• Flu vaccines are based on predicting which "mutants" of H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, and influenza B will proliferate in the next season. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the past ten years, H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 2007 study reported: "In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • Currently, influenza epidemics in the winter are caused by in Asia and associated human infections have led to a H3N2 and H1N1 influenza A and influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • H1N1 viruses appeared in 1918 and circulated until used. (cdc.gov)
  • H1N1 viruses reappeared in the human population in 1977 influenza pandemic could cause 89,000-207,000 excess and continue to cocirculate with H3N2 viruses ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The 'Spanish' influenza H1N1 pandemic of 1918-1919 killed an estimated 50-100 million people worldwide 5 . (cdc.gov)
  • Although the virus was not isolated during 1918-1919, when the technology was available the genetic sequence was later determined to be an avian-like H1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
  • This H2N2 virus was comprised of three different genes from an H2N2 virus that originated from an avian influenza A virus, including the H2 hemagglutinin and the N2 neuraminidase genes, and genes from the human seasonal H1N1 virus 10 . (cdc.gov)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • As a result of the rapid, global spread of H1N1, the first pandemic of the 21st century was declared in June of 2009. (bcm.edu)
  • Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • The Asian influenza viruses which circulated in man from 1957 to 1968 were H2N2 and the viruses preceding Asian influenza (including the lethal Spanish influenza of 1918) were H1N1, as was the swine influenza pandemic of 2009. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
  • In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
  • Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
  • Treatment of mice infected with a lethal inoculum of pandemic A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 (pdmCa09) with 4'-FlU alleviated pneumonia. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918/19 claimed over 40 million lives, and was almost certainly caused by adaptation of an avian H1N1 strain to humans [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • not only did it emerge on the ` wrong ' continent, it came from the `wrong' host ( pigs ), and was of the ` wrong ' subtype ( H1N1 ). (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Here's an interesting heading: "Inovio Biomedical H1N1 Influenza DNA Vaccines Demonstrate 100% Responses Against Swine Flu in Vaccinated Pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • We are pleased to report our H1N1 preclinical results using pigs, a more natural model for the current influenza pandemic. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • In this study, scientists immunized pigs with consensus H1N1 influenza DNA vaccine candidates on day 0, day 14, and day 28. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Sera collected on day 28 and day 42, after two or three doses of vaccine, respectively, showed hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers above the protection threshold in 100% of the vaccinated animals against a swine H1N1 virus previously isolated from pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • On-going additional animal studies are testing the ability of Inovio's SynConâ„¢ human H1N1 and swine H1N1 based vaccines to cross-protect from currently circulating human and swine H1N1 viruses as well as the new influenza A/H1N1 of swine origin. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • In a similar collaborative study with scientists from the National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the University of Pennsylvania, Inovio previously demonstrated that mice immunized with Inovio's SynConâ„¢ H1N1 DNA vaccine provided 100% protection in a lethal challenge study against an unmatched H1N1 virus that caused the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed over 40 million people worldwide. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Inovio has created SynConâ„¢ DNA vaccines based on influenza HA, NA, and NP proteins that are common to strains H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, and H5N1, which make up the majority of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Let's hope that we have enough H1N1 vaccine to go around the world so that we don't suffer mass fatalities from this swine flu pandemic. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • The history of influenza pandemics began with the H1N1 "Spanish Flu" strain of 1918-1919 that killed an estimated fifty million people [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This was followed by other less severe strains, the H2N2 "Asian influenza" of 1957-1958, H3N2 "Hong Kong flu" of 1968-1969, and H5N1 "bird flu" in 2006-2007, and recently the H1N1 "swine flu" of 2009-2010. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With mortality rate at 10% to 20%, this pandemic that was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin claimed the lives of 20 - 50 million people and infecting over a third of the world's population. (enjoytherandom.com)
  • Is there a difference between being diagnosed with Influenza A and H1N1? (virology.ws)
  • Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
  • Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (distantreader.org)
  • We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Splicing of PB2 generates PB2-S1, which was only identified in pre-2009 human H1N1, and may inhibit the retinoic acid-inducible gene I signaling pathway [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
  • Reacts with NP of all influenza A viruses so far tested, including seasonal H2N2, H3N2(A/Sydney/5/1997), and H5N1(A/crow/Kyoto53/2004), H5N1 (A/duck/Egypt/D2br10/07), H5N1(A/duck/HK/342/78), H5N2(A/crow/Kyoto/53/04), H9N1, H9N2 (A/Turkey/Wisconsin/1/66) and H1N1 (seasonal: A/New Caledonia/20/99. (abcam.com)
  • After the 1918 pandemic, H1N1 variants circulated for 39 years before being replaced by an H2N2 virus in 1957. (atrainceu.com)
  • In 2009, a new strain of H1N1 influenza emerged and caused a worldwide pandemic in which an estimated 280,000 people died. (atrainceu.com)
  • A) H1N1 indicates virus with hemagglutinin subtype 1 and neuraminidase subtype 1. (atrainceu.com)
  • The 1918 influenza pandemic, caused by an H1N1 influenza subtype came on suddenly in March of 1918 and spread rapidly throughout the world. (atrainceu.com)
  • A sudden emergence of Influenza A Virus (IAV) infections with a new pandemic H1N1 IAV is taking place since April of 2009. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IAV H3N2 viruses have been the predominant strains during the last 20 years, with the exception of the 1988-1989 and 2000-2001 seasons where H1N1 infections dominated [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A sudden emergence of IAV infections with new H1N1 strains of pandemic potential is taking place since April of 2009, starting in Mexico and spreading to several other countries around the world [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Initial testing of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV strains found the viruses to be susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Detailed studies on the mode of evolution of these new H1N1 IAV strains are extremely important for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the emergence, spread and resistance of new H1N1 IAV strains of pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
  • Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
  • In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
  • [12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the new study, published Wednesday in the journal Cell Host and Microbe , researchers exposed ferrets to different strains of H10N7, the virus subtype responsible for the 2014 seal flu outbreak. (upi.com)
  • Scientists found most avian flu strains failed to infect the ferrets, but that seal-adapted strains were successfully transmitted via the air from ferret to ferret. (upi.com)
  • Comparisons of avian flu strain genomes and mammal-adapted strains revealed changes to the genes responsible for the regulation of hemagglutinin, a protein on the surface of influenza viruses. (upi.com)
  • Because the strains isolated for the study were collected late in the 2014 outbreak, scientists suggest the mutations may have occurred after the virus was already spreading among seals. (upi.com)
  • The findings suggests influenza strains may regularly adopt mutations that enable spread among mammals, the researchers said. (upi.com)
  • By understanding how viruses like COVID-19 , as well as the H5N1 and H7N9 influenza strains, move from species to species, researchers and health officials can develop more informed strategies for preventing future zoonotic disease outbreaks. (upi.com)
  • An analysis of 13,000 samples of influenza A/H3N2 virus that were collected across six continents from 2002 to 2007 by the WHO's Global Influenza Surveillance Network showed the newly emerging strains of H3N2 appeared in East and Southeast Asian countries about six to nine months earlier than anywhere else. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, contributing to the emergence of new variant strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be categorized into lineages and strains. (zovon.com)
  • Virus strains are named according to influenza virus type, the place where first isolated, the isolate number and the year of isolation as well as the nature of the two surface proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • More than 20 strains of Influenza A viruses are identified, based on their difference in protein spikes. (vetcos.com)
  • New strains of flu virus arise not through mutation but through recombination of genes. (vetcos.com)
  • This analysis identified 17 characteristic sites, five of which have been present in human-transmissible strains since the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Last year, in EID Journal: Predicting Hotspots for Influenza Virus Reassortment , we looked at research that ranked eastern China as one of the globe's top breeding grounds for new flu strains. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Dr. J. Joseph Kim, Inovio's CEO, said, "Our innovative SynConâ„¢ technology has the potential to protect people from influenza strains not exactly like the ones that make up the existing vaccines. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Using a designer approach, Inovio can formulate these DNA plasmids together to rapidly develop a universal influenza vaccine potentially targeting all these strains. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • The resulting vaccine could target seasonal as well as pandemic-potential influenza strains such as avian influenza and swine flu, which has already been designated pandemic status. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Significantly, being based on a common set of antigens derived from a broad range of flu strains, such a universal vaccine would have the potential to provide greater protection against evolving, unmatched flu strains. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Pandemics can result from antigenic shift because antibodies against other strains (resulting from vaccination or natural infection) provide little or no protection against the new strain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This property may be a consequence of the limited host range of the virus - humans and seals - which limits the generation of new strains by reassortment. (virology.ws)
  • I showed that the influenza C virus genome consists of 7 RNA segments, and demonstrated reassortment among different influenza C virus strains. (virology.ws)
  • Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
  • This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
  • For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)
  • Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus (or different viruses), especially influenza, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Flu strains are named after their types of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins, so they will be called, for example, H3N2 for type-3 hemagglutinin and type-2 neuraminidase. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
  • B) Antibody response in the human population, which the authors propose to have contributed to the elimination of existing seasonal influenza virus strains. (atrainceu.com)
  • As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). (wikipedia.org)
  • H3N2 viruses can infect birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • H3N2 is a subtype of the viral genus Influenzavirus A, which is an important cause of human influenza. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). By reassortment, H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Seasonal H3N2 flu is a human flu from H3N2 that is slightly different from one of the previous year's flu season H3N2 variants. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000 humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dominant strain of annual flu in humans in January 2006 was H3N2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 in humans had increased to 91% by 2005. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Hong Kong Flu was a flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The proteins of influenza A are encoded on 8 RNA caused by an H3N2 virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The deadly H3N2 virus has raised its ugly head again and is on a killing spree, it has killed more than 120 people including two below 18 yrs of age till February 2018 that is in just a month of outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
  • H3N2 is strain of influenza A virus, the orthomyxoviridae family - these are simgle stranded segmented RNA-Virus and they have numerous subtypes which are named by numbers based on type of Heamagglutinin "H number" and "N number" for type of Neuraminidase. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Hong Kong Flu virus H3N2 is desendent of H2N2 through antigenic shift, a process in which genes from various subtypes make up a new virus sub type. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Examples are the Hong Kong virus strain A/England/102/72 (H3N2). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Type A virus that caused the 1968 Hong Kong flu epidemic has type 3 H protein molecules and Type 2 N protein molecules and is called A (H3N2). (vetcos.com)
  • since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Also referred to as "the Hong Kong Flu," this category 2 flu pandemic was caused by the H3N2 strain of the Influenza A virus, a genetic offshoot of the H2N2 subtype. (enjoytherandom.com)
  • The H2N2 virus was prevalent for only 11 years until 1968, when it was replaced by an H3N2 virus (Palese & Wang, 2011). (atrainceu.com)
  • H2N2 and H3N2 indicate viruses with hemagglutinin subtype 2 and neuraminidase subtype 2 and hemagglutinin subtype 3 and neuraminidase subtype 2, respectively. (atrainceu.com)
  • Seasonal influenza viruses flow out of overlapping epidemics in East Asia and Southeast Asia, then trickle around the globe before dying off. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vaccination is the best option by Influenza Pandemics which spread of a pandemic virus could be prevented and In addition to seasonal influenza epidemics, influenza severity of disease reduced. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A viruses cause seasonal epidemics of human flu worldwide and, much more rarely, flu pandemics. (cdc.gov)
  • Although these yearly flu epidemics can be fatal in some people, such as the elderly, young children, and people with certain underlying heath conditions, flu is generally not a life-threatening disease in healthy individuals. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza C viruses are not known to cause serious symptoms or result in epidemics. (zovon.com)
  • It is characterised by an ability to constantly change its two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - allowing the virus to cause successive epidemics every one or two years or more serious pandemics at irregular intervals. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Type A is the cause of epidemics and pandemics and infects animals and birds as well as humans. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Type C can cause mild infections in humans but does not cause epidemics. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • There are 3 general types of flu viruses distinguished with their capsid (inner membrane) proteins as Type A, B and C. Type A flu virus cause most serious flu epidemics in humans, other mammals and birds. (vetcos.com)
  • This is the main reason why seasonal influenza epidemics occur and vaccines need to be regularly updated. (health.gov.au)
  • This article discusses the difference between epidemics and pandemics, how pandemics start, and future concerns. (corespirit.com)
  • In the case of influenza, seasonal outbreaks - or epidemics - are generally caused by subtypes of a virus that is already circulating among people. (corespirit.com)
  • Then, the virus subtype can circulate among humans for several years, causing occasional flu epidemics. (corespirit.com)
  • Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
  • Being associated with seasonal influenza (flu) epidemics, IAVs have caused several pandemics worldwide, including the 1918 Spanish flu, which resulted in 50 million deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
  • Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
  • The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, these same mutations were required to render highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype transmissible via the air between ferrets -- a model organism for mammal influenza research. (upi.com)
  • Pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first HPAI A(H5N1) virus was isolated following an outbreak in chickens in Scotland. (cdc.gov)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • H5N1- Avian Flu-Global influenza pandemic (mid-2000) - with fatality rate of 50% it becomes the most falat virus of all know Influenza virus that infect humans it also causes diarrhoea. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • In 2003, one person died from bird flu virus A (H5N1) in Asia out of two reported infection. (vetcos.com)
  • During 2003-05 period the A (H5N1) strain of bird flu virus infected 117 people out of which 64 died. (vetcos.com)
  • Public health officials remain concerned that the genes of Influenza A (H5N1) strain virus which is slightly infectious to human beings could yet mix with a human strain to create a new strain that could spread widely in human population. (vetcos.com)
  • Currently, there is concern that the avian A(H5N1) virus that has infected and killed millions of poultry in many countries will undergo such changes or naturally mutate to make it easily transmissible in humans and hence trigger a pandemic. (health.gov.au)
  • Therapeutic oral 4'-FlU ensured survival of animals infected with HPAI A/VN/12/2003 (H5N1) and of immunocompromised mice infected with pdmCa09. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, the signatures of human-infecting H5N1 isolates suggest that this avian subtype has low pandemic potential at present, although it presents more human adaptation components than most avian subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the circulating H5N1 subtype has negligible potential for human-to-human transmission, there is a concern that it might acquire the necessary mutations for this capability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Between 2006 and 2008 the biggest pandemic threat was believed to be H5N1 from Asia, but as it turned out, we were blindsided by a North American origin flu pandemic in the spring of 2009. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • H5N1 continues to circulate, and remains a legitimate pandemic threat, but a dozen years after it re-emerged in Vietnam it has yet `to figure us out' . (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Production of live attenuated and inactivated vaccine seed viruses against avian influen- pandemics have occurred periodically. (cdc.gov)
  • As flu season begins, we look at how far we've come in fighting the viral infection, including promising work being done on a universal vaccine. (jnj.com)
  • These tools would soon become critical instruments enabling doctors to administer the influenza vaccine. (jnj.com)
  • Influenza vaccine development-a high priority for the U.S. military following the deaths of approximately one in every 67 soldiers from the flu during the 1918-1919 pandemic-took a major step forward when researchers at the UK's Medical Research Council were able to isolate the virus (shown at right) from humans. (jnj.com)
  • Virologist Patrick Laidlaw and his team were working with ferrets to develop a distemper vaccine when the animals caught the flu from Wilson Smith , one of the scientists in the laboratory. (jnj.com)
  • The team dubbed it the "W.S." virus, and their discovery made it possible to develop a vaccine. (jnj.com)
  • Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
  • The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
  • Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • There are 13 distinct H subtypes and 9 distinct N subtypes each of which require a different vaccine to protect against infection. (vetcos.com)
  • The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)
  • I realize that we're not pigs, but this vaccine may be quite effective in humans too. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • We look forward to advancing our SynConâ„¢ universal flu vaccine program toward clinical investigation. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Consequently the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine contains an influenza B virus component. (virology.ws)
  • There is no vaccine against influenza C virus. (virology.ws)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • There may be a small increased risk of fever and febrile convulsions with concomitant delivery of PCV13 and influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to under 5 years. (health.govt.nz)
  • Children aged under 5 years are more likely than older children or adults to have a febrile reaction to influenza vaccine. (health.govt.nz)
  • Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
  • The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has issued a task order under an existing contract to Chiron Corporation of Emeryville, CA, for the production of an investigational vaccine based on an H9N2 strain of avian influenza virus that has infected humans and has the potential to trigger a modern-day pandemic. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • [15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Bird flu virus is an RNA virus, which resembles a short rod studded with two kinds of protein spikes such as the Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N). (vetcos.com)
  • The Neuraminidase (N) help the daughter virus break free of host cell once the virus Replication is completed. (vetcos.com)
  • The current therapeutic regimen for influenza A viruses is limited to two classes of drugs: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (distantreader.org)
  • The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The virus contained a subtype 1 hemagglutinin protein (H1) and a subtype 1 neuraminidase protein (N1). (atrainceu.com)
  • Oseltamivir carboxylate binds to highly conserved, essential amino acids in the catalytic site of neuraminidase (NA), preventing virus release from infected cells and subsequent virus spread [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • [7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
  • The economic costs due to Until 1997, it was widely believed that to infect humans deaths, illness, and hospitalizations in the United States an AI virus would have to undergo reassortment with a alone, excluding disruptions to commerce and society, human influenza virus in an intermediate mammalian would be $71.3-$166.5 billion ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Following are known subtypes of Influenza A virus that can infect humans and are listed as per number of known pandemic human deaths. (atomictherapy.org)
  • It is simply a matter of chance that the mutations responsible for the infectivity and pathogenicity of a particular influenza virus in animals does not include the ability to efficiently infect humans with human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
  • Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The major influenza C virus envelope glycoprotein is called HEF (hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion) because it has the functions of both the HA and the NA. (virology.ws)
  • The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • In influenza A viruses there are 8 segments of RNA coding for eight viral proteins and two non-structural proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • There are 3 types of influenza-A, B and C-which are classified according to their distinct internal proteins. (health.gov.au)
  • On the surface of the virus are HA proteins and NA proteins. (corespirit.com)
  • Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Proliferation of influenza A is predominantly in avian hosts with very rapid mutation, resulting in a "quasispecies" [ 4 ], a vast number of viruses that are genetically related but differ in the amino acid sequences of the viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The enveloped influenza A virions have three membrane proteins (HA, NA, M2), a matrix protein (M1) just below the lipid bilayer, a ribonucleoprotein core (consisting of 8 viral RNA segments and three proteins: PA, PB1, PB2), and the NEP/NS2 protein. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza B virions have four proteins in the envelope: HA, NA, NB, and BM2. (virology.ws)
  • Like the influenza A and B viruses, the core of influenza C viruses consists of a ribonucleoprotein made up of viral RNA and four proteins. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
  • Present vaccination strategies for swine influenza virus (SIV) control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza za pandemic would be severe. (cdc.gov)
  • Fifteen years before the deadly 1918 flu pandemic swept the world, Johnson & Johnson recognized that injectable medications and vaccines would become a crucial tool for rapidly delivering treatments into the bloodstream and began selling hypodermic needles that fit a standard syringe (shown at right). (jnj.com)
  • 5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Niranjan Sardesai, Senior VP, Research & Development, presented the data at the Annual Conference of DNA Vaccines in Asia 2009 held in Beijing, China, July 9-10, 2009, in a presentation entitled, "Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza DNA Vaccines Delivered Via Electroporation. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • This is a clear advantage for our universal flu program over conventional influenza vaccines. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • It is important to monitor and predict which of the various zoonotic viruses have the potential to emerge in humans and start outbreaks or even pandemics," said Herfst. (upi.com)
  • When it struck, the 1918 flu pandemic-one of the deadliest outbreaks on record-killed up to 50 million. (jnj.com)
  • It was also one of the worst outbreaks of plague in human history, killing an estimated 25 million people - almost 13-26 percent of the world's population. (historyhit.com)
  • The flu outbreaks are not uncommon. (vetcos.com)
  • 4 Influenza C is more like the common cold in its effect, being less severe than influenza A or B. 5 Influenza types A and B are responsible for major outbreaks. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza outbreaks are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and economic burden. (bvsalud.org)
  • While outbreaks of influenza may be traced as far back as 412 B.C.E. , the first pandemic , or worldwide epidemic, that clearly fits the description of influenza occurred in 1580. (atrainceu.com)
  • Oct. 7 (UPI) -- Scientists have identified the genetic mutations that allowed an avian flu strain to adapt to mammalian transmission, triggering an outbreak among European seals. (upi.com)
  • Researchers suspect the 2014 outbreak, which killed some 2,500 seals, began in western Sweden when one or more seals came into contact with infected birds or virus-laden bird droppings. (upi.com)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • Though it didnt claim all those who were infected as the fatality index of epidemic by this virus is low 0.5% and falls in category 2 of pandemic severity index and also its seen that every subsequent outbreak is milder as it seems that people in affected region develops some immunity towards N2 at every outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
  • During this outbreak, there were signs of human-human transmission of the disease - a rare event. (vetcos.com)
  • A pandemic is an outbreak of global proportions. (corespirit.com)
  • This strain was thought to be an Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 outbreak, but recent discoveries found that Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was the cause. (enjoytherandom.com)
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The second wave occurred with an outbreak of severe influenza in the fall of 1918 and the final wave hit in the spring of 1919. (atrainceu.com)
  • There have been four major pandemics of flu since 1990 - The Spanish flu (1918-1919), the Asian flu (1957-1958), the Hong Kong flu (1968-1969) and the Swine flu (2009) - with Swine flu being the least deadly pandemic out of the four. (zovon.com)
  • IAV causes 300,000-500,000 deaths worldwide each year, and in pandemic years, this number can increase to 1 million (in 1957-1958) or as high as 50 million, as was seen in 1918-1919 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Last June, in Eurosurveillance: Genetic Tuning Of Avian H7N9 During Interspecies Transmission , researchers working for China's National and Provincial CDCs, announced that the genetic diversity of the H7N9 virus was even greater than previously described, and that continual reassortment with the H9N2 virus, along with passage through a variety of host species, appears to be influencing its ongoing evolution. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Reassortment among the three influenza types (A, B, C) does not occur. (virology.ws)
  • The crucial role of H9N2 viruses due to the wide host range, adaptation to both poultry and mammals and extensive gene reassortment. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Antigenic shift occurs when the virus acquires an HA of a different IAV subtype via reassortment of one or more gene segments and is thought to be the basis for the more devastating influenza pandemics that occurred several times in the last century [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [8,9] However, these viruses were shown to be incompetent for reassortment with other influenza A viruses, a hallmark of the species, indicating that they are not true influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
  • Viral recombination of this type seem to have been responsible for the past three major flu pandemics. (vetcos.com)
  • Influenza is an acute self-limiting viral disease of the upper respiratory tract. (health.gov.au)
  • A comparative analysis of tropism and pathogenesis of these two related seven-segmented influenza viruses revealed that swIDV-infected animals exhibited broad tissue tropism with an increased rate of shedding on 3, 5, and 7 dpi and high viral loads in the lungs compared to huICV. (bvsalud.org)
  • IMPORTANCE Similar to influenza A and B, ICV infections are seen associated with bacterial and viral co-infections which complicates the assessment of its real clinical significance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Having previously identified oral efficacy of the nucleoside analog 4'-Fluorouridine (4'-FlU, EIDD-2749) against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we explored activity of the compound against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in cell culture, human airway epithelium (HAE) models, and/or two animal models, ferrets and mice, that assess IAV transmission and lethal viral pneumonia, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The application only requires the viral protein sequences from both the animal and human host populations as input datasets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The diversity motifs and their incidences at each of the nonamer positions allow evaluation of the mutation transmission dynamics and selectivity of the viral sequences in relation to the animal and the human hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • [3] Flu sok-sok bisa nimbulaké pneumonia viral kanthi langsung uga nimbulaké pneumonia bakterial sékundhèr. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hong Kong Flu Epidemic is Back And Is On A Killing Spree It Has Killed More Than 100 In Just A Month In 2018. (atomictherapy.org)
  • In homoeopathy there is treatment for Hong Kong Flu and medicines differs from patient to patient. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for people who are at increased risk of complications from the disease, such as those aged 65 years or older, and people with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and lung conditions which predispose them to severe influenza, and others with impaired immunity. (health.gov.au)
  • Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • H9N2 is the most common subtype of influenza viruses in Chinese chickens and thus causes great economic loss for the poultry industry, even under the long-term vaccination programs. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • In 1999 a different strain of bird flu virus identified as A (H9N2) infected two people in Hong Kong. (vetcos.com)
  • While we can't know what this fall holds in store for the H7N9 virus, studies released earlier this year (see EID Journal: H7N9 As A Work In Progress ), show that the H7N9 avian virus continues to reassort with local H9N2 viruses , introducing new clades of the virus into China's poultry population. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Recent human infections with avian influenza virus revealed that H9N2 is the gene donor for H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that are infecting humans too. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The H9N2 influenza virus can be transmitted by air droplet, dust, feed, or water. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Over the years the H9N2 influenza strain caused illness in several children aged nine months to 5 years in Hong Kong with the latest occurring in December 2009. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • H1N2- currently endemic in pigs and humans. (atomictherapy.org)
  • The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • The natural host for types B and C is humans, although influenza C has been isolated from pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • The goal of this study was to understand the replication kinetics, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis of human ICV (huICV) in comparison to the swine influenza D virus (swIDV) in guinea pigs. (bvsalud.org)
  • In summary, the replication kinetics and pathobiological characteristics of ICV in guinea pigs agree with the clinical manifestation of ICV infection in humans, and hence guinea pigs could be used to study these distantly related influenza viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • The tissue tropism and pathology associated with huICV in guinea pigs are analogous to the mild respiratory disease caused by ICV in humans, thereby demonstrating the suitability of guinea pigs to study ICV. (bvsalud.org)
  • Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
  • Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Infected pigs get symptoms similar to humans, such as cough, fever, and runny nose. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The study suggests avian flu can regularly and repeatedly acquire mutations that make them more transmissible among mammals. (upi.com)
  • These findings suggest that the mutations the avian virus underwent once it took hold within the seal population have allowed it to become transmissible via the air between mammals. (upi.com)
  • uted in nature and can infect a wide variety of birds and This pandemic was much less severe than the previous mammals. (cdc.gov)
  • Domestic poultry and some mammals, particularly swine, are also hosts to a limited number of influenza A subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Flu-A still tries to get a foot in mammals but didn't succeed the last centuries. (virology.ws)
  • Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
  • In the U.S. alone, flu infection is known to claim about 36,000 lives every season, while the average cost of hospitalizations and outpatient doctor visits due to flu amounts to approximately 10 billion USD. (zovon.com)
  • People with compromised immune system such as those suffering from HIV infection or patients who are on immune suppressing agents, like those suffering from cancer, are at a higher risk of catching flu. (zovon.com)
  • This phenomenon of successive infections by the influenza virus is in marked contrast to the situation with viruses like measles, mumps or small pox where exposure to a single infection induces lifelong immunity. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • First human case of bird flu infection occurred in May 1997, in a 3 year old boy who died of the disease. (vetcos.com)
  • Despite the ubiquitous infection landscape of ICV in humans, little is known about its replication and pathobiology in animals. (bvsalud.org)
  • Once-daily oral treatment of ferrets with 2 mg/kg 4'-FlU initiated 12 hours after infection rapidly stopped virus shedding and prevented transmission to untreated sentinels. (bvsalud.org)
  • If an infection becomes widespread in several countries at the same time, it can become a pandemic. (corespirit.com)
  • Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
  • they occur in a random fashion and the variant viruses that have the best genetically endowed combination of efficient infection, rapid replication, and greatest survival become the dominant populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It thus appears inevitable that, without means to prevent influenza infection, another pandemic will occur within the foreseeable future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The resistance to zanamivir is rare [17] , but its use is limited to patients who can actively inhale it, which often excludes young children, impaired older adults or patients with underlying airway disease [14] , that is the groups of patients most vulnerable to serious influenza infection complications. (distantreader.org)
  • 1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • [1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • This theory was based on the asymmetric nature of the antigenic cross reactions observed between parent viruses and their mutants selected in the presence of neutralising antibodies. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • 9 NA subtypes are known to exist, and all of them infect explain why this pandemic was less severe than the 2 pre- aquatic birds. (cdc.gov)
  • This Influenza virus is infectious to all species of animals and birds: Human Influenza, Swine Influenza, Equine Influenza, Avian Flu etc are the different names. (vetcos.com)
  • This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A response to this threat requires the combined effort of different sectors related to human health, poultry and wild birds, as well as vigilance and co-operation of the world. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • So, flu B jumped from birds to humans 4000 years ago, I read. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
  • Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
  • Do viruses ever reassort across these lines-like influenza A and C exchanging HA genes or something? (virology.ws)
  • If this happens, it is possible for the genes of these viruses to mix and create a new virus (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Maximum clade credibility trees revealed a rapid diversification of NA genes in different genetic lineages, all of them containing Oseltamivir-resistant viruses of very recent emergence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are four types of influenza viruses, namely, A, B, C and D. Human influenza viruses, A and B cause seasonal flu every year. (zovon.com)
  • Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • antigenic drift which occurs within influenza virus subtypes and antigenic shift to new subtypes such as the emergence of Asian influenza in 1957 and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Researchers found the mutations caused the virus to prefer to attach to mammal virus receptors in the respiratory tract, rather than to avian receptors. (upi.com)
  • Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • Flu and cold are both respiratory illnesses but are caused by different groups of organisms. (zovon.com)
  • Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many of these viruses were attacking the respiratory system, but others were deadly because they were disrupting the cardiovascular system or the immune system in general. (bmimag.life)
  • Nearly all adults have been infected with influenza C virus, which causes mild upper respiratory tract illness. (virology.ws)
  • That's correct - influenza C causes mild upper respiratory tract infections with cold-like symptoms. (virology.ws)
  • Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I, at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. (atrainceu.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Johnson & Johnson played a key role in helping to prevent the spread of the virus by introducing the epidemic mask, made from sterile gauze. (jnj.com)
  • While an epidemic is a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease, a pandemic is when an epidemic spreads over several countries or continents. (historyhit.com)
  • in Hong Kong the virus infected population of 5lacs and the epidemic density in the region was 500 infected people per acre, and had infected 15% of USA population. (atomictherapy.org)
  • If you are infected with the virus or have flu like symptoms after travel history to epidemic region then isolate yourself so that you dont spread the virus to others and get properly diagnosed and treated. (atomictherapy.org)
  • The death toll in a pandemic is generally higher than that in an epidemic. (corespirit.com)
  • Pandemic or epidemic? (corespirit.com)
  • The death toll of a pandemic is usually much greater than that of an epidemic. (corespirit.com)
  • An epidemic is specific to one city, region, or country, but a pandemic spreads beyond national borders, possibly worldwide. (corespirit.com)
  • A pandemic affects more people and can be more deadly than an epidemic. (corespirit.com)
  • The effect of the influenza epidemic was so severe that the average lifespan in the United States was depressed by 10 years (Billings, 2005). (atrainceu.com)
  • We compared over 3,000 PB2 protein sequences of human-transmissible and avian isolates, to produce a catalogue of sites involved in adaptation to human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Evolutionary timelines derived from signatures of early human influenza isolates suggest that characteristic variants emerged rapidly, and remained remarkably stable through subsequent pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza A virus subtypes are classified on the pandemics, with estimated influenza-associated excess basis of the antigenicity of their surface glycoproteins, deaths of 1 million ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses of the will occur, or which influenza virus subtype will cause it. (cdc.gov)
  • Since influenza A viruses contain eight separate segments of RNA, genetic re-assortment can occur when cells are infected simultaneously by two or more influenza viruses resulting in progeny viruses that contain some (1, 2, 3 or 4) RNA segments from one parent virus and the remaining (7, 6, 5 or 4) RNA segments from the second virus. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • WHO reports flu pandemics can be expected to occur three or four times every 100 years. (vetcos.com)
  • Influenza infections are seasonal in temperate climates, more commonly occurring in the colder months (June to September in the Southern Hemisphere and December to April in the Northern Hemisphere) but may occur year-round in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
  • Human infections by influenza A viruses commonly occur yearly, with a seasonal peak incidence [ 6 ], usually as a mild disease, but for some, as a more severe illness that may be fatal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If a strain comparable to that of the 1918 pandemic was to occur, the global consequences are inconceivable. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It could occur with primate viruses and may be a factor for the appearance of new viruses in the human species such as HIV. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • If this new virus causes illness in people and can be transmitted easily from person to person, an influenza pandemic can occur. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Pandemic influenza results from the emergence of a new influenza A virus to which the population possesses little or no immunity and that can occur at any time of year. (atrainceu.com)
  • Forecasts of the severity of the next influenza pandemic have circulated in the human population in the 20th centu- differ in their predictions of deaths based on the models ry. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the flu was responsible for an estimated 38,000 deaths in the United States alone during the 2016-2017 flu season, and an even greater number were hospitalized with the illness. (jnj.com)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), influenza is responsible for nearly 500,000 annual deaths globally. (zovon.com)
  • The Spanish flu was responsible for about 100 million deaths. (zovon.com)
  • An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
  • The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
  • The Spanish Flu is estimated to have caused as many as 40 million deaths worldwide, with unusually high mortality among young adults. (health.gov.au)
  • A relatively recent plague-like event was the 1918 flu pandemic, better known as Spanish flu, which caused an estimated 50 million deaths worldwide (some say even 100 million). (dnx.news)
  • For the unacquainted, pandemics are a term associated with infectious diseases on a global scale, diseases that are non-infectious such as cancer or heart failure - even though they do cause millions of deaths worldwide each year, are not considered pandemics. (dnx.news)
  • The currently circulating Influenza B virus lineages are: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. (zovon.com)
  • Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)
  • Generally, flu is more severe than common cold. (zovon.com)
  • Mortality associated with the Asian and Hong Kong influenza pandemics was less severe, with the highest mortality rates being in the elderly and people with chronic diseases. (health.gov.au)
  • According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)
  • In the United States the first reports came from public health officials in Haskell County, Kansas, who reported "18 cases of influenza of a severe type. (atrainceu.com)
  • Pandemics are associated with widespread illness - and sometimes death - even in otherwise healthy people. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
  • Patients with chronic illness such as those suffering from asthma, diabetes, heart disease can increase the probability of catching flu. (zovon.com)
  • Influenza surveillance in Australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general practitioner reports of influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. (health.gov.au)
  • Reports of influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioners showed a slow but steady increase throughout the first half of the year to peak in late August. (health.gov.au)
  • bug" or "bugs" are an informal noun for harmful microorganism (bacteria or virus)/or an illness caused by such. (dnx.news)
  • The H7N9 virus , which emerged suddenly in China 20 months ago, has sparked two winter waves of illness, with the second year's toll roughly twice that of the first year. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • The emergence of a new strain of influenza virus are responsible for a pandemic. (zovon.com)
  • However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cause (etiology) of HPAI in domestic poultry was identified as a virus, though Influenza viruses were not isolated until the 1930s. (cdc.gov)
  • During 1997, 1.5 million poultry were culled and destroyed in Hong Kong within 3 days, which would have averted a human pandemic. (vetcos.com)
  • And indeed, over the past two years we've seen the emergence of no less than four new subtypes ( H7N9, H10N8, H5N8, H5N6 ) from this region that pose significant risks to poultry or human health. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The bird flu virus, which passed to humans directly from bird, is with Type 5 H protein and type 1 N protein. (vetcos.com)
  • Haemagglutinin (H) protein aids the virus in gaining access to the host cell Interior. (vetcos.com)
  • The method presented was applied to an analysis of influenza A PB2 protein sequences, with the objective of identifying the components of adaptation to human-to-human transmission, and reconstructing the mutation history of these components. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These signatures, arranged in chronological order, reveal an evolutionary timeline for the adaptation of the PB2 protein to human hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By providing the most complete elucidation to date of the functional components participating in PB2 protein adaptation to humans, this study demonstrates that mutual information is a powerful tool for comparative characterization of sequence sets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Like the M2 protein of influenza A virus, the BM2 protein is a proton channel that is essential for the uncoating process . (virology.ws)
  • The M1 protein lies just below the membrane, as in influenza A and B virions. (virology.ws)
  • The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The experts say this could lead to the first flu pandemic of the 21st century. (vetcos.com)
  • In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)
  • The symptoms of flu tend to start more suddenly, are more serious and can result in complicated health conditions, such as pneumonia, bacterial infections or hospitalizations. (zovon.com)
  • In April 2003, a Dutch veterinarian working in a farm infected with bird flu virus of H7 strain died of pneumonia. (vetcos.com)
  • Influenza C virus (ICV) is increasingly associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and its disease severity is worse than the influenza B virus, but similar to influenza A virus associated CAP. (bvsalud.org)
  • Spanish flu," was caused by an influenza A virus of the hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • Frank Macfarlane Burnet, who won his Nobel Prize for immunology but who spent most of his life studying influenza, estimated the Spanish flu death toll as probably 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million. (dnx.news)
  • The Spanish flu was the worst pandemic in history, killing 100 million people. (corespirit.com)
  • The Spanish flu pandemic, from 1918 to 1920, claimed 100 million lives. (corespirit.com)
  • It was also called a Spanish flu although the exact origin was unidentified. (enjoytherandom.com)
  • Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe," the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster. (atrainceu.com)
  • Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Complications from influenza can result in increased hospitalisations and mortality. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza-virus-mediated disease can be associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in younger children and older adults. (mdpi.com)
  • Next generation antivirals are needed to treat seasonal infections and prepare against zoonotic spillover of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (bvsalud.org)
  • Remarkably, out of 146 H7N9 viruses with full genome sequences they examined, they detected at least 26 separate genotypes, mostly from the first wave in 2013. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Humans may have little or no immunity against a new virus. (corespirit.com)
  • After the pandemic emerges and spreads, humans develop some immunity. (corespirit.com)
  • Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)
  • In the study of pathogens, it is fundamentally important to identify the molecular elements that enable transmission and replication in humans, and understand their evolutionary patterns as well as their functional role. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are 18 H types and 11 NA types, giving 198 possible combinations, but only a few are human pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza has a history as one of the world's most serious pathogens, with yearly regional infections and episodic global pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza occurs in two distinct patterns: pandemic and seasonal. (atrainceu.com)
  • Seasonal influenza is usually caused by influenza A or B viruses and generally occurs each year during a specific time of the year. (atrainceu.com)
  • Peak virus shedding usually occurs from 1 day before onset of symptoms to 3 days after. (cdc.gov)
  • A few bat species were recently shown to be infected by influenza viruses originally designated as new influenza A subtypes H17N10 and H18N11. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the most dreadful lethal virus of the Universe. (vetcos.com)
  • The most important protective antigen on the surface of influenza virus is HA, whose structure can be divided in two distinct regions: the globular head, responsible for the binding to the sialic acid, and the stem region that contains the fusion peptide and the membrane anchor domain. (distantreader.org)
  • This flu pandemic was the deadliest in modern history, infecting an estimated 500 million people worldwide and killing up to 50 million-an even more devastating death toll than World War I. More than 25% of the U.S. population became sick. (jnj.com)
  • Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
  • There were seven cholera pandemics, but the third is considered the deadliest. (enjoytherandom.com)
  • If you want to stay safe from a pandemic, it might be a good idea to learn more about the deadliest viruses that we have witnessed in human history. (bmimag.life)
  • But, is this the deadliest virus so far? (bmimag.life)
  • Even though it's difficult to confirm the numbers, experts believe that between 25 and 100 million people have died as a result of the Plague of Justinian, making it one of the deadliest pandemics of all time. (bmimag.life)
  • With over 1.5 million fatalities, this is one of the deadliest viruses that the world has witnessed. (bmimag.life)
  • On the list of deadliest viruses and pandemics, we have another one that occurred in ancient times. (bmimag.life)