• The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been found that upon accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the mRNA of this gene is processed to an active form by an unconventional splicing mechanism that is mediated by the endonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1). (cancerindex.org)
  • Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen triggers the dissociation of GRP78 from its quiescent UPR mediators. (molvis.org)
  • Thus, perturbations of ER homeostasis result in accumulation of unfolded proteins which are detected by ER stress sensors in order to restore the normal condition. (nih.gov)
  • Speciality: targeted protein degradation via N-end rule pathway, molecular mechanistics of target protein recognition and degradation, conditional protein accumulation in vivo (based on modulated protein degradation) Skills: protein, biochemistry, mol. (cost-proteostasis.eu)
  • Environmental stress disturbs protein folding in the ER, resulting in the accumulation of incorrectly folded proteins. (boku.ac.at)
  • Ageing leads to a gradual dysfunction of the proteostasis network and thus to proteome instability due to accumulation of damaged and/or misfolded proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when protein homeostasis in the ER lumen is perturbed. (tmc.edu)
  • Recent studies indicate that nutrient fluctuations and insulin resistance increase proinsulin synthesis in β cells beyond the capacity for folding of nascent polypeptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, thereby disrupting ER homeostasis and triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR). (jci.org)
  • Once protein is translated by ERassociated ribosomes, it enters into the ER lumen and is folded in a chaperon-assisted manner. (distantreader.org)
  • In the UPR, stress sensors recognize unfolded proteins in the ER lumen and relay this information to the nucleus. (ucsb.edu)
  • An overwhelming load of misfolded proteins or simply the over-expression of proteins (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • GRP78 has a high affinity for misfolded and unfolded proteins: when luminal load of misfolded protein increases, GRP78 is released from the ER stress sensors, which are then free to initiate downstream signalling outside the ER. (distantreader.org)
  • In this scenario, the UPR has three aims: initially to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signalling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. (wikipedia.org)
  • The AAA-ATPase (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) valosin-containing protein (VCP), is essential for many cellular pathways including but not limited to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), DNA damage responses, and cell cycle regulation. (portlandpress.com)
  • VCP primarily identifies ubiquitylated proteins in these pathways and mediates their unfolding and degradation by the 26S proteasome. (portlandpress.com)
  • Valosin-containing protein (VCP, also p97, or Cdc48p in yeast) is an evolutionarily conserved, homo-hexameric, ubiquitin-selective, AAA-ATPase that functions in numerous ubiquitin-dependent protein quality control pathways. (portlandpress.com)
  • Due to its abundance and versatile function, VCP participates in many cellular pathways including ERAD, endolysosomal trafficking, selective autophagy, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage signaling [ 1 ]. (portlandpress.com)
  • Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
  • Furthermore, these pathways are essential for cellular dynamics and build a highly regulated cellular signalling network. (mdpi.com)
  • Analysis of this network shows that it recapitulates known features of the human immune system and can be used uncover novel multi-step immune pathways, examine species-specific differences in immune processes, and predict the response of immune cells to stimuli. (stanford.edu)
  • I am interested in protein quality control pathways in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the conditions of limited nutrient availability and the application of yeast genetics in elucidating molecular basis of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. (cost-proteostasis.eu)
  • These compounds generally penetrate cell membranes, act on specific target proteins in cells, regulate intracellular signaling pathways, and cause some changes in cell phenotype. (chemscene.com)
  • The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Cellular stress pathways are effectively turned off, and the cell returns to a healthy state. (neurodon.net)
  • At Neurodon, our research works to increase the transport of cellular calcium to restore calcium homeostasis and relieve compromising cellular stress pathways. (neurodon.net)
  • Many mechanisms of protein function contribute to amyloidogenesis, including "nonphysiologic proteolysis, defective or absent physiologic proteolysis, mutations involving changes in thermodynamic or kinetic properties, and pathways that are yet to be defined. (medscape.com)
  • In such circumstances the protein is guided through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). (wikipedia.org)
  • The UPR activation involves three major downstream effects including reduction in protein synthesis to reduce ER load, enhancement of ER protein folding capacity and upregulation of ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). (distantreader.org)
  • Plants can cope with ER stress through the degradation of misfolded proteins via the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and by the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). (boku.ac.at)
  • The UPR minimise the ER stress by attenuating protein synthesis and inducing the expression of UPR genes, such as molecular chaperones and ERAD components. (boku.ac.at)
  • Specifically, transmembrane (ERAD-M) and luminal proteins (ERAD-L) can be degraded in an HRD1-dependent manner. (boku.ac.at)
  • Besides the role on the regulation of ER stress, data from yeast and mammal systems suggest that ERAD is also involved in the regulation of the levels of properly folded proteins. (boku.ac.at)
  • However, recent studies have suggested that BRAFi/MEKi and ERK1/2i resistance can arise through activation of a parallel signalling pathway leading to activation of ERK5, an unusual protein kinase that contains both a kinase domain and a transcriptional transactivation domain. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • In the UPR, the sensor proteins are the kinase PERK and the kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 work together to recognize and respond to unfolded proteins. (ucsb.edu)
  • However, where circumstances cause a more global disruption to protein folding that overwhelms the ER's coping mechanisms, the UPR is activated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein homeostasis in higher eukaryotes is balanced by a dynamic network of adaptive mechanisms, including the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • The understanding of the underlying mechanisms is complicated by the heterogeneity of cases within a particular retinopathy and by the interplay of multiple cellular signaling involved in each disease model. (molvis.org)
  • However, in recent years, it is being increasingly recognized that, in individual cells, there are graded responses collectively termed cell-autonomous defense mechanisms that induce cellular processes designed to limit cell damage, enable repair, and eliminate bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • Both plants and animals have anhydrobiotic responses and understanding the mechanisms that support such an extreme stress response will prove invaluable for future food security and for new therapeutics to treat for example proteinopathy-based diseases. (royalsociety.org)
  • These resistance mechanisms frequently involve reinstatement of ERK1/2 signalling and BRAFi are now deployed in combination with one of three approved MEK1/2 inhibitors (MEKi) to provide more durable, but still transient, clinical responses. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Speciality:My lab focuses on unravelling the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the function of large protein complexes, by means of novel native mass spectrometry methods coupled with biochemistry and cell biology. (cost-proteostasis.eu)
  • Specifically, we focus on discovering the mechanisms that control the activity of molecular machines involved in the protein degradation pathway, aiming at: i) Understanding the regulatory principles that coordinate the 20S proteasome ubiquitin independent degradation pathway. (cost-proteostasis.eu)
  • Compared with those systems, the mechanisms of the ER stress response are poorly understood in plants, especially when considering the plant-specific mechanisms that may regulate growth under stress conditions. (boku.ac.at)
  • Auxin signalling may be one of such mechanisms since it is responsible for the regulation of many cellular and developmental processes and also integrates environmental cues into developmental programs. (boku.ac.at)
  • Cells employ complex mechanisms, collectively known as cellular stress responses, to detect internal imbalances and react to them. (ucsb.edu)
  • When homeostasis cannot be restored, these mechanisms switch from pro-survival to pro-apoptotic roles, eliminating injured o diseased cells for the benefit of the organism. (ucsb.edu)
  • The non-processed mRNA encodes a protein that is highly unstable with no transcriptional activity, known as XBP1u (for unspliced XBP1) 2 . (nature.com)
  • Upon translation of XBP1u, a hydrophobic region (HR) attaches the protein to the ER membrane placing the XBP1 mRNA close to IRE1α for further processing. (nature.com)
  • Genes are commonly generate isoforms from the same locus to produce different mRNA and thus give rise to different length of amino acid with similar protein functions. (hypothes.is)
  • The complex role of IRE1 in the regulation of mammalian UPR cannot be fully explained by IRE1's one known mRNA target, X box‐binding protein‐1 ( XBP1 ), or through its RIDD activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The dissociation of GRP78 allows IRE1 dimerisation and activation of C-terminal endoribonuclease activity, which non-canonically splices a 26-base pair intron from the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA to produce the spliced form of XBP1 (sXBP1). (distantreader.org)
  • The regulation of expression of X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), a transcriptional factor, involves an unconventional mRNA splicing that removes the 26 nucleotides intron. (mdpi.com)
  • The transcription of COX-1 yields a 2.7-kilobase (kb) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that encodes a 576-residue, 65-kd protein. (medscape.com)
  • Conversely, the transcription of COX-2 yields a 4.5-kb mRNA that encodes a 70-kd protein with roughly 70-75% homology to the COX-1 protein. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. (cancerindex.org)
  • This spliced form of XBP1 then translates into a transcription factor, which further translocates into the nucleus where it induces expression of a wide variety of genes including ER-associated chaperones and protein folding enzymes to increase ER size and folding capacity. (distantreader.org)
  • The ER is capable of recognizing misfolding proteins without causing disruption to the functioning of the ER. (wikipedia.org)
  • Disruption of protein homeostasis underlies the etiology of several human diseases, including cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, among other pathologies. (nature.com)
  • Protein crowding induces membrane curvatures through an entropic mechanism. (portlandpress.com)
  • Crowding of asymmetric proteins results in an asymmetric lateral pressure across the membrane which can be used by cells in a number of biological processes involving membrane remodeling. (portlandpress.com)
  • When Atg8 protein engineered with the red florescence protein (RFP), RFP-Atg8, RFP-Atg8 protein will be conjugated to the lipids and enable the membrane fusion to localize on the autophagosome. (hypothes.is)
  • They have been defined as monotropic integral membrane proteins located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (COX-1) and the perinuclear envelope (COX-2). (medscape.com)
  • These in turn lead to a decrease in essential cellular functions such as protein translation or mitochondrial respiration and the induction of innate immune responses that may be specific to the cellular deficit induced. (nih.gov)
  • Differentially expressed candidate genes for ageing previously identified in the human blood transcriptome up-regulated in PP cows were mainly associated with T-cell function ( CCR7 , CD27 , IL7R , CAMK4 , CD28 ), mitochondrial ribosomal proteins ( MRPS27 , MRPS9 , MRPS31 ), and DNA replication and repair ( WRN ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Numerous investigations have demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction is detrimental to cells, tissues and organisms, nevertheless, dysfunctional mitochondria can signal in a particular way in response to stress, a characteristic that may be useful to search for new therapeutic strategies with a common feature. (biomed.news)
  • In this review, we discuss the functional cross talk of proteostasis and mitostasis in cellular homeodynamics and the impairment of mitochondrial quality control during ageing, cancer, and neurodegeneration. (hindawi.com)
  • another ER chaperone), and becomes available to regulate inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor-mediated Ca 2+ release to maintain mitochondrial Ca 2+ homeostasis. (molvis.org)
  • The molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 ( GRP78 ) or binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), in addition to Ca 2+ binding and protein processing functions, possesses one more key role: master initiator of early UPR signaling. (molvis.org)
  • Activation of the unfolded protein response after ER stress induction was determined by comparing expression of key UPR mediators in non-tumorigenic pancreatic ductal cells to pancreatic cancer cells. (tmc.edu)
  • ER Stress and Protein Misfolding in Autism (and IP3R again) and perhaps what to do about it - Activation of Sigma-1 Chaperone Activity by Afobazole? (epiphanyasd.com)
  • Activation of PERK elicits a transient global protein synthesis shutdown through the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). (ucsb.edu)
  • Protein folding steps involve a range of enzymes and molecular chaperones to coordinate and regulate reactions, in addition to a range of substrates required in order for the reactions to take place. (wikipedia.org)
  • In conclusion, pancreatic cancer cells demonstrate a globally compromised ability to regulate the unfolded protein response. (tmc.edu)
  • C. elegans survival assays have played key roles in identifying novel genetic factors that regulate many aspects of animal physiology, such as aging and lifespan, stress response, and immunity against pathogens. (molcells.org)
  • This dissociation from PERK, ATF6, and IRE1 satisfies the demand for appropriate protein folding. (molvis.org)
  • However, once the need for the chaperone activity of GRP78 is satisfied, it gradually reassociates with PERK, IRE1, and ATF6, thus inactivating these signaling mediators, resolving the UPR signaling, and reestablishing homeostasis. (molvis.org)
  • Sensors and effectors are coupled as specific domains of single proteins in PERK, PKR and IRE1. (ucsb.edu)
  • It maintains specific transmembrane receptor proteins involved in initiation of the downstream signalling of the UPR in an inactive state by binding to their luminal domains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deviations from homeostasis are quickly and effectively identified by specialized sensor proteins that relay information to downstream effectors, which initiate appropriate actions to restore homeostasis. (ucsb.edu)
  • Native or wild-type quaternary protein structure is usually born from a single translated protein sequence with one ordered conformation with downstream protein interactions. (medscape.com)
  • The protein or DNA sequence of these genes, Lst1 and SEC24C, are highly similar and evolutionary share the common ancestor, termed as homolog. (hypothes.is)
  • In addition, we found that isolated islets from Chop -/- mice displayed increased expression of UPR and oxidative stress response genes and reduced levels of oxidative damage. (jci.org)
  • Although several genes can mediate responses to alternate DR regimens, no single genetic intervention has recapitulated the full effects of DR, and no unified system is known for different DR regimens. (synergyage.info)
  • They both exert regulatory control by shutting down protein synthesis, turning on genes, and degrading transcripts. (ucsb.edu)
  • better source needed] The term protein folding incorporates all the processes involved in the production of a protein after the nascent polypeptides have become synthesized by the ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In doing so, the UPR controls several cellular processes to decrease the unfolded protein load, highlighting the ER-associated degradation pathway and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, authors are invited to submit original research and review articles which address the progress and current standing of cellular signalling processes. (mdpi.com)
  • Many of these responses are triggered not by detection of a particular bacterial effector or ligand but rather by their effects on key cellular processes and changes in homeostasis induced by microbial effectors when recognized. (nih.gov)
  • Polymorphisms that slightly vary native peptides or inflammatory processes set the stage for abnormal protein folding and amyloid fibril deposition. (medscape.com)
  • The chaperone EDEM guides the retrotranslocation of the misfolded protein back into the cytosol in transient complexes with PDI and Grp78. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using transgenic A. thaliana expressing APOAEQUORIN , we showed transient increase of cytoplasmic calcium level [Ca 2+ ] cyt in response to diethyl ether application. (frontiersin.org)
  • Despite this, clinical responses are typically transient as tumour cells develop resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • His interests in the cytoskeleton, protein chaperones, the eye lens and cataractogenesis were the starting point to organising this conference. (royalsociety.org)
  • The mitochondria have their own chaperones and proteolytic enzymes that remove damaged or unfolded proteins [ 18 - 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • When newly synthesized protein is not properly folded into their correct orientation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the ER now is under the stress to degrade the misfolded protein. (hypothes.is)
  • Hasnain, Sumaira Z title: Immune regulation of the unfolded protein response at the mucosal barrier in viral infection date: 2018-04-03 journal: Clin Transl Immunology DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1014 sha: 6a80b22e84d2692545c6f11d7cb4c96602a25c39 doc_id: 3122 cord_uid: 07dlf3zw Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is subject to stringent quality control. (distantreader.org)
  • Despite the stringent regulation around protein folding and redundancy within the chaperone-assisted folding process, both endogenous and exogenous triggers can disrupt the ER homeostasis and increase protein misfolding. (distantreader.org)
  • Thus, this chaperon protein can be an important player in physiological and pharmacological regulation of ASD features. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • There is growing evidence suggesting that auxin may play a role in the regulation of ER homeostasis. (boku.ac.at)
  • The UPR serves primarily as a cellular adaptive mechanism that counteracts the stress-related deregulation of ER function and promotes cellular survival from both intrinsic and extrinsic insults [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transformation of ESR into the cell stress augments reception in the domain responsible for binding the endo- and exogenous ligands of sigma 1 receptor chaperon protein (Sigma1R) [1] responsible for adaptive reactions [8]. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • The unfolded protein response is a survival signaling pathway that is induced during various types of ER stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The N-end rule pathway of ubiquitin-mediated targeted proteolysis, oxygen and nitric oxide (NO) sensing, plant-environment interactions, abiotic and biotic stress responses, biochemical genetics. (cost-proteostasis.eu)
  • Disturbance of normal calcium levels triggers the ER stress pathway that leads to cell dysfunction, encompassing impaired signaling, respiration, and protein processing. (neurodon.net)
  • Cellular signalling is the base for the extra- and intracellular communication. (mdpi.com)
  • IRE1b may also be associated with RIDD, 3 which is closely related to intracellular parasite infections and anti-viral responses at mucosal surface. (distantreader.org)
  • Under non-infection conditions, these systems are generally involved in sensing cellular stress and in inducing and orchestrating the subsequent cellular response. (nih.gov)
  • Only 10% of amyloidosis deposits consist of components such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), apolipoprotein-E (apoE), and serum amyloid P-component (SAP), while nearly 90% of the deposits consist of amyloid fibrils that are formed by the aggregation of misfolded proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, we review current insights into how the UPR is involved in viral infection at mucosal barriers and potential therapeutic strategies that restore epithelial cell integrity following acute viral infections via cytokine and cellular stress manipulation. (distantreader.org)
  • We also detected changes in energy utilization and immune responses in leukocytes from older cows. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IGF1 is a key metabolic hormone which provides a good indication of the energy balance status of the animal and is also linked to the immune responses following calving [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 4 ] In humans, about 23 different unrelated proteins are known to form amyloid fibrils in vivo. (medscape.com)
  • Bacterial infection often leads to cellular damage, primarily marked by loss of cellular integrity and cell death. (nih.gov)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)
  • A series of interconnected protein and carbohydrate networks that surround and support cells in 3 dimensions. (hypothes.is)
  • How do cells sense, respond, and adapt to protein-folding stress or harmful RNAs? (ucsb.edu)
  • Moreover we hypothesize that signal integration in the UPR and in the RSR can help tailor exquisite cellular responses, promoting adaptation or clearing injured cells. (ucsb.edu)
  • We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • These proteins either arise from proteins expressed by cells at the deposition site (localized), or they precipitate systemically after production at a local site (systemic). (medscape.com)
  • Increasing evidence now indicate that bacteria have evolved strategies to differentially activate different arms of ER stress sensors resulting in specific host cell response. (nih.gov)
  • Specialized sensors recognize harmful macromolecules, either unfolded proteins in the UPR or potentially harmful RNAs in the RSR. (ucsb.edu)
  • VCP identifies ubiquitylated substrates through numerous dedicated adaptor proteins and unfolds substrates by threading them through a central pore in the hexamer ( Figure 1 ). (portlandpress.com)
  • VCP interacts with adaptor proteins to identify ubiquitylated substrates for degradation by the proteasome. (portlandpress.com)
  • Structural organization of VCP and mechanism of substrate unfolding. (portlandpress.com)
  • But harmful RNA structures can also occur in endogenous RNAs, and harmful self-RNAs elicit similar responses in the absence of viruses, supporting the notion of a fundamental homeostatic mechanism that maintains the health of the transcriptome. (ucsb.edu)
  • In previous studies, it was shown that plants exposed to diethyl ether anesthesia were neither able to sense mechanical stimuli, wounding, or light and lack also expressive motoric responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Under conditions of moderate ER stress, the UPR promotes cell cycle arrest which allows time for successful protein load reduction and enables cell survival. (tmc.edu)
  • Therefore, maintenance of mitochondria activity is necessary for the proper cellular function and survival. (hindawi.com)
  • The proteins destined to be secreted or sorted to other cell organelles carry an N-terminal signal sequence that will interact with a signal recognition particle (SRP). (wikipedia.org)
  • The aforementioned sugar molecule remains the means by which the cell monitors protein folding, as the misfolding protein becomes characteristically devoid of glucose residues, targeting it for identification and re-glycosylation by the enzyme UGGT (UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase). (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene product is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. (cancerindex.org)
  • To degrade the misfolded proteins and maintain the ER homeostasis, the cellular signaling will turn on the unfolded protein response to help the cell deals with problematic proteins for recycle and degradation. (hypothes.is)
  • Aggregated misfolded proteins in the ER cause cellular stress, which if unresolved can lead to cell death. (distantreader.org)
  • However, with prolonged ER stress IRE1a becomes hyperactive and degrades mRNAs associated with anti-apoptotic responses, promoting cell death. (distantreader.org)
  • Here we obtain temporally resolved transcriptomes during calorie restriction and intermittent fasting in Caenorhabditis elegans and find that early and late responses involve metabolism and cell cycle/DNA damage, respectively. (synergyage.info)
  • Comprehensive gene expression programs are subsequently initiated, allowing the cell to either resolve the protein folding stress or die trying. (ucsb.edu)
  • The UPR is activated to help clear misfolded proteins, but a prolonged UPR can lead to cell dysfunction and even cell death. (neurodon.net)
  • It is described as a housekeeping enzyme, being responsible for cell-to-cell signaling, tissue homeostasis, and cytoprotection. (medscape.com)
  • This method enables deeper insights into the structural and functional properties of protein complexes, and is a central tool in studying the biology of large machines/complexes, providing details of subunit stoichiometry, composition, protein interaction partners, structural arrangement and overall architecture. (cost-proteostasis.eu)
  • IRE1's unique feature is its UPR-related RNase activity that is responsible for the production of a potent transcription factor, X box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP1s). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, the subcellular distribution of mitochondria can affect the cellular transcriptome and transcription rates. (hindawi.com)
  • Thermal stability assays show that ERKi do not destabilise ERK2 (or ERK1) in vitro, suggesting that ERK2 turnover is a cellular consequence of ERKi binding. (babraham.ac.uk)