • This module explores how we can make sense of the nature and dynamics of a meaningful and flourishing life in the context of the thought and personalities of two iconic thinkers of philosophical, religious, and psychological thought: Friedrich Nietzsche and C.G. Jung. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • The different psychological approaches are underpinned by theories, traditions and science. (oxfordcollege.ac)
  • This study suggests certain personality characteristics and passive coping may be associated with increased odds of new-onset depression in police officers. (cdc.gov)
  • 5. R. Hogan, G.J. Curphy and J. Hogan, "What We Know About Leadership: Effectiveness and Personality," American Psychologist 49, no. 6 (June 1994): 493-504. (mit.edu)
  • The degree is accredited by the British Psychological Society as conferring eligibility for Graduate Membership of the Society and also the Graduate Basis for Chartered Membership, which is the first step towards becoming a Chartered Psychologist. (gold.ac.uk)
  • His psychological tests and assessments continue to have worldwide presence. (sigmaassessmentsystems.com)
  • Tests also must be normed on the appropriate targets so applicant scores can be compared against other applicant scores, explains Ted Jackson, president of Sigma Assessment Systems Inc. of Port Huron, Michigan. (officer.com)
  • The process involves preparatory online work to complete a career review questionnaire for use in the competency-based interview, and the undertaking of three exercises: an occupational personality questionnaire and two ability tests, one addressing numerical critical reasoning, and one addressing verbal critical reasoning. (who.int)
  • Psychological organization and psychic dynamics in childhood obesity. (usp.br)
  • After determining your 4 MBTI Type letters, you can jump to a number of links we have provided to help you get acquainted with the characteristics and indicators of the 16 types and verify if your type, as determined by this assessment, seems to "fit" or not. (personalitypathways.com)
  • The most comprehensive existing resource on human physical appearance-how people's outer physical characteristics and their inner perceptions and attitudes about their own appearance (body image) affect their lives. (lu.se)
  • The Risk Type Compass personality assessment focuses on differences in the way individuals perceive, react to and manage risk, as well as how they make decisions. (prmia.org)
  • Students will examine the striking similarities and important differences between their projects for a flourishing life, before putting them to the test by evaluating the personalities of Nietzsche and Jung according to their own and each other's projects: to ascertain whether they themselves were able to harness the opposites creatively, and embody their ideals. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • In your second year, you can tailor the degree to suit your interests by selecting a business major in either Human Resources Management, Management or Marketing for the Digital Age to become a business leader. (edu.au)
  • Whether you choose to pursue a career in human resources management, marketing or psychological science, or management, your knowledge of the wants and needs of the people that make up a demographic will enable you to operate effectively and strategically in the workplace. (edu.au)
  • Personnel and Human Resources -Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems. (minnstate.edu)
  • The purpose of this project is for Optimum Talent inc., a Human Resources Consulting firm, to be in a position to make optimal use of the test, by determining how it can be integrated into the current services offered by the firm and by pushing the tool further to respond to very specific client demands. (mitacs.ca)
  • Tutors will support you by making a variety of resources linked to the lectures series and assessments available on the e-learning portal (e.g. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • Human resources. (bvsalud.org)
  • David Koonce, director of human resources and civil service for the City of Lufkin, Texas, agrees. (officer.com)
  • This is an open and continuous recruitment, scheduling dates will vary depending on when the application was received and reviewed by Human Resources. (careersingovernment.com)
  • This examination will establish an Open Competitive Eligibility list to fill current and/or future vacancies that may occur within the next six (6) months or may be extended as needed by Human Resources. (careersingovernment.com)
  • Human Resources reserves the right to call only the most qualified applicants to the selection process. (careersingovernment.com)
  • This report presents information relating to priorities and activities during 2009 in human resources management. (who.int)
  • Medical Services was integrated into the existing human resources department. (who.int)
  • Working closely with the human resources teams in the regional offices, the aim of the department is to implement an integrated human resources strategy that serves all of the Organization's global needs. (who.int)
  • The human resources annual report submitted to the Executive Board at its 124th session gave an undertaking to present an analysis of the results for WHO of the Global Staff Survey on Recruitment and Retention in the United Nations Common System.2 The Survey was carried out in 2007 by the International Civil Service Commission and collected responses from staff at all levels. (who.int)
  • Talent management will be a core element of the new human resources strategy that is currently under discussion within WHO. (who.int)
  • Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism. (lu.se)
  • Undertake a professional placement in a psychological setting in third year. (edu.au)
  • After the onset of puberty, our adult learning begins to overlay our core personality - which is when the blending of nature and nurture becomes more evident. (personalitypathways.com)
  • The course explores the links between leadership, governance and human rights on the one hand, and "development" on the other. (usp.ac.fj)
  • You will be given the opportunity to attend a post-assessment tutorial with the tutor to identify your strengths in the assessment and areas where improvements may be made. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • For some people, this "learning" serves to strengthen what is already there, but with others it produces multiple faces to personality. (personalitypathways.com)
  • The site offers a full range of professional-quality, scientifically validated psychological assessments that empower people to grow and reach their real potential through insightful feedback and detailed, custom-tailored analysis. (prweb.com)
  • Whether at home, school, or your workplace, you'll always encounter people with different personalities from yours. (inspirationfeed.com)
  • AI has been described as having the potential to improve human lives-for instance, automating certain work functions, guiding driverless cars, increasing the accuracy of clinical diagnoses, improving personalized treatment options, and helping students learn more efficiently. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • Deficits in intellectual functioning may be confirmed by clinical assessment and standardized intelligence testing. (medscape.com)
  • The personalities of individuals within a tribe were very similar. (wikipedia.org)
  • A program that prepares individuals to analyze security and intelligence problems using a geographic perspective by relating human actions to cultural, political, economic, social, and physical landscapes. (hodgsonruss.com)
  • Prominent individuals and personalities in the field are covered, and entries on particular countries trace the development of occultism and parapsychology in each. (lu.se)
  • Subjective indicators can be either onedimensional, when they cover only one aspect (e.g.: chewing difficulty or pain intensity) or multidimensional, when they encompass different dimensions (e.g.: pain, constraints and psychological well-being of individuals). (bvsalud.org)
  • The Pathfinder Career System is a sophisticated psychological assessment tool that provides a high-definition portrait of an individual's behavioural profile that focuses on the key attributes required for success in a specific job position. (mitacs.ca)
  • A program that focuses on the relationship between computer and human language and computational techniques applied to natural language. (hodgsonruss.com)
  • Predicting intentions to fake in psychological testing : Which normative beliefs are important? (edu.au)
  • With the guidance and input of industry experts, JCU has created a joint Bachelor of Business and Psychological Science degree for students of business who wish to bolster their skillset with interpersonal and behavioural expertise. (edu.au)
  • Positive mental health is arguably increasingly important and can be revealed, to some extent, in terms of psychological well-being (PWB). (jmir.org)
  • This study targeted one aspect of positive mental health: psychological well-being (PWB). (jmir.org)
  • It is also envisioned as a positive mental health and as a human right. (lu.se)
  • The way clinicians communicate with parents during pregnancy about congenital heart disease (CHD) can significantly influence parental understanding of and psychological response to the diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Their posts on social media were collected, and 6 psychological lexicons were used to extract linguistic features. (jmir.org)
  • A decision has been taken by WHO's Global Policy Group, composed of the Director-General and Regional Directors, to apply a new standardized assessment procedure to the selection, recruitment and development of heads of WHO country offices. (who.int)
  • From the evolutionary perspective, evolution resulted in variations of the human mind. (wikipedia.org)
  • The twentieth century has indeed been the age of evolution and sharpening and expansion of human intellect in many respects. (awgp.org)
  • Today, the Oxford English Dictionary defines AI as the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that usually require human intelligence, such as language or decision-making . (psychologicalscience.org)
  • This class reported higher dispositional reactance, more implementation barriers, and more psychological reactance to these initiatives. (springer.com)