• In the United States, recombinant human growth hormone is used in the pediatric population to treat short stature due to growth hormone deficiency (including idiopathic [of unknown cause] growth hormone deficiency), Turner syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) deficiency, chronic renal insufficiency, idiopathic short stature and children small for gestational age. (fda.gov)
  • The risk of death was reported to be increased when doses of recombinant growth hormone that are higher than what is normally prescribed for pediatric growth hormone deficiency were used. (fda.gov)
  • The approved doses in the United States for pediatric growth hormone deficiency are below 50 mcg/kg/day, except during puberty, when a higher dose regimen is approved for a limited duration of time.For short stature indications other than growth hormone deficiency, doses up to 69 mcg/kg/day (0.48 mg/kg/week) are currently approved. (fda.gov)
  • 1. The effect of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on urinary sodium excretion, total body water, the renin-angiotensin system and erythrocyte sodium metabolism was investigated in 16 adults with growth hormone deficiency. (portlandpress.com)
  • Hyposomatotropism is a deficiency in the release of pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin), resulting in short stature. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) typically have hyperlipidemia, increased body fat, premature atherosclerotic plaques, delayed bone maturation, and impaired cardiac function. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD), or hyposomatotropism, remains controversial. (medscape.com)
  • Of those patients, 2,923 (65.8%) had growth hormone deficiency (GHD), 650 (14.6%) were born small for gestational age (SGA), 606 (13.6%) were diagnosed with idiopathic short stature (ISS), 253 (5.7%) had Turner syndrome (TS) and 10 (0.2%) had chronic renal failure (CRF). (eurospe.org)
  • Growth hormone deficiency and hypocortisolemia also can cause hypoglycemia associated with low insulin levels, possibly by unopposed insulin action and decreased ketogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Hypoglycemia associated with elevated insulin levels makes certain disorders unlikely, such as defects in gluconeogenesis, free fatty acid synthesis and ketogenesis, growth hormone deficiency, and cortisol deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Valtropin® is Biopartners' biosimilar rhGH for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency and Turner's Syndrome. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)
  • This highlights the clinical importance of hGH production in the treatment of different diseases associated with a deficiency of this hormone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • What is a growth hormone deficiency? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of growth hormone deficiency (GHD)? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a rare condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • He demonstrated clinical and laboratory signs of growth hormone deficiency but was denied treatment with hGH through the US government-supported National Hormone and Pituitary Program (NHPP) because he did not meet the height requirement. (cdc.gov)
  • FDA indications in children include GH deficiency (GHD), Turner syndrome, idiopathic short stature, small for gestational age with failure to attain normal growth percentiles, Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), chronic renal insufficiency, Noonan syndrome, and short stature due to short stature homeobox gene haploinsufficiency. (ajmc.com)
  • The treatment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children and adults has been impacted greatly by the availability of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH). (ajmc.com)
  • In adults, Genotropin is used to treat persons with pronounced growth hormone deficiency. (pfizer.co.uk)
  • If an individual has been treated with Genotropin for growth hormone deficiency during childhood, their growth hormone status will be retested after completion of growth. (pfizer.co.uk)
  • If severe growth hormone deficiency is confirmed, the doctor will propose that the patient continues with the Genotropin treatment. (pfizer.co.uk)
  • IGF-I deficiency can be the result of GH resistance or insensitivity due to genetic disorders of the GH receptor causing GH receptor deficiency (growth hormone receptor deficiency [GHRD], Laron syndrome) or postreceptor defects, including the principal transduction agent STAT5b, the IGF-I/IGFBP3 stabilizer acid labile subunit (ALS), the IGF-I gene, or the IGF-I receptor. (medscape.com)
  • Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic multisystem disorder characterized during infancy by lethargy, diminished muscle tone (hypotonia), a weak suck and feeding difficulties with poor weight gain and growth and other hormone deficiency. (rarediseases.org)
  • Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency. (umassmed.edu)
  • Type 3 renal tubular acidosis associated with growth hormone deficiency. (umassmed.edu)
  • The main therapeutic goal of growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency are to enable short children to achieve normal height, with early improvement of the psychosocial problems related to short stature. (medscape.com)
  • The growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency and vascular risk. (medscape.com)
  • Short-term effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment or deprivation on cardiovascular risk parameters and intima-media thickness at carotid arteries in patients with severe GH deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Colao A, Di Somma C, Rota F, Pivonello R, Savanelli MC, Spiezia S. Short-term effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment or deprivation on cardiovascular risk parameters and intima-media thickness at carotid arteries in patients with severe GH deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Maison P, Chanson P. Cardiac effects of growth hormone in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • The influence of growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone replacement therapy, and other aspects of hypopituitarism on fracture rate and bone mineral density. (medscape.com)
  • Effect of growth hormone replacement on BMD in adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Bex M, Abs R, Maiter D, Beckers A, Lamberigts G, Bouillon R. The effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on bone metabolism in adult-onset growth hormone deficiency: a 2-year open randomized controlled multicenter trial. (medscape.com)
  • Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, Merriam GR, Vance ML,. Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. (medscape.com)
  • Decreased psychological well-being in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency is the most common pituitary hormone deficiency in children and can be isolated or accompanied by deficiency of other pituitary hormones. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency typically results in abnormally slow growth and short stature. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Growth hormone (GH) deficiency can occur in isolation or in association with generalized hypopituitarism. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In both instances, growth hormone deficiency may be acquired or congenital (including hereditary genetic causes). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Isolated growth hormone deficiency is estimated to occur in 1/4,000 to 1/10,000 children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1-3 It was designed to assess the long-term mortality of patients treated with recombinant human growth hormone during childhood. (fda.gov)
  • FDA is aware of the results of a long-term epidemiological study called SAGhE (Santé Adulte GH Enfant), which was designed to assess the long-term mortality of patients treated with recombinant human growth hormone during childhood. (fda.gov)
  • On the other hand, recombinant therapeutical proteins have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their advantages including low side effects, minimized cytotoxicity, high selectivity, and very low non-specific interactions [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By 2018, Recombinant Non-glycosylated Proteins dominated the Biosimilars sector, holding over 60% of the global market. (medgadget.com)
  • Recombinant Therapeutic Antibodies and Proteins Market Sh. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The recombinant therapeutic antibodies and proteins market is witnessing significant growth, owing to increasing approval and launch of novel products in the recent past. (pharmiweb.com)
  • For instance, according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data of 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved over 140 recombinant therapeutic proteins for human use and several hundred are currently in development. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Several of these proteins are recombinant monoclonal antibodies. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The global recombinant therapeutic antibodies and proteins market size was valued at US$ 91.2 billion in 2017, and is expected to witness a robust CAGR of 12.2% over the forecast period (2018 - 2026). (pharmiweb.com)
  • Major governments around the world are focused on supporting R&D in recombinant therapeutic antibodies and proteins, which is expected to boost growth of the market. (pharmiweb.com)
  • High prevalence of rare disorders is also contributing to growth of the recombinant therapeutic antibodies and proteins market. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The most critical of these proteins is the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b), which couples GH binding to the activation of gene expression that leads to the intracellular effects of GH, including synthesis of IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and ALS. (medscape.com)
  • The treatment of TS differs according to age and Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (RHGH) therapy is usually given for the treatment of short stature in girls with TS in childhood. (cdlib.org)
  • Achievement of final adult height consistent with a child's genetic potential remains the primary therapeutic endpoint for recombinanat human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy in the pediatric population. (medscape.com)
  • The commercial introduction of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in 1985 dramatically changed the field of therapy for growth hormone (GH). (medscape.com)
  • Purification of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture supernatant by Gradiflow large-scale electrophoresis is described. (edu.au)
  • We are on track to be the first company to submit a prolonged-release formulation of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) which will cut the number of self-administered injections from once-a-day to once-a-week - a major breakthrough in hGH treatment. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)
  • The treatment of GHD in children involves injections of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Growth hormone (GH) therapy has evolved rapidly since the introduction of recombinant human GH (rhGH). (ajmc.com)
  • After the biotech company Genentech discovered and patented the gene for BST in the 1970s, it became possible to synthesize the hormone using recombinant DNA technology to create recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH), or artificial growth hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists are at odds over the dangers of recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone, or rBGH. (indyweek.com)
  • According to his findings, rBGH milk is supercharged with high levels of a natural growth factor (IGF-1), which has been identified as a potential causes of breast, colon and prostate cancer. (indyweek.com)
  • When rBGH is injected into a cow, it causes a natural growth factor, IGF-1, to be released into the body of the cow. (healthy.net)
  • GREENFIELD, Mass. (Aug. 26, 2008)-The Organic Trade Association (OTA) opposes any proposed state regulation on dairy labeling that would affect the way organic dairy products are labeled concerning the synthetic growth hormone rBGH, the association told the Indiana State Department of Agriculture's Milk Labeling Working Group at its meeting last Friday in Indianapolis, IN. (dirtdoctor.com)
  • By definition, organic farmers never have used synthetic growth hormones such as rBST or rBGH (recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone). (dirtdoctor.com)
  • Monsanto, which has been linked to the state-by-state efforts to impose restrictions on dairy labels concerning the non-use of rBGH, recently announced it is selling its POSILAC® recombinant growth hormone to Elanco, a division of Eli Lilly and Company. (dirtdoctor.com)
  • In an effort to achieve higher levels of so called efficiency, dairy producers predominately use CAFOs and the hormone rBGH to increase milk production. (greenamerica.org)
  • 2 Other relatively rare conditions that also affect growth in children are Turner syndrome (TS), small for gestational age (SGA) (with failure to attain the lower portion of the normal growth curve by age 2), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), Noonan syndrome, and short stature due to short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene haploinsufficiency ( Table 1 ). (ajmc.com)
  • The diagnostic criteria for GHD are initially based on short stature with a height of 2 standard deviations (SDs) less than the normal population mean, and growth failure, regardless of when during development the growth failure initiates. (ajmc.com)
  • Recombinant bovine somatotropin (usually "rBST"), is a synthetic version of the bovine growth hormone given to dairy cattle by injection to increase milk production. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bacteria are grown in bioreactors, then broken up and separated from the rBST, which is purified to produce the injectable hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effects are mediated by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, which is upregulated in response to BST or rBST administration in well-fed cows. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bovine somatotropin or bovine somatotrophin (abbreviated bST and BST), or bovine growth hormone (BGH), is a peptide hormone produced by cows' pituitary glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • The production of recombinant mature hormone in suitable hosts and secretion of this therapeutic protein into the extracellular space can be considered as one of the best cost-effective approaches not only to obtain the active form of the protein but also endotoxin-free preparation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Key players in the market are focused on combining various methodologies to develop novel recombinant therapeutic drugs. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Use of several recombinant methodologies has enhanced the half-life, functionality, and targeting ability of new therapeutic protein drugs. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Some of the widely adopted recombinant therapeutic products are monoclonal antibodies that can be produced using various platform-based approaches. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The market growth is restricted by stringent regulations that govern the performance and safety of recombinant therapeutic drugs. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The most common non-therapeutic uses of antibiotics are for prevention of disease and growth promotion. (greenamerica.org)
  • Radiation of the spine, either prophylactic or therapeutic, may further impair the growth potential of the vertebrae and further jeopardize height gain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Recombinant Peptides segment was estimated to be valued at USD 656.81 million in 2019 and is expected to reach USD 5.75 Billion by the year 2027. (medgadget.com)
  • Recombinant human growth hormone is a protein that is manufactured to be nearly identical to the main form of the naturally occurring human growth hormone. (fda.gov)
  • and low serum insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and/or insulin growth factor binding protein-3. (ajmc.com)
  • Even if a protein is very complex in structure, which could be a limitation in recombinant, because your body makes it, it knows how to do it. (medscape.com)
  • However, heterogeneity of the markers or multiple sources of the target compound, e.g. pregnancy, hormone producing tumor, doping etc. can sometime cause in difficulty of decision making. (wada-ama.org)
  • Treatment usually involves specific hormone replacement and removal of any causative tumor. (msdmanuals.com)
  • endocrinopathies result when the tumor produces hormones or destroys hormone-producing tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This significant reduction in iCJD was attributed to the 1977 introduction of a highly selective, column chromatography step in the hormone purification protocol that can markedly reduce prion infectivity ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Hypopituitarism can be primary (a pituitary disorder) or secondary to interference with hypothalamic secretion of specific releasing hormones that control anterior pituitary hormone (GH, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH) production. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Congenital causes include abnormalities of the GH-releasing hormone receptor and of the GH1 gene and certain central nervous system (CNS) malformations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rockville, MD, May 29, 2020 - The U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) published a Compendial Notice and Prospectus today, reinforcing USP's commitment to the introduction of recombinant Factor C (rFC) - a synthetic alternative to naturally sourced reagents derived from horseshoe crabs - into the official text of the USP-NF . (usp.org)
  • The statement about non-use of synthetic growth hormones organic farmers and their dairies make on their dairy product labels is an organic process claim authorized under OFPA," Gagnon wrote. (dirtdoctor.com)
  • Monsanto had been working along the same lines and struck a deal with Genentech in 1979 to license Genentech's patents and collaborate on development of a recombinant version of BST - a process on which Monsanto would invest $300 million. (wikipedia.org)
  • What happens when Fox news does an investigative report on the huge corporation Monsanto and it's bioengineered hormone recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone ? (formerfatguyblog.com)
  • Monsanto manufacturers a genetically engineered hormone called recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone which has created controversy since it's introduction a few years ago. (formerfatguyblog.com)
  • What is so obvious from this little incident, beyond the issues with dairy products, bioengineered hormones, big corporations like Monsanto and many other issues is that single fact that one person (Rupert Murdoch) can own so many television stations and manufacture the news. (formerfatguyblog.com)
  • In 2018, FDA approved the first drug that used an endotoxin test based on the recombinant Factor C (rFC) reagent. (usp.org)
  • At this time, FDA recommends that patients continue their recombinant human growth hormone treatment as prescribed by their healthcare provider. (fda.gov)
  • The study population was based on a mandatory registry of patients in France who received recombinant human growth hormone treatment during childhood between 1985 and 1996 and whose vital status and cause of death was determined through September 2009. (fda.gov)
  • 1-3 This study was based on a mandatory registry of patients in France treated with recombinant growth hormone during childhood between 1985 and 1996. (fda.gov)
  • 3. One week of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone caused a decrease in urinary sodium excretion in 9/10 patients and an increase in erythrocyte sodium content. (portlandpress.com)
  • Retrospective growth and treatment data for 29 Glasgow patients were compared with those of 26 Scottish patients. (nih.gov)
  • La présente analyse récapitule les facteurs pathologiques majeurs liant l'obésité au diabète, en se concentrant sur les données épidémiologiques actuelles relatives aux patients diabétiques obèses dans le monde arabe, l'étiologie de la maladie et les déterminants génétiques du diabète et de l'obésité. (who.int)
  • The investigators report a 30% increased risk of death with recombinant human growth hormone therapy compared to the general population, with 93 observed deaths in the treated group versus 70 expected deaths in the general population in France. (fda.gov)
  • Acquired forms of GH insensitivity include the rare GH1 mutation (in which GH inhibiting antibodies develop after a few months of replacement therapy with recombinant GH) and, far more commonly, malnutrition, hepatic disease, renal disease, and diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Quintos JB, Hodax JK, Gonzales-Ellis BA, Phornphutkul C, Wajnrajch MP, Boney CM. Efficacy of growth hormone therapy in Kearns-Sayre syndrome: the KIGS experience. (umassmed.edu)
  • Short bowel syndrome in conjunction with nutritional support and recombinant human growth hormone therapy. (empr.com)
  • Cummings DE, Merriam GR. Growth hormone therapy in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Svensson J, Bengtsson BA, Rosen T, Oden A, Johannsson G. Malignant disease and cardiovascular morbidity in hypopituitary adults with or without growth hormone replacement therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment was halted in 1985 because of iCJD concerns and resumed 2 years later with recombinant hGH. (cdc.gov)
  • When the supply of growth hormone (GH) was limited to extracts from human pituitary tissue, only the most severely affected children received treatment. (ajmc.com)
  • It is recombinant meaning it is not made from human or animal tissue. (pfizer.co.uk)
  • Metabolic Signalling in Muscle- and Adipose-tissue Following Insulin Withdrawal and Growth Hormone Injection. (druglib.com)
  • 4. Six months of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone caused significant increases in total body water, erythrocyte sodium content and sodium transmembrane influx. (portlandpress.com)
  • 5. The enhanced erythrocyte sodium transport, if this reflects what happens in the renal tubular cell, combined with a decrease in urinary sodium excretion, during treatment with recombinant human growth hormone could indicate an increase in tubular sodium reabsorption induced by the hormone. (portlandpress.com)
  • While the evidence does strongly suggest that Anavar treatment is safe, it is also cheap compared to a comparable anabolic dose of recombinant human growth hormoneand is more effective in raising IGF-1 levels. (marsfam.net)
  • Univariate analysis of the Glasgow group's FH - PAH with a number of growth and treatment variables identified no statistically significant relationships. (nih.gov)
  • As GHD may continue to cause problems when a person's growth is complete, those who receive treatment as children may continue to do so as they get older. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Morgan K, Van Dommelen P, Batista AR, Koledova E. Observed High Adherence to Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment Using a Multi-Component Approach to Improve Adherence in Individuals with Growth Disorders. (umassmed.edu)
  • The incidence rates of all adverse events (AEs) were assessed for safety analysis, and the height velocity (HV), height standard deviation score (SDS) and inulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were evaluated for efficacy. (eurospe.org)
  • Prohibited glycoprotein hormones such as ESA, hCG, FSH etc. are currently tested by immunological methods, and the decision is made by immuno-blotting electrophoresis or by comparing concentration with the applicable threshold. (wada-ama.org)
  • Our first year results represented that recombinant and human glycoprotein hormone can be isolated by stereo specific lectin-glycane interactions, and the recombinant fraction does not show any human type glycane specific lectin interactions. (wada-ama.org)
  • Prohibited glycoprotein hormones are currently tested by immunological methods with the result evaluation using the applicable threshold or by comparing the isoform profile with that of the reference standard as no procedure yet available to identify their origins. (wada-ama.org)
  • Human Growth Hormone (hGH) is a glycoprotein released from the pituitary gland. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) belongs to the family of insulin-like growth factors that are structurally homologous to proinsulin. (joplink.net)
  • The insulin-like growth factors, isolated from plasma, are structurally and functionally related to insulin but have a much higher growth-promoting activity. (joplink.net)
  • In addition, these animals are commonly given hormones and growth factors that, when you ingest them, speed up breast-cell division. (healthy.net)
  • They cannot be given any antibiotics, hormones, or growth factors. (healthy.net)
  • In September 2019, the USP Microbiology Expert Committee proposed the inclusion of recombinant factors for endotoxin testing in an existing chapter of the USP-NF that is harmonized across Europe, Japan and the US. (usp.org)
  • Increasing R&D of monoclonal antibody drugs for novel clinical indications is also expected to boost growth of the market. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The diagnosis of GHD is a multifaceted process requiring comprehensive clinical and auxologic assessment combined with biochemical testing of the GH-insulinlike growth factor (IGF) axis and radiologic evaluation. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis involves measurement of pituitary hormone levels and CT or MRI to detect structural pituitary anomalies or brain tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Turner syndrome is a chromosomal error in girls that can affect growth. (pfizer.co.uk)
  • This bioengineered hormone, similar but not identical to a hormone naturally produced by the cow, forces the cow to produce more milk than their bodies naturally would. (formerfatguyblog.com)
  • Entire herds or flocks are continually given low doses of antibiotics in their feed or water to prevent disease and promote growth, two things that would happen naturally if animals had more natural living conditions and access to pasture. (greenamerica.org)
  • As I said earlier, there are two main ways for scientists to make recombinant DNA. (thetech.org)
  • Those possibly exposed to recombinant DNA will include not only scientists, but also technicians, maintenance and custodial personnel. (cdc.gov)
  • If the patient has growth disturbance due to chronic renal (kidney) insufficiency. (pfizer.co.uk)
  • When a scientist changes a gene it is called recombinant technology. (thetech.org)
  • The rapid growth of recombinant DNA technology in pharmaceutical, chemical, agricultur al, energy and food processing facets of the economy indicated the need for careful evaluation of health risks to workers in these areas. (cdc.gov)
  • Guidelines for the use and safety of genetic engineering techniques or recombinant DNA technology. (who.int)
  • THP-1 cells, a model system for monocytes, were least sensitive to the application of hgh due to the lack of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production. (wada-ama.org)
  • HGH modifies a variety of physiological functions by stimulating the expression of insulin-like growth factor I, and increases calcium retention and bone mineralization. (cancertools.org)
  • Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the effector of growth induced by growth hormone (GH). (medscape.com)
  • Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) is a huge promoter of breast cancer, as well as prostate and colon cancers. (healthy.net)
  • We report a case of NICTH associated with paraneoplastic insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) production and review current relevant medical literature. (medscape.com)
  • CAFO operators use antibiotics to make up for the concentrated confinement of animals, unsanitary living conditions, and the use of hormones. (greenamerica.org)