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Theca CellsThyroid HormonesGranulosa CellsJuvenile HormonesThyroglobulinThyroid GlandCorpora AllataOvarian FollicleIodidesOvaryIodide PeroxidaseAndrostenedioneMonoiodotyrosineGoiterHormonesThyroxineLuteinizing HormoneCongenital HypothyroidismFollicle Stimulating HormoneCholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage EnzymeTriiodothyronineSteroidsCockroachesThyrotropinIodineAntithyroid AgentsRNA, MessengerProgesteroneFollicular AtresiaHypothyroidismGrowth HormonePituitary GlandPerchloratesSteroid 17-alpha-HydroxylasePropylthiouracilLuteinizationMethimazoleEstradiolGonadal Steroid HormonesOvulationChorionic GonadotropinCattleCells, CulturedMolecular Sequence DataPituitary NeoplasmsThecomaProlactinFollicular FluidFollicular PhaseGene Expression RegulationKineticsSteroidogenic Factor 1Corpus LuteumParathyroid HormoneBase SequenceAromataseGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneAdrenal GlandsCell LineGonadotropins, EquineGrowth Differentiation Factor 9Luteal CellsAmino Acid SequenceAndrogensGonadotropinsInsulin-Like Growth Factor IReceptors, Thyroid HormoneReproductionReceptors, LHPolycystic Ovary SyndromeHuman Growth HormoneSignal TransductionReceptors, GonadotropinAdrenocorticotropic HormoneSwineImmunohistochemistryTestosteroneInhibinsReceptors, FSHProtein BiosynthesisChickensGonadotropins, PituitaryOocytesReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionPituitary HormonesColforsinEstrous CycleGene ExpressionRelaxinSheepPregnenoloneTime FactorsEstrusParacrine CommunicationRats, Sprague-DawleyInsulinCyclic AMPTranscription, GeneticCulture Media, Serum-FreeStimulation, Chemical
Follicle stimulaOvariesEstrogensGranulosa and theca cellsSteroid hormoneTestosteroneAndrogensCorpus luteumAndrostenedioneGonadotropin-releasiInternaOvaryDHEAEstradiolInsulinRegulateGnRHOvulationCortisolEndogenousProteinAdrenalSteroidsReceptorsFolliclesGenesBasalStimulationGonadalMetabolismFemalesLeydigGonadsThyroid hormonePituitaryFollicularActivatesOocyteSecretesFertilityProliferationRegulationStromalGeneBovineMolecularInhibinMembraneLigandsMammalianMechanismsDependent
Follicle stimula7
Ovaries9
  • Menopause is a term used to describe the permanent cessation of the primary functions of the human ovaries: the ripening and release of ova and the release of hormones that cause both the creation of the uterine lining and the subsequent shedding of the uterine lining. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • In affected ovaries, oxygenation of follicular fluid is low, ultrastructural disturbances especially of mitochondria, occur in granulosa cells and oocytes, and considerable disturbances of meiosis occur. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ovaries produce 25% of circulating testosterone, which is dependent on luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted by the anterior pituitary. (medscape.com)
  • In females, specialized cells in the ovaries called theca cells make testosterone. (tabadc.org)
  • When it comes to the ovaries, the pituitary hormone LH causes the uptake of cholesterol into and the production of pregnenolone within the ovarian theca cells that is then turned into testosterone. (drfionand.com)
  • During the reproductive years most estradiol in women is produced by the granulosa cells of the ovaries by aromatization of testosterone from the theca cells, or conversion of estrone to estradiol. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • COS was given to mice through the best route of administration, and the changes in ovarian and immune function were detected using assays of organ index, follicle counting, serum estrogen (E 2 ) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, and the expression of IL-2 and TNF-α in the ovaries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hypogonadism is a condition that causes decreased function of the gonads, which are the testes in males and the ovaries in females, and decreased production of sex hormones. (diseasesdic.com)
  • In the ovaries, LH acts on theca and interstitial cells to produce progestins and androgens, and FSH acts on granulosa cells to stimulate aromatization of these precursor steroids to estrogen. (diseasesdic.com)
Estrogens5
  • The synthesis and actions of these estrogens are complex. (medscape.com)
  • Steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestogens are considered "female sex hormones" although all types are present in each sex, albeit at different levels. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Estrogens are used as part of some oral contraceptives , in estrogen replacement therapy of postmenopausal women, and in hormone replacement therapy for transwomen . (wikidoc.org)
  • Synthesis of estrogens starts in theca interna cells in the ovary, by the synthesis of androstenedione from cholesterol . (wikidoc.org)
Granulosa and theca cells1
  • Ovarian steroid hormone formation takes place in the ovarian granulosa and theca cells, which work in a collaborative way for the synthesis after stimulation by the gonadotropins LH and FSH. (susannepaulus.art)
Steroid hormone7
  • Estrogen, a steroid hormone, is derived from the androgenic precursors androstenedione and testosterone by means of aromatization. (medscape.com)
  • A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Additional data suggest that BPA reduces endogenous estrogen synthesis, likely by antagonizing ovarian enzyme activities involved in sex-steroid hormone synthesis. (desdaughter.com)
  • In the ovary, SR-BI was expressed in steroidogenically active theca cells in healthy follicles and in corpus luteum, where it may enhance cholesterol uptake as a substrate for steroid hormone production. (gu.se)
  • The pleiotropic harmful effects of EDCs act through hormone-dependent downstream signaling pathways responsible for gonad development either through direct interaction with steroid hormone receptor or via epigenetic regulation. (intechopen.com)
  • A disruption of this process may result in anovulation and ovarian steroid hormone deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • The steroid hormone pathway used to explain the pregnenolone steal looks quite complicated at first glance. (drfionand.com)
Testosterone11
Androgens3
Corpus luteum3
  • The remaining cells in the follicle wall ( i.e. granulosa, membrana and periantral, theca, the theca interna and externa) develop into the corpus luteum. (glowm.com)
  • Progesterone is only produced by the theca cells after ovulation has occurred until the ovarian corpus luteum cells degenerate. (drfionand.com)
  • The fetus also has a unique hormonal system that combines not only its own developing endocrine system, but also that of the corpus luteum, placenta and maternal hormones. (edu.au)
Androstenedione1
  • Theca cells are the sole ovarian site of synthesis of DHEA, which is both a precursor of androstenedione and an essential ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), the key promoter of genes affecting fatty acid metabolism and fat transport and genes critical to mitochondrial function. (biomedcentral.com)
Gonadotropin-releasi1
Interna1
  • Outside the basal lamina, the layers theca interna and theca externa are found. (wikipedia.org)
Ovary9
  • The ovary is a dynamic female reproductive organ that undergoes many structural and functional transformations as it fulfills its two significant roles of producing female gametes and synthesizing sex steroid hormones [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • However, this procedure runs the risk of re-transplanting of malignant cells, which makes it unsuitable for patients suffering from neoplastic diseases whose malignant cells are likely to metastasize into the ovary. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Construction of an artificial ovary could be the optimal way of preserving fertility as well as protecting female cancer patients, against the re-transplantation of malignant cells, independent from type of neoplastic diseases [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • D-chiro Inositol reduces the effects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) activity in cells. (jerodtaylor.com)
  • Only a few follicles in the human ovary survive to complete the cytodifferentiation process, with 99.9% dying by a programmed cell death mechanism called apoptosis. (glowm.com)
  • We found that COS significantly increased the organ index of the ovary and immune organs, reduced the rate of follicular atresia, increased the levels of E 2 and AMH hormones, and increased the protein expression of IL-2 and TNF-α in the ovary. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was found that ovoid cells in the epithelial layer of the ovary simultaneously expressed the germ cell specific marker MVH and the proliferation of cell marker BrdU using double-immunofluorescence staining. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This discovery invalidated the "fixation theory of primordial follicle pool" and suggested for the first time the hypothesis that germ stem cells also exist in the ovary. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Niikura [ 5 ] and others observed germ cells expressing Stra8 (stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8) in the ovarian surface epithelium, indicating that there may be germ cells with meiotic function in the ovary. (biomedcentral.com)
DHEA5
  • This in turn reduces the synthesis of a hormone called DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone , which is produced both by the ovarian theca cells and the adrenal gland. (theconversation.com)
  • However, normal levels of DHEA are also required for the activation of another hormone called PPAR alpha which controls over 200 genes, especially those regulating mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell) and fat metabolism. (theconversation.com)
  • does decline in theca dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) underlie the problem? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Reduced quality and accelerated follicle loss with female reproductive aging - does decline in theca dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) underlie the problem? (biomedcentral.com)
  • With depletion of follicle numbers, inhibin B is reduced with consequent reduction in theca DHEA. (biomedcentral.com)
Estradiol7
Insulin9
  • Insulin-like protein (INSL3, INSL4, INSL5, INSL6 & INSL7/H3 Relaxin) belongs to the insulin-like hormone superfamily, which encompasses insulin, relaxin, and insulin-like growth factors I (IGF1) and II (IGF2). (phoenixbiotech.net)
  • Insulin gene superfamily hormones regulate cell growth, metabolism, and tissue-specific functions. (phoenixbiotech.net)
  • IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Human insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta-cells (β-cell) of the pancreas, and its release is dependent on glucose levels in the circulation, in addition amino acids, incretins and cholecystokinin also promote its release. (researchsquare.com)
  • 1 The main function of insulin is to maintain glucose homeostasis, enabling glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, besides acting as an anabolic hormone that favors not only the absorption of amino acids and fatty acids, but also promotes cell growth and energy storage. (researchsquare.com)
  • 2 Deficiency of insulin production or activity results in diabetes mellitus (DM), which can be either type 1 (T1DM) when there is a destruction of the β-cell by an autoimmune process, or type 2 (T2DM) in which there is a failure of the β-cell to produce insulin. (researchsquare.com)
  • Insulin is an important hormone - without which we would quickly die. (whitelotusclinic.ca)
  • Insulin directs glucose into storage within our cells and blocks the breakdown of fat since there is already abundant energy in the bloodstream after a meal. (whitelotusclinic.ca)
  • Unfortunately, having unusually high amounts of insulin after eating, or when fasting does have negative health impacts on our metabolism, hormones and cardiovascular systems. (whitelotusclinic.ca)
Regulate4
  • For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression, see therapeutic gene modulation.Regulation of gene expression includes the processes that cells and viruses use to regulate the way that the information in genes is turned into gene products. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Additionally, reproductive hormones regulate RAS activity in the cellular physiological function of ovarian follicles during pre-ovulatory maturation and ovulation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • When the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand it can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription which leads to formation of messenger RNA. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • Second, networks of genes and hormones regulate the advancement of sex determination and gonad differentiation, known as the gonadal sex phase. (lidsen.com)
GnRH1
  • Although GnRH, FSH, and LH are critically important in regulating folliculogenesis, hormones and growth factors, which are themselves products of the follicle, can act locally to modulate (amplify or attenuate) FSH and LH action. (glowm.com)
Ovulation2
  • At the time of puberty, women have approximately 200,000 to 300,000 follicles, each with the potential to release an egg cell (ovum) at ovulation for fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cumulus oophorus is a cluster of cells (called cumulus cells) that surround the oocyte both in the ovarian follicle and after ovulation. (wikipedia.org)
Cortisol3
  • The theory is that when cortisol is produced in excess (as in situations of stress), much of the available pregnenolone is used up to make cortisol, leaving less available for the formation of all of the other hormones. (drfionand.com)
  • As aample, when cortisol is produced under stress or in the context of natural circadian rhythms, the pituitary gland releases ACTH and the adrenal zona faciculata cells take in cholesterol using special proteins and use it to make pregnenolone and convert it to cortisol. (drfionand.com)
  • Given that betaine has been suggested to boost greater levels of muscle protein synthesis and can decrease cortisol levels, it makes sense to put those doses on both ends of your intense training, androgenic vs estrogenic steroids. (tdtraktorist.ru)
Endogenous3
  • Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) comprise a diverse group of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds that mimic and interfere with the endogenous chemical hormones. (intechopen.com)
  • This persons contraception status increases thrombogenicity due to reduced endogenous oestrogen status secondary to germ cells destruction by contraception, over that her consumption of hormonal pills to postpone menstruation further decreases endogenous oestrogen, increased vulnerability for pulmonary thromboembolism. (scirp.org)
  • Expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA in rat hepatoma cells requires endogenous LXR ligands. (cmdm.tw)
Protein11
  • Two types of estrogen receptor exist: ER, which is a member of the nuclear hormone family of intracellular receptors, and the estrogen G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 , which is a G protein-coupled. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • G protein-coupled receptors , also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors , comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • RAS protein plays a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by molecular pathway signaling. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Collectively, the effects of brefeldin A are consistent with a model in which MUC1 surface expression is dependent upon both protein synthesis and membrane release. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • Furthermore ORP-150, a novel protein that is expressed by macrophages under ischemic conditions, is likely to be critical in enabling these cells to redirect their biosynthetic activities in hypoxia. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • Stimulation of BeWo cells with T 1 AM significantly reduced DDC mRNA and protein levels. (bioscientifica.com)
  • Soy protein peptic hydrolysate with bound phospholipids decreases micellar solubility and cholesterol absorption in rats and caco-2 cells. (cmdm.tw)
  • Regulation of bovine tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 6 in ovarian follicles during the ovulatory process and promoter activation in granulosa cells. (appliedbioinfo.com)
  • Further analyses and immunohistochemistry indicated that this increase in transcript and protein levels occurred in theca and granulosa cells. (appliedbioinfo.com)
  • It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin (the protein which carries oxygen in your blood cells). (whitelotusclinic.ca)
  • A gene in the sex-determining region of the short arm of the Y, now referred to as SRY , has been found to direct production of a protein which binds to DNA, inducing differentiation of cells derived from the genital ridges into testes. (en-academic.com)
Adrenal1
Steroids2
  • Sex hormone steroids , also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Hormones are recognised by either cell surface receptors (modified amino acids, peptides, proteins) or cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors (steroids). (edu.au)
Receptors2
  • inside the cell, they interact with estrogen receptors . (wikidoc.org)
  • believed the expression of TSG-6 is an integral part of the cascade of inflammatory-like changes that occur in an ovulatory follicle in response to a trophic hormone that couples with luteinizing hormone/hCG receptors. (appliedbioinfo.com)
Follicles2
  • For visualization of viable and dead cells under a confocal laser scanning microscope, the follicles were stained with Calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is possible because the basal lamina surrounding the follicles separates them from the surrounding ovarian stroma, blood vessels and nerves, which prevents the invasion of metastatic cells [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes6
  • The aim of this thesis was to examine the changes in gene expression during foam cell formation and to study the HDL-receptor scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), which may be of importance for reverse cholesterol transport.To search for genes that may be of importance for foam cell formation, expression profiling of human macrophages exposed to oxLDL was performed. (gu.se)
  • OxLDL increased expression of genes involved in uptake of oxLDL, storage of lipids and cholesterol efflux whereas expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and LDL-uptake was decreased. (gu.se)
  • In conclusion, expression profiling of macrophages revealed changes in the expression of several genes and may provide clues to the mechanisms behind foam cell formation. (gu.se)
  • Sex differences may be induced by specific genes , by hormones, by anatomy , or by social learning . (en-academic.com)
  • The early stages of human differentiation appear to be quite similar to the same biological processes in other mammals and the interaction of genes, hormones and body structures is fairly well understood. (en-academic.com)
  • The various ways that genes, hormones, and upbringing affect different human behaviors and mental traits are difficult to test experimentally and charged with political conflict. (en-academic.com)
Basal1
  • The granulosa cells, in turn, are enclosed in a thin layer of extracellular matrix - the follicular basement membrane or basal lamina (fibro-vascular coat in picture). (wikipedia.org)
Stimulation2
  • In females with normal fertility, pre-antral ovarian theca cells respond to stimulation by inhibin B to provide androgen-based support for the developing follicle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, stimulation of CALU-3 cells with forskolin, a cAMP agonist, slightly increased MUC1 surface expression and decreased MUC1 release. (healthdrugpdf.com)
Gonadal3
  • Once gametogonia enter the gonadal ridge, however, they attempt to associate with these somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
  • The increase in gonadal hormones results in lowered FSH and LH secretion at the pituitary level, completing the feedback loop. (diseasesdic.com)
Metabolism1
  • Microplastics have been shown to cause increased oxidative stress, inflammation, altered metabolism leading to cellular damage, which ultimately affects tissue and organismal homeostasis in numerous human cells. (hindustantimes.com)
Females3
  • The estrous cycle comprises the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Serving as the primary feedback to the brain of sex hormone levels in both males and females. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
Leydig1
Gonads1
  • Sex hormones from the gonads have significant effects prenatally and postnatally, specifically at puberty with a role to play in male/female biological maturity and have wide actions throughout the body. (edu.au)
Thyroid hormone1
  • For example, insufficient maternal dietary iodine impacts on fetal thyroid gland thyroid hormone production, which in turn can lead to abnormal neural development. (edu.au)
Pituitary1
  • Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is most commonly observed as one aspect of multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies resulting from malformations (eg, septooptic dysplasia, other midline defects) or lesions of the pituitary that are acquired postnatally. (diseasesdic.com)
Follicular2
  • This provides conditions for increased ceramide synthesis and follicular loss through ceramide-induced apoptosis is accelerated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During the course of folliculogenesis, growth is achieved by cell proliferation and formation of follicular fluid, whereas development involves cytodifferentiation of all the cells and tissues in the follicle. (glowm.com)
Activates1
  • Real-life exposure to Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone triggers apoptosis and activates NLRP3 inflammasome in bovine primary theca cells. (inrae.fr)
Oocyte2
  • Each of them contains a single oocyte (immature ovum or egg cell). (wikipedia.org)
  • The ovarian cycle is a highly orchestrated, and complex developmental process that depends on functional interactions and critical signaling pathways that communicate between the ovarian microenvironment elements, including the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, and surrounding stromal components, including vascular and immune cells [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Secretes1
Fertility1
  • In an interview with HT Lifestyle, Dr Shruti N Mane, Consultant Fertility and IVF expert at Motherhood Fertility and IVF in Navi Mumbai's Kharghar, explained, "A group of chemicals known as endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) has been shown to interfere with the role of certain hormones, homeostasis and developmental processes. (hindustantimes.com)
Proliferation5
  • RAS family proteins play a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by signaling through a set of molecular pathways [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The role of Eag and HERG channels in cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death in SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cell line Cancer Cell International. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The ovarian microenvironment affects the proliferation and differentiation of OGSCs, and immune cells and related cytokines are important components of the microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With increasing time, the fluorescence intensity of cells gradually increased, and the cytokines IL-2 and TNF-α significantly promoted the proliferation of OGSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is worth noting that the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells cannot be separated from the surrounding microenvironment, and immune system related cells are an important part of the microenvironment of the OGSCs nest [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation1
  • They also produce peptides involved in ovarian hormone synthesis regulation. (wikipedia.org)
Stromal1
  • Via double-immunofluorescence, a DDC-positive cell type beneath decidual stromal cells and foetal EVT in the decidua could be detected. (bioscientifica.com)
Gene3
  • Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • The conversion of pregnenolone into other hormones is determined by the type of endocrine gland itself, as well as enzymes, cellular signals, regulatory hormones and gene activity. (drfionand.com)
  • Data suggest that a gene named KISS is important in the development of the LHRH-secreting cells. (diseasesdic.com)
Bovine2
  • 201T and CALU-3 airway tumor cells were grown to confluency in cell culture plates and Transwell (Costar) filters, respectively, at 37°C in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium with 15% fetal bovine serum. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • To investigate molecular mechanisms involved in TNFAIP6 transactivation, the activity of bovine TNFAIP6 promoter was studied in granulosa cell cultures. (appliedbioinfo.com)
Molecular1
  • Associate edito r: Molecular Biology of the Cell. (umcutrecht.nl)
Inhibin1
  • When the follicle number is below the critical mass, the levels of a hormone inhibin B become very low. (theconversation.com)
Membrane2
  • The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Ligands1
  • The mechanisms regulating follicle growth and development are under the control of changing concentrations of ligands ( i.e. hormones and growth factors). (glowm.com)
Mammalian1
  • In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
Mechanisms1
  • It does not explain the complex regulatory mechanisms that govern the production of hormones. (drfionand.com)
Dependent1
  • The human fetus is dependent upon endocrine development for hormones, which support normal development. (edu.au)