• The current view holds that osteoarthritis involves not only the articular cartilage but the entire joint organ, including the subchondral bone and synovium. (medscape.com)
  • Anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of the hip reveals severe superior migration of the femoral head (which reflects loss of articular cartilage), subchondral sclerosis, prominent osteophytes, and a large Egger cyst in the superior acetabulum. (medscape.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a key role in articular cartilage repair. (hindawi.com)
  • Native and concentrated BMA have been intensively studied in the context of articular cartilage repair. (hindawi.com)
  • Such enhanced techniques of marrow stimulation have been shown to improve articular cartilage repair in both animal models and patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Biological effects of the plant-derived polyphenol resveratrol in human articular cartilage and chondrosarcoma cells. (umassmed.edu)
  • Another example is articular cartilage damage as a result of trauma or chronic degenerative changes. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • Successful Fixation of Traumatic Articular Cartilage-Only Fragments in the Juvenile and Adolescent Knee: A Case Series. (mayo.edu)
  • Clinical, Radiographic, and Histological Outcomes After Cartilage Repair With Particulated Juvenile Articular Cartilage: A 2-Year Prospective Study. (rush.edu)
  • Along with other BMPs, including BMP-2, -4 and -7, which are well known as potent osteoinductive growth factors, GDF-5 plays important roles in the development of bones, cartilage and tendons, as evidenced by the tendency for the gene and protein expression levels of GDF-5 to increase over time in these tissues. (ispub.com)
  • It may be feasible in the near future for BMPs to replace autologous and allogenic bone grafts. (allenpress.com)
  • BMPs comprise the largest subfamily of TGF-beta and belong to a group of noncollagen proteins. (allenpress.com)
  • It shares 85% aa sequence identity with human BMP-4 and less than 51% with other BMPs. (novusbio.com)
  • Local factors, including transcription factors such as SRY-box 9 protein (SOX9), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), along with signaling pathways such as the Wnt pathway, play critical roles in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. (pfmjournal.org)
  • VEGF has the potential to enhance BMPs-induced bone formation. (springeropen.com)
  • Expression of particular growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) during the healing suggests a possible role for these secreted factors in bone repair. (springeropen.com)
  • We illustrated for the first time in a human model the three main stages of osteogenic development, and we could show the diverse regulation of the SMAD pathways by TGF-β2 and BMPs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) belongs to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, which is expressed in dental pulp tissues. (ispub.com)
  • Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, which is a subgroup of the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) superfamily. (ispub.com)
  • Numerous secreted and cell surface proteins relevant to airway inflammation and remodeling are initially synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, including growth/differentiation factors and their associated receptors, enzymes, adhesion molecules, neuropeptides, and peptide hormones. (molcells.org)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) are two key regulators of angiogenesis and osteogenesis and promote the endothelial and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells respectively. (springeropen.com)
  • Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture can promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • To address this question we first developed human oligonucleotide microarrays with 30.000 elements and then performed large-scale expression profiling of long-term expanded MSC and MSC during differentiation into osteoblasts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite growing experience and knowledge concerning human MSC and their use in cell-based strategies, the molecular mechanisms that govern MSC self-renewal, expansion and multilineage differentiation are not well understood and remain an active area of investigation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because of their capacity for ex vivo proliferation and differentiation they provide a good source of osteoprogenitor cells within custom-shaped scaffolds for implantable autologous bone tissue thus allowing the generation of a large transplantable cell population from a small biopsy [ 5 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For the quantification of cellular differentiation at the molecular level, osteogenic differentiation of MSCs is controlled by the interaction of hormones and transcription factors: runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2) effectuates the expression of bone-specific genes, e.g. osterix (OSX), collagen type 1 alpha-1 (COL1A1), osteocalcin (OC), and bone sialoprotein (BSP) by binding to the promoters of these genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Generally, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), COL1A1, BSP, RUNX2, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFB1), osteonectin (ON), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) are known to be early markers of osteoblastic differentiation, whereas OC and osteopontin (OPN) are expressed later in the differentiation process [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Regeneration of large bone defects is a common clinical problem. (dovepress.com)
  • To further test the osteogenic potential of the cell sheet in vivo, enhanced green fluorescent protein or BMP-2-producing cell sheets were treated on the cranial bone defects. (dovepress.com)
  • Bone loss caused by congenital defects, traumatic injury, cancer, reconstructive surgery, or periodontal disease has aroused widespread concern all over the world. (dovepress.com)
  • A bone marrow clot forms within the cartilage defect either as a result of marrow stimulation or during the course of the spontaneous repair of osteochondral defects. (hindawi.com)
  • They were first isolated from the bone marrow, and the potency of MSCs is currently being employed in the techniques of marrow stimulation for symptomatic small chondral defects. (hindawi.com)
  • If bone marrow fills a cartilage defect either as a result of marrow stimulation for chondral defects or the course of the spontaneous repair of osteochondral defects, a bone marrow clot forms within the cartilage defect. (hindawi.com)
  • However, our understanding of the genetic causality for laterality defects in human beings remains relatively limited. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Our data implicate loss of MMP21 as a cause of heterotaxy in humans with concomitant defects in Notch signaling. (bmj.com)
  • 3D printing offers the possibility to produce customized scaffolds for complex bone defects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bone tissue engineering (BTE) strategies are increasingly being used to overcome the limitations of autogenous bone grafts and existing bone-substitute materials to reconstruct such defects [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cartilage defects have long caused significant morbidity for patients and present difficulty for surgeons attempting repair. (springeropen.com)
  • Congenital heart defects affect approximately 1-5 % of human newborns each year, and of these cardiac defects 20-30 % are due to heart valve abnormalities. (springer.com)
  • Bone grafting is a common procedure in orthopaedic surgery and the implantation of autologous bone grafts supplying osteoinductive growth factors, osteogenic cells, and a structural scaffold, has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of bone defects caused by trauma, tumor, infection or congenital abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several biomaterials such as metal alloys, ceramics or bone cements have been used for decades as permanent implants to overbridge or stabilize bone defects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent advances in developing biocompatible materials for treating bone loss or defects have dramatically changed clinicians' reconstructive armory. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • To enhance the osteogenic potential of stem cell sheet, we fabricated bone morphogenetic protein 2 ( BMP-2 ) gene-engineered cell sheet using a complex of polyethylenimine-alginate (PEI-al) nanocomposites plus human BMP-2 complementary(c)DNA plasmid, and studied its osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. (dovepress.com)
  • 17 , 19 - 24 BMP-2, −4, and −7 have been shown to stimulate de novo, in vitro, and in vivo bone formation in various animal models. (allenpress.com)
  • Filion TM, Skelly JD, Huang H, Greiner DL, Ayers DC, Song J. Impaired osteogenesis of T1DM bone marrow-derived stromal cells and periosteum-derived cells and their differential in-vitro responses to growth factor rescue. (umassmed.edu)
  • Xu J, Li X, Lian JB, Ayers DC, Song J. Sustained and localized in vitro release of BMP-2/7, RANKL, and tetracycline from FlexBone, an elastomeric osteoconductive bone substitute. (umassmed.edu)
  • In vitro release studies showed there is significant retention of protein within the polymer matrix over 168 hours through physiochemical interactions. (frontiersin.org)
  • We found that upregulating Ihh signaling in the developing cartilage by treating PTHrP -/- limb explants with sonic hedgehog (Shh) protein in vitro, or overexpressing Ihh in the cartilage of PTHrP -/- embryos or inactivating patched 1( Ptch1 ), a negative regulator of hedgehog (Hh) signaling, accelerated chondrocyte hypertrophy in the PTHrP -/- embryos. (silverchair.com)
  • 1998. Cartilage‐derived morphogenetic proteins and osteogenic protein‐1 differentially regulate osteogenesis. (innspub.net)
  • BMP-7, also called osteogenic protein-1, is a member of the TGF-β superfamily of cysteine-knot fold cytokine-growth factors [ 18 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The elaboration of ePPi by chondrocytes is a bioregulable process, enhanced by transforming growth factor β, ascorbate, retinoic acid, bone morphogenetic protein, transglutaminase, and thyroid hormones and diminished by parathyroid-hormone-related peptide isoforms, insulin-like growth factor-1, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Morphorgens such as Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), retinoic acid (RA) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) secreted from the paraxial mesoderm and epidermis regulates the expression of a group of transcription factors ( Pax3, Zic1, Msx1 ) whereby defines the boarder of neural crest. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA also known as BMPR1A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMPR1A gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2007. Vitamin D receptor gene haplotype is associated with body height and bone size. (innspub.net)
  • In this study, we discover a previously unknown type of SBD and identify its causal gene, TMEM53 , which encodes nuclear envelope transmembrane (NET) protein 53 (TMEM53, also known as NET4). (nature.com)
  • Gene expression analysis indicates that esrra is expressed in developing pharyngeal arches where genes necessary for cartilage development are also expressed. (nature.com)
  • The ank gene product is one of several cell membrane proteins, including ectonucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase enzymes and alkaline phosphatase, that regulate extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate levels and thereby regulate mineralization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Signaling through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is essential for cartilage formation in primary cultures of limb mesenchyme. (biologists.com)
  • Taken together, our results indicate for the first time that ESRRa is essential for cartilage development by regulating sox9 expression during vertebrate development. (nature.com)
  • Functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis resulted in the differentially expressed proteins in the FM and OA groups are mostly involved in the coagulation and complement system-related pathways, serotonin pathways, dopamine pathways, glutamate pathways and acute phase reactions. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • 2011. Genome-wide association study using extreme truncate selection identifies novel genes affecting bone mineral density and fracture risk. (innspub.net)
  • Exploration of genes that cause SBD has significantly improved our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate bone formation. (nature.com)
  • Loss of function analysis shows that knockdown of esrra impairs expression of genes including sox9, col2a1, sox5, sox6, runx2 and col10a1 thus induces abnormally formed cartilage in pharyngeal arches. (nature.com)
  • Expression of esrra is colocalised with genes necessary for cartilage development in pharyngeal arches during zebrafish embryogenesis. (nature.com)
  • During the last years, her group have explored the amazing functional diversity of collagen genes during development and analyzed possible links between defective collagen function and human diseases, using combined approaches including functional genomics, biochemistry, cell biology and integrative biology. (sfbmec.fr)
  • Biomaterials for meniscus and cartilage in knee surgery: state of the art. (mayo.edu)
  • Much research is currently ongoing into new therapies for cartilage defect repair with new biomaterials frequently appearing which purport to have significant regenerative capacity. (springeropen.com)
  • These biomaterials may be classified as medical devices, and as such must undergo rigorous testing before they are implanted in humans. (springeropen.com)
  • A wide range of synthetic and natural biomaterials is being used to develop tissue-engineered bone. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • Incorporation of carbon nanostructures significantly improves the mechanical properties of various biomaterials to mimic that of natural bone. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • In 1965, Urist recognized BMP as an important factor in osteogenesis and bone formation [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Osteogenesis and angiogenesis are two closely correlated processes during bone growth, development, remodeling, and repair. (springeropen.com)
  • 1 The obstacles of current bone substitutes include the limited amounts of donor bone, the bone resorption of autografts, the risk of disease transmission and graft rejection of allografts, and the shortage of osteoinductive property for synthetic grafts. (dovepress.com)
  • In addition, bone grafts are frequently used for spinal fusion, joint revision surgery, corrective osteotomy and bone reconstruction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BMP-2 induces chondrocyte proliferation, endochondral bone formation, longitudinal bone growth, and bone and cartilage repair (6, 7). (novusbio.com)
  • This review provides an overview of the structural aspects of the growth plate, factors influencing chondrocyte function, and their impact on longitudinal bone growth. (pfmjournal.org)
  • This, in turn, precipitates chondrocyte apoptosis, thereby, osteoblasts invade the hypertrophic zone and bone formation occurs [ 5 ]. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Signaling mechanisms involved in the regulation of ePPi formation are poorly understood, but adenylyl cyclase activation decreases and protein kinase C activation increases the accumulation of ePPi in media surrounding cartilage or chondrocyte cultures [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current clinical procedures include bone marrow stimulation techniques, cartilage plug transplant, and expanded autologous chondrocyte implantation (Camp et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Chondrocyte hypertrophy is an essential process required for endochondral bone formation. (silverchair.com)
  • Proper regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy is also required in postnatal cartilage homeostasis. (silverchair.com)
  • Furthermore, we show that upregulated Hh signaling in the postnatal cartilage led to accelerated chondrocyte hypertrophy during secondary ossification, which in turn caused reduction of joint cartilage. (silverchair.com)
  • Our results revealed a novel role of Ihh signaling in promoting chondrocyte hypertrophy independently of PTHrP , which is particularly important in postnatal cartilage development and homeostasis. (silverchair.com)
  • In addition, we found that bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the cartilage may both mediate the effect of upregulated Ihh signaling in promoting chondrocyte hypertrophy. (silverchair.com)
  • Triad of cartilage restoration for unicompartmental arthritis treatment in young patients: meniscus allograft transplantation, cartilage repair and osteotomy. (rush.edu)
  • Between 1999 and 2001 he worked as an expert in the clinic for aesthetic, plastic and reconstructive surgery at the medical faculty of the University of Ege. (estetiks.net)
  • Although VEGF can control hypertrophic cartilage structure and vascularity within the developing growth plate (Gittens & Uludage, 2001 ), BMP-2 pro-protein contains four glycosylation sites. (springeropen.com)
  • Analyses of the molecular pathophysiology using the primary cells from the Tmem53 -/- mice and the TMEM53 knock-out cell lines indicates that TMEM53 inhibits BMP signaling in osteoblast lineage cells by blocking cytoplasm-nucleus translocation of BMP2-activated Smad proteins. (nature.com)
  • 2002. Determination of bone size of hip, spine, and wrist in human pedigrees by genetic and lifestyle factors. (innspub.net)
  • In the United States, these proteins are commercially available INFUSE Bone Graft since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in July 2002 for its use in anterior lumbar interbody fusion. (allenpress.com)
  • After reaching a fracture threshold, bone that was normally able to withstand a minor stress, such as a fall or blow, becomes subject to break or fracture more easily. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Bilkay U , Argon M, Bilkay Ü, Gurler T,Kumanlioğlu K: The value of Bone Scan in Mandibular fracture treatment. (estetiks.net)
  • Oblique: The fracture line crosses the bone at roughly a 45-degree angle to the bone's axis. (binary-options-guide.com)
  • All dogs were divided into four equal groups ( n = 3 each): chitosan non-medicated (CH) (NM), chitosan medicated (CH) (M), chitosan bioglass non-medicated (CH.BG) (NM), and Chitosan Bioglass Medicated (CH.BG) (M). VEGF and BMP-2 were evaluated during fracture healing. (springeropen.com)
  • Importantly, a single injection of β-NGF loaded PEGDMA microrods resulted in improved fracture healing as indicated by a significant increase in the percent bone in the fracture callus, trabecular connective density, and bone mineral density relative to soluble β-NGF control indicating improved drug retention within the tissue. (frontiersin.org)
  • We demonstrate a novel and translational method wherein β-NGF can be encapsulated within PEGDMA microrods for local delivery and that β-NGF bioactivity is maintained resulting in improved bone fracture repair. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition to interacting with certain humoral factors that regulate bone homeostasis, VEGF can interact synergistically with osteogenic proteins, such as BMP-2, to promote bone formation and bone healing by enhancing cell recruitment, prolonging cell survival, and increasing angiogenesis. (springeropen.com)
  • However, GBR has different clinical limitations, including increased treatment time, 1 limited predictability for vertical bone augmentation, 1 risk of infection subsequent to membrane exposure, 2 and technique sensitivity. (allenpress.com)
  • The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap in our understanding between the basic science knowledge on MSCs and BMA and the clinical and technical aspects of marrow stimulation-based cartilage repair by examining available data on the role and mechanisms of MSCs and BMA in osteochondral repair. (hindawi.com)
  • Ultimately, there is a need for randomised controlled trials on human populations to apply these findings to a clinical setting. (openorthopaedicsjournal.com)
  • Biochemical parameters along with clinical and radiographical provide sound knowledge on the degree of bone healing with the use of chitosan bio-glass medicated by risedronate sodium drug. (springeropen.com)
  • Reconstruction of advanced maxillofacial bone deficiencies is a clinical challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, their low frequency in bone marrow necessitate ex vivo expansion for further clinical application. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review examines the in vivo models in current use for cartilage defect repair testing and the relevance of each in the context of generated results and applicability to bringing the device to clinical practice. (springeropen.com)
  • Each has advantages and disadvantages, in the assessment of the clinical potential of new materials the model that most closely representing human anatomy and physiology of healing should be considered. (springeropen.com)
  • One such pathway, angiogenesis mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is important for the coupling of cartilage resorption and mineralized bone formation during endochondral ossification in bone development (Huang et al. (springeropen.com)
  • These effects of VEGF lead to enhanced cartilage formation, accelerated resorption, and improved bone formation (Hu & Olsen, 2016 ). (springeropen.com)
  • Although those bone substitutes have proven utility, they have often resulted in complications such as stress shielding-induced resorption of the surrounding bone and fatigue failure of the implant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Securing Transplanted Meniscal Allografts Using Bone Plugs Results in Lower Risks of Graft Failure and Reoperations: A Meta-analysis. (mayo.edu)
  • Assess of VEGF and BMP-2 reflecting the effect of hybrid bioactive chitosan-glass graft on bone remodeling in experimental animal models. (springeropen.com)
  • The application of allograft bone as an alternative treatment option carries the potential risk of infection and graft failure as a consequence of the reduced osteoinducitvity of allograft bone [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 2 ] It can be thought of as primarily a degenerative disorder with inflammatory components arising from the biochemical breakdown of articular (hyaline) cartilage in the synovial joints. (medscape.com)
  • In this report, we establish an in vivo role of Esrra in cartilage development during embryogenesis in zebrafish. (nature.com)
  • In vivo CT revealed comparable bone formation after 4, 8 and 12 weeks in all groups. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study we asked if human MSC are developing in an aberrant or unwanted way during ex vivo long-term cultivation and if cultivation conditions exert any influence on their stem cell maintenance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the abnormal growth of bone in soft connective tissues that occurs as a frequent complication in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and in rare genetic disorders. (mdpi.com)
  • However, aside from muscle development, the roles of ESRRs in other tissues including bone and cartilage have just begun to be investigated 10 . (nature.com)
  • A cell membrane protein, ANK, affects ePPi concentrations and the balance of mineralization in articular tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Postnatal stem cells have been sourced from umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord, bone marrow, peripheral blood, body fat, and almost all body tissues, including the pulp tissue of teeth 8 . (bvsalud.org)
  • A range of factors require consideration when selecting an appropriate animal model for the assessment of biomaterial strategies for cartilage repair. (springeropen.com)
  • Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. (novusbio.com)
  • BAIBA (C 4 H 9 NO 2 ) is a small, non-protein myokine with a molecular weight of 103.6 Da that was first discovered in human urine in 1951 [ 11 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • BTE aims to combine the cellular ( osteogenic cells), extracellular ( osteoconductive scaffolds) and/or molecular elements ( osteoinductive growth factors) required for bone healing [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results indicated that the BMP-2-producing cell sheet group was more efficient than other groups in promoting bone formation in the defect area. (dovepress.com)
  • 3 To overcome some of these difficulties, research has been driven toward the use of bioactive molecules to induce local bone formation. (allenpress.com)
  • Therefore, understanding the mechanisms behind ectopic bone formation in response to TBI is likely to have a significant impact on identification of novel therapeutic targets for HO treatment. (mdpi.com)
  • A focus is on the steps of mobilization of cells from the subchondral bone and repair tissue formation, including adherence of the bone marrow clot to the subchondral bone. (hindawi.com)
  • Podkowa M, Zhao X, Chow CW, Coffey ET, Davis RJ, Attisano L. Microtubule stabilization by bone morphogenetic protein receptor-mediated scaffolding of c-Jun N-terminal kinase promotes dendrite formation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Bone formation represents a heritable trait regulated by many signals and complex mechanisms. (nature.com)
  • Pathogenic variants in the patients impair the TMEM53-mediated blocking effect, thus leading to overactivated BMP signaling that promotes bone formation and contributes to the SBD phenotype. (nature.com)
  • Our results establish a previously unreported SBD entity (craniotubular dysplasia, Ikegawa type) and contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of BMP signaling and bone formation. (nature.com)
  • Its function remains unclear, particularly in bone formation. (nature.com)
  • Our findings establish a previously unreported SBD entity and demonstrate a regulatory mechanism in the BMP signaling pathway that impacts bone formation and development. (nature.com)
  • Accordingly, ectopic expression of sox9 rescues defective formation of cartilage induced by the knockdown of esrra . (nature.com)
  • The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) family of growth factors plays critical roles in bone formation. (springeropen.com)
  • Recombinant human/mouse/rat BMP-2 (355-BM) induces alkaline phosphatase production in the ATDC5 mouse chondrogenic cell line. (novusbio.com)
  • Nasal mucosal inflammation induces remodeling processes within the mucosa characterized by changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition, macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration, and histological structure. (molcells.org)
  • Knockdown of esrra induces abnormally formed cartilage structure in pharyngeal arches. (nature.com)
  • Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRa) regulates a number of cellular processes including development of bone and muscles. (nature.com)
  • Myokines are small proteins (5-20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and secreted by skeletal muscle cells in response to muscle contractions. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • After the cleavage of the signal peptide, the protein is processed into various bioactive endogenous peptides, such as apelin-13, -16, -17, and -36 [ 3 ] , which are widely expressed in various organs. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Its abnormalities manifest themselves in various diseases, including sclerosing bone disorder (SBD). (nature.com)
  • Sclerosing bone disorder (SBD) is a heterogeneous group of monogenic diseases characterized by increased bone density. (nature.com)
  • This review will examine the strengths and weaknesses of the various animal models currently in use in preclinical studies of cartilage repair. (springeropen.com)
  • 7 Wherever possible, healthcare providers can instruct clients about natural therapies that may be equally effective for specific health conditions, but present a substantially lower risk for interfering with bone density. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Injectable therapies designed to stimulate bone healing represent an exciting alternative to surgically implanted biologics, however, the translation of effective osteoinductive therapies remains challenging due to the need for safe and effective drug delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • The growth plate, a complex of cartilaginous structures situated between the epiphysis and the metaphysis of the long bones, orchestrates the process of endochondral ossification, which determines the linear growth of long bones [ 1 - 3 ]. (pfmjournal.org)
  • In particular, ESRR alpha (ESRRa) and ESRR gamma (ESRRg) are key metabolic regulators of energy homeostasis and abnormal functions of these proteins are linked to metabolic syndromes including diabetes and fatty liver disease 5 . (nature.com)
  • After training as an assistant in 1999, he became a specialist in aesthetic, plastic and reconstructive surgery. (estetiks.net)
  • Taken together, these observations suggest a role of matrix metalloproteinases in the establishment of asymmetric organ development, likely through the regulation of morphogenetic signals. (bmj.com)
  • The association between loss or down-regulation of E-cadherin, an epithelial cell-cell adhesion protein, and progression of breast cancer has been extensively documented [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Noncanonical regulation of phosphatidylserine metabolism by a Sec14-like protein and a lipid kinase. (tamu.edu)
  • Bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) is critically involved in many developmental processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The additional application of a bone marrow aspirate (BMA) to the procedure of marrow stimulation is thought to enhance cartilage repair as it may provide both an additional cell population capable of chondrogenesis and a source of growth factors stimulating cartilage repair. (hindawi.com)
  • In the orthopaedic field, additional application of a bone marrow aspirate (BMA) to the procedure of marrow stimulation has been recently studied, since the bone marrow itself is both a source of MSCs, providing a cell population capable of chondrogenesis and of various growth factors stimulating cartilage repair [ 7 - 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Intermuscular bones (IBs) are slender linear bones embedded in muscle, which ossify from tendons through a process of intramembranous ossification, and only exist in basal teleosts. (zoores.ac.cn)
  • Endochondral ossification is a major bone-forming process in vertebrate skeletal development. (silverchair.com)
  • The concomitant decrease in cartilage fraction supports our prior work showing that β-NGF promotes endochondral conversion of cartilage to bone to accelerate healing. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mobilized pluripotent MSCs from the subchondral bone migrate into the defect filled with the clot, differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and form a repair tissue over time. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, development and genetic studies have shown that GDF-5 null mutation or transgenic mice exhibit abnormal growth patterns or overgrowth of limbs, long bones, cartilage, joints and digits (Storm et al. (ispub.com)
  • Long bone growth is a fundamental determinant of final height. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Long bone growth plays a pivotal role in determining overall height. (pfmjournal.org)
  • The responsible nonsense mutation affects the protein product of ank, resulting in diminished production of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate, an important inhibitor of nucleation and of the growth of apatite crystals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Murine models of hypophosphatasia indicate that the nucleation and initial growth of BCP crystals within matrix vesicles of mineralizing bone are normal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Allograft reconstruction for glenoid bone loss in glenohumeral instability: a systematic review. (rush.edu)
  • Researchers have investigated the use of monoclonal antibodies, synovial fluid markers, and urinary pyridinium cross-links (ie, breakdown products of cartilage) as osteoarthritic indicators. (medscape.com)