Human distal intestinal mucosa. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is widely accepted that chronic GERD leads to inflammation and ulceration of the esophageal squamous mucosa and that persistent and recurrent inflammation and ulceration may lead to columnar metaplasia and, ultimately, intestinal metaplasia. (jcancer.org)
Barrett's esophagus (BE), an intestinal-like metaplasia of the distal esophageal mucosa, is a recognized precursor lesion and risk factor for EAC. (biomedcentral.com)
It is estimated that 50% of all GC cases develop through the "Correa cascade" ( 16 , 19 - 21 ), leading from HP-associated gastritis to mucosal atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and to invasive adenocarcinoma. (iiarjournals.org)
Gastric cancer is the fourth commonest ently reported that H. pylori eradication were subjected to routine history and malignant disorder and the second com- can lead to a regression of acute gastritis clinical examination, fol owed by an monest cause of cancer-related death and intestinal metaplasia, and that such upper gastrointestinal endoscopic ex- worldwide [1]. (who.int)

The endoscopic appearance of the mucosa and the histologic degree of inflammation was not different among groups. (nih.gov)
They are not only responsible for innate immunity, but also participate in the development of intestinal inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper. (frontiersin.org)
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are involved in intestinal inflammation. (bvsalud.org)
Conclusions B.b. and B.f. may influence intestinal inflammation by regulating MHC-II, GDNF, TLR-2, and TNF-α expression in EGCs and IL-4, IL-2, IL-17, and IL-10 secretion. (bvsalud.org)
17 These results are consistent with two possibilities: either MAP infection could cause Crohn's disease in a subset of patients that are either selectively exposed to this organism or who are genetically susceptible to infection or, alternatively, this relatively common dietary organism may selectively colonise (or a dead organism selectively lodge in) the ulcerated mucosa of Crohn's disease patients but not initiate or perpetuate intestinal inflammation. (bmj.com)
This reproducible immune reaction results from an impaired induction of oral tolerance, i.e., a suppressive immune process at local and systemic levels that physiologically allows harmless dietary proteins to be tolerated by the immune system, thus avoiding chronic intestinal inflammation due to their regular consumption. (frontiersin.org)
As PMN invade the site of active inflammation, the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier is lost, and adsorption of fluids and nutrients is impaired, resulting in clinical manifestations of shigellosis (e.g. diarrhea ). (wikidoc.org)
Macrophage apoptosis results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1-beta and IL-18), which signal intestinal inflammation and consequent activation of the innate immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Specifically, alcohol and its metabolites promote intestinal inflammation through multiple pathways. (nih.gov)
This review summarizes the mechanisms by which chronic alcohol intake leads to intestinal inflammation, including altering intestinal microbiota composition and function, increasing the permeability of the intestinal lining, and affecting the intestinal immune homeostasis. (nih.gov)
Understanding the mechanisms of alcohol-induced intestinal inflammation can aid in the discovery of therapeutic approaches to mitigate alcohol-induced organ dysfunctions. (nih.gov)
2015). This alcohol-induced intestinal inflammation may be at the root of multiple organ dysfunctions and chronic disorders associated with alcohol consumption, including chronic liver disease, neurological disease, GI cancers, and inflammatory bowel syndrome. (nih.gov)
This review summarizes the mechanisms by which chronic alcohol intake leads to intestinal inflammation. (nih.gov)
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by wasting and chronic intestinal inflammation triggered by various cytokine-mediated pathways. (mdpi.com)

Both clinical and experimental studies have shown that bile acids are noxious to the esophageal mucosa. (jcancer.org)

They are an important part of gut associated lymphoid tissue usually found in humans in the lowest portion of the small intestine, mainly in the distal jejunum and the ileum, but also could be detected in the duodenum. (wikipedia.org)
Microscopically, Peyer's patches appear as oval or round lymphoid follicles (similar to lymph nodes) located in the mucosa layer of the ileum and extend into the submucosa layer. (wikipedia.org)
In the distal ileum, they are numerous and they form a lymphoid ring. (wikipedia.org)
At least 46% of Peyer's patches are concentrated in the distal 25 cm of ileum in humans. (wikipedia.org)
An increase in butyrate and in other short-chain fatty acids along the distal ileum and entire colon, including the more distal parts of the colon (descending colon, rectosigmoid), is considered beneficial. (oru.se)
Typically, 90% of carcinoid tumors originate from the distal ileum or appendix (the embryologic midgut. (medscape.com)
The intestinal muscularis mucosa degenerates, leading to pseudodiverticula in the colon and ileum. (msdmanuals.com)
The demarcation between the jejunum (proximal) and the ileum (distal) is not very clear. (medscape.com)

Pathogenic microorganisms and other antigens entering the intestinal tract encounter macrophages, dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes found in Peyer's patches and other sites of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). (wikipedia.org)
The large number of macrophages in the intestinal tract, play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of microorganisms on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and in the continuous renewal of intestinal epithelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
The intestinal tract is the largest independent immune system in the body. (frontiersin.org)
They distribute in soil, intestinal tract of animals, water and other biotopes. (biomedcentral.com)
These mechanisms include alcohol's influences on intestinal microbiota, on the integrity of the barrier between the intestine and the rest of the body, and on immune function within and outside the GI tract. (nih.gov)
Once consumed, alcohol is absorbed mainly in the upper intestinal tract by diffusion and then enters the liver via the portal vein. (nih.gov)
C. concisus primarily colonizes the human oral cavity and some strains can be translocated to the intestinal tract. (frontiersin.org)
Several Campylobacter species utilize humans as their natural host and accumulated evidence supports their role in chronic inflammatory diseases of the human intestinal tract. (frontiersin.org)
Recently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been defined as the transfer of distal gut microbial communities from a healthy individual to a patient's intestinal tract to cure some immune disorders (mainly inflammatory bowel diseases). (hindawi.com)
FMT refers to the transplantation of functional bacteria in the feces of healthy donors into the gastrointestinal tract of the patient to restore the balance of the intestinal microecology, which subsequently treats diseases associated with disorders of intestinal microorganisms. (hindawi.com)
Relevant studies on the mechanism of probiotics mainly focus on the intestinal tract. (hindawi.com)
The infection is restricted to the enteric tract, where the virus replicates in epithelial cells lining the gut mucosa. (cdc.gov)
We conclude from our study that the CNS can be targeted by airborne solid ultrafine particles and that the most likely mechanism is from deposits on the olfactory mucosa of the nasopha- ryngeal region of the respiratory tract and subsequent translocation via the olfactory nerve. (cdc.gov)

Serum folate concentration can be decreased in proximal small intestinal disorders, while serum cobalamin concentration can be decreased in distal small intestinal disorders and EPI in both dogs and cats. (vin.com)
Thirty-six Wistar rats were submitted to diversion of the fecal stream by proximal colostomy and distal mucous fistula. (scielo.br)
Trinta e seis ratos Wistar foram submetidos à derivação intestinal por colostomia proximal e fístula mucosa distal. (scielo.br)
One of the more successful surgical procedures is the vertical banded gastroplexy or the proximal gastric pouch with a Roux-en-Y anastomosis. (justia.com)
In other alternative embodiments, the device may include a fundal basket which mayor may not be attached to a proximal end of an antral tube, and/or a bowel tube which mayor may not be attached to a distal end of an antral tube. (justia.com)
FIG. 8 is a plan view of an antral tube similar to the antral tube of FIG. 6 , with retaining structures formed at the proximal and distal ends. (justia.com)

Thus, it can modulate the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota, which might potentially enhance the health of the host organism[ 5 , 6 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
In Vitro fermentation of oat and barley derived β-glucans by human faecal microbiota. (megazyme.com)
Fermentation of β-glucan fractions from barley [average molecular mass (MM), of 243, 172, and 137 kDa] and oats (average MM of 230 and 150 kDa) by the human faecal microbiota was investigated. (megazyme.com)
Currently, as a means of intestinal microecological regulation in addition to microecological preparations, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has become popular in recent years. (hindawi.com)
It generally occurs because of an alteration of the intestinal microbiota due to antibiotic exposure that must be timely identified and diagnosed to start proper and early management. (healthmanagement.org)
The effect of antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota is well documented. (healthmanagement.org)

The inner mucosal layer consists of squamous epithelium and underlying connective tissue, within which lies a longitudinally oriented muscle layer called the muscularis mucosa. (nature.com)

There are many microorganisms colonized in the human intestine, and more than 1000 bacterial species in the intestinal ecosystem of a single individual. (frontiersin.org)
Probiotic products are commonly known to be microecological preparations and are used to improve the structure of intestinal flora, inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, and enhance the immunity of the human body. (hindawi.com)
and, finally, the reticuloendothelial system traps and destroys the microorganisms that cross the mucosa (Martínez-Rodríguez et al. (healthmanagement.org)

Treatment of distal ulcerative colitis with short-chain fatty acid enemas. (nih.gov)
Rectal enemas containing a short-chain fatty acid mixture, butyrate alone, or saline placebo were administered to 47 patients with active distal ulcerative colitis. (nih.gov)
Immunoglobulin production by isolated intestinal mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. (ox.ac.uk)
The alteration in IgA and IgG production in IBD was confirmed by comparing the immunoglobulin production by mononuclear cells from inflamed with that from non-inflamed areas of mucosa in six patients with distal ulcerative colitis. (ox.ac.uk)

Various environmental factors during perinatal life may alter the establishment of intestinal homeostasis, thereby predisposing individuals to the development of such immune-related diseases. (frontiersin.org)
The resulting dysregulated intestinal homeostasis in the infant may significantly impede the induction of oral tolerance, a crucial process of immune unresponsiveness to food antigens. (frontiersin.org)
Clostridium species, as a predominant cluster of commensal bacteria in our gut, exert lots of salutary effects on our intestinal homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
They are well-known as the indispensable regulators of intestinal homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)

FAE differs from typical small intestinal villus epithelium: it has fewer goblet cells therefore mucus layer is thinner, and it is also characterized by the presence of specialized M cells or microfold cells, which provide uptake and transport of antigens from lumen. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, basal lamina of follicle-associated epithelium is more porous compared to intestinal villus. (wikipedia.org)
Initially, Shigella uses M cells from the basolateral side of the intestinal epithelium as entry port. (wikidoc.org)
Invasion of the intestinal epithelium continues from the basolateral side, and the bacteria further spreads to adjacent epithelial cells and avoids extracellular exposure by using intercellular actin polymerization processes (rocket propulsion). (wikidoc.org)
PMN destroy the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and allow more Shigella organisms to directly and more easily invade the intestinal epithelium. (wikidoc.org)
The mucus layer that covers the colic epithelium represents the first line of defense against the aggression caused by antigens, virus, and bacteria in the intestinal lumen. (scielo.br)
Feline coronaviruses occur as 2 pathotypes: nonvirulent feline enteric coronaviruses (FECVs), which replicate in intestinal epithelium cells, and lethal feline infectious peritonitis viruses (FIPVs), which replicate in macrophages. (cdc.gov)

It is secreted by endocrine cells in the duodenal mucosa and stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion as ell as GLP-1 release from more distal endocrine (L) cells in the intestinal mucosa. (enzolifesciences.com)
HP is the causal factor for several clinically important diseases in gastric and duodenal mucosa ( 7 - 11 ), and, in 1994, the IARC expert group classified HP infection as a group-I carcinogen for humans ( 12 ). (iiarjournals.org)

The establishment of oral tolerance is dependent on the controlled uptake of food proteins through the intestinal epithelial barrier and its delivery to local dendritic cells (DC) that matured in the intestinal pro-tolerogenic environment. (frontiersin.org)

The lamina propria of the small intestine is the main site of the intestinal immune system, which contains a large number of macrophages, CD4 T cells, and dendritic cells. (frontiersin.org)
Due to their immunotoxical and biocidal properties, such exposure may disrupt the host-intestinal microbiota's beneficial exchanges and may interfere with intestinal barrier and gut-associated immune system development in fetuses then the neonates. (frontiersin.org)
Their cellular components and metabolites, like butyrate, secondary bile acids and indolepropionic acid, play a probiotic role primarily through energizing intestinal epithelial cells, strengthening intestinal barrier and interacting with immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we review the most recent advancements on C. concisus and other human hosted Campylobacter species including their clinical relevance, transmission, virulence factors, disease associated genes, interactions with the human immune system and pathogenic mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
A per oral live attenuated vaccine can be beneficial in SARS-Cov-2 infection because the attenuated virus initially infects the gut, stimulates the mucosa associated immune system sparing the respiratory system during the initial immune response. (preprints.org)

A clear understanding of the function of macrophages, as well as their role in pathogens and inflammatory response, will delineate the next steps in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)

Peyer's patches thus establish their importance in the immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen and in facilitating production of the immune response within the mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
Five patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related cryptosporidiosis and nine healthy volunteers were studied using a triple-lumen steady-state jejunal perfusion technique. (uea.ac.uk)
Intussusception (see the image below) is a process in which a segment of intestine invaginates into the adjoining intestinal lumen, causing bowel obstruction. (medscape.com)

In coeliac disease (CD) mucosa, the histological lesion is associated with marked infiltration of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cells. (bmj.com)
The exudative lesion, or type II lesion, is a volcano-type epithelial ulceration with intact surrounding mucosa. (healthmanagement.org)

This study provides novel data regarding the prevalence of MAP in various phenotypes of Crohn's disease by showing slightly higher detection of IS 900 DNA in colonic (66.7%) compared with distal ileal (40.5%) tissues and decreased detection rates with corticosteroid use. (bmj.com)
Influence of the application of enemas with oily extract of curcumin ( Curcuma longa ) on the tissue content of neutral and acidic mucins in the colonic mucosa without fecal stream ☆ ☆ Study conducted at Universidade São Francisco (USF), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM), Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil. (scielo.br)
To verify if the application of enemas containing oily extracts of curcumin preserves the tissue content of mucins in the glands of the colonic mucosa without fecal stream. (scielo.br)
Electrical correlate of circumferential contractions in human colonic circular muscle. (mcmaster.ca)

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a human stomach and a portion of the small intestine. (justia.com)

Molecular fingerprints show that genotypes of bovine and human isolates are not similar but instead indicate that human and ovine (sheep) strains are more closely related. (bmj.com)
However, the molecular mechanisms which regulate Th1 cell differentiation in CD mucosa are unknown. (bmj.com)

Initially it will be mounted on existing intestinal tubing and next attached at the mucosa by an "endoscopic clip procedure" with data transmitted to an external data logger. (oru.se)

However, the proportion of IgG-containing cells from IBD mucosa was not increased in isolated intestinal mononuclear cells although they produced more IgG than normal mucosal cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Normal ileal intestinal mononuclear cells spontaneously produced greater amounts of IgA and IgM than did normal colon cells. (ox.ac.uk)

FMT has also been clinically applied to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome, chronic functional constipation, intestinal cancer, foodborne allergic gastroenteropathy, and so on [ 8 ], and researchers have achieved a certain clinical efficacy. (hindawi.com)

Villous atrophy, inflammatory infiltrates of the intestinal mucosa, cobalamin malabsorption, and malabsorption of other nutrients have all been described. (vin.com)

This bacterial infection (usually acquired in childhood) initially affects only the antral mucosa causing superficial gastritis. (iiarjournals.org)

Subsequently meat, dairy products and water serve as key vehicles in the transmission of MAP infection to humans (from farm to fork) who have a genetic predisposition, thus leading to the development of CD. (wjgnet.com)
RSV infection usually occurs after viral inoculation of the conjunctivae or nasal mucosa by contaminated hands. (cdc.gov)

Epithelial tissue from both the rat BE model and human BE patients strongly expressed KLF5, CDX2, MUC2, and villin. (jcancer.org)
Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of KLF5 blocked the expression of CDX2, MUC2 and villin, but transfection of a KLF5 expression vector into esophageal epithelial cells promoted their transdifferentiation into columnar-like cells, as demonstrated by increased expression of the intestinal markers CDX2, MUC2 and villin. (jcancer.org)

Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine (see the image below). (medscape.com)
It is considered to be a prebiotic that cannot be hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes in the human small intestine but can be fermented by probiotics[ 4 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Therefore, severe and longstanding disorders of the distal small intestine as well as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency will lead to depletion of cobalamin body stores and to a decreased serum cobalamin concentration. (vin.com)
In the intestine of human and animals, Clostridium species, as one of the richest bacterial cluster, are mainly composed of Clostridium cluster IV and XIVa (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, the effect of alcohol on the distal small intestine and colon should largely come from its circulatory levels. (nih.gov)
In intestinal obstruction, the small intestine is dilated and gets filled with air and fluid. (medscape.com)

These cells play a key role in early resistance to intestinal pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Human esophageal squamous epithelial (HET-1A) cells were treated with bile acid and used in transfection experiments. (jcancer.org)
In vitro experiments with Lactobacillus rhamnosus showed it can inhibit cytokine-induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells [Yan and Polk 2002]. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
[6] Shigella is transcytosed across the epithelial layer of the intestinal M cells. (wikidoc.org)
The loss of the intestinal epithelial cells results in impaired adsorption of other nutrients and fluids and leads to clinical manifestations of shigellosis (diarrhea). (wikidoc.org)
The majority of alcohol metabolism in humans occurs in the liver, in cells called hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
We studied immunoglobulin production by isolated intestinal mononuclear cells from 25 patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and 17 controls undergoing surgical resections for intestinal tumour or other disorders. (ox.ac.uk)
The proportion of IgA-containing cells in isolated intestinal mononuclear cells from IBD mucosa was less than normal. (ox.ac.uk)
Our study showed an altered pattern of immunoglobulin production by intestinal mononuclear cells isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. (ox.ac.uk)
The virus binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and TMPRSS2 which are abundantly expressed on various human cells including lung epithelial cells and intestinal cells and the virus can infect these cells. (preprints.org)

Stool volume measurement and distal duodenal biopsy showed that the patients had diarrhea (600-1500 ml/24 hr) and morphological abnormalities of small intestinal mucosa. (uea.ac.uk)
Ursodiol, USP (ursodeoxycholic acid), is a naturally occurring bile acid found in small quantities in normal human bile and in the biles of certain other mammals. (nih.gov)
In dogs and cats with diffuse small intestinal disorders both serum folate and cobalamin concentrations can be decreased. (vin.com)
Finally, a decreased serum cobalamin concentration and an increased serum folate concentration can be seen in dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). (vin.com)

The intestinal mucosa is the first line of defense for organisms against intestinal pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
As C. jejuni and C. coli are the main Campylobacter pathogens which cause human acute intestinal disease and they originate from animal sources, Campylobacteriosis has historically been considered to be zoonotic. (frontiersin.org)

We evaluated the influence of biliopancreatic limb (BPL) length, malabsorption, and bile acid (BA) reflux on esogastric mucosa. (nature.com)

They survive as commensal bacteria in their hosts, and some species, such as C. jejuni and C. coli , can cause human diseases. (frontiersin.org)

Exercitatio Anatomico-Medica de Glandulis Intestinorum, Earumque Usu et Affectionibus [Anatomical-medical essay on the intestinal glands, and their function and diseases] (in Latin). (wikipedia.org)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which emerged suddenly in 2002 and caused severe acute respiratory disease in humans, is the most notorious coronavirus. (cdc.gov)
Tropism switching has been implicated in the zoonotic emergence of human coronavirus OC43 from a bovine coronavirus and in turning transmissible gastroenteritis virus, an enteric porcine coronavirus, into porcine respiratory coronavirus, a respiratory pathogen ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)

ETBF's only recognized specific virulence factor is a zinc-dependent metallopeptidase (MP) called B. fragilis toxin (BFT) or fragilysin, which damages the intestinal mucosa and triggers disease-related signaling mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
sclerodactyly, telangiectasias), patients develop skin tightening over the face and distal to the elbows and knees and may also have gastroesophageal reflux disease. (msdmanuals.com)
So this review summarized the reports about both the benefits and underlying risks from Clostridium species on intestinal immune regulation and disease prevention to elucidate the potentials and challenges of their novel roles as probiotic. (biomedcentral.com)
It has a huge impact on animal welfare causing both direct and indirect economic losses and also arouses a serious public health concern causing Johne's disease in humans. (srpublication.com)
the Campylobacter species that cause human acute intestinal disease such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli originate from animals. (frontiersin.org)
Over the past decade, studies on human hosted Campylobacter species strongly suggest that Campylobacter concisus plays a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (frontiersin.org)
The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Public Health Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. (cdc.gov)

however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)

We performed jejunal perfusion studies in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related cryptosporidial diarrhea to measure water and electrolyte transport in vivo. (uea.ac.uk)
Serum ST2 levels and genetic variants in the IL1RL1 distal promoter were examined by ELISA and PCR sequencing in UC patients receiving corticosteroids. (uandes.cl)
Sequencing of a distal IL1RL1 promoter region demonstrated that SNPs rs6543115(C) and rs6543116(A) are associated with increased sST2 in UC patients on corticosteroids. (uandes.cl)
Cobalamin deficiency in human patients has been shown to cause systemic as well as gastrointestinal changes. (vin.com)
As expected, IFN-γ but not IL-4 RNA transcripts were increased in the mucosa of CD patients in comparison with controls. (bmj.com)
Although the intestinal mucosa of CD patients contains increased amounts of Th1 associated cytokines, such as IFN-α, interleukin (IL)-18, and IL-15, the contribution of each of these cytokines in the ongoing Th1 response remains to be determined. (bmj.com)
L'étude portait sur 20 patients atteints d'un carcinome gastrique, 20 patients souffrant d'une gastrite à H. pylori et 20 personnes en tant que groupe témoin. (who.int)

It represents 1.64% of intervention could reduce the risk for amination using a long forward viewing all cancers in Egypt, according to the adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach instrument (Fuji, EG 250D video). (who.int)

Given this, this review summarized the researches involved in benefits and potential risks of Clostridium species to our health, in order to develop Clostridium species as novel probiotics for human health and animal production. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to C. concisus , humans are also colonized by a number of other Campylobacter species, most of which are in the oral cavity. (frontiersin.org)
Some of these animal hosted Campylobacter species, such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli , can cause acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans through consumption of contaminated food or water ( Galanis, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
Most of the studies on the human hosted Campylobacter species in the past decade were on Campylobacter concisus , this bacterium is therefore the focus of this review. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, other human hosted Campylobacter species were also reviewed. (frontiersin.org)
To date, 40 Campylobacter species and subspecies have been isolated from a wide variety of animal or human sources (Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

Humans have been using plants, mushrooms, and other organisms as medicines since ancient times. (keio.ac.jp)

However, assessment of butyrate production and availability is not considered being assessed adequately, as butyrate is very volatile and rapidly absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. (oru.se)

Immunologic mechanisms and heredity (certain human leukocyte antigen subtypes) play a role in etiology. (msdmanuals.com)

Anatomy54

Organisms23

Diseases41

Chemicals and Drugs61

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science1

Health Care1

Metaplasia4

Inflammation15

Esophageal mucosa1

Ileum8

Tract13

Proximal6

Microbiota6

Muscularis mucosa1

Microorganisms3

Ulcerative colitis4

Homeostasis4

Epithelium7

Duodenal mucosa2

Epithelial barrier1

Immune system5

Macrophages3

Lumen3

Lesion2

Colonic4

Portion of the small intestine1

Molecular2

Endoscopic1

Mucosal1

Ileal1

Chronic1

Atrophy1

Antral1

Infection2

MUC22

Intestine6

Cells10

Small4

Pathogens2

Malabsorption1

Bacteria1

Glands1

Respiratory2

Disease7

Originate1

Patients7

Adenocarcinoma1

Species6

Organisms1

Volatile1

Mechanisms1