Histocompatibility antigens cell transformation viral. Medical search. Frequent questions

Since recent evidence supports a crucial role of dendritic cells (DC) in the pathogenesis of MS, we investigated the effect of a 12-week combined exercise program in MS patients on the number and function of DC. (hindawi.com)
Recent evidence also suggests involvement of innate immunity, including dendritic cells (DC), in the initiation and maintenance as well as progression of MS [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
It has been suggested that a high single dose of RT may induce an immune response that leads to the priming of antigen-specific dendritic cells (DCs). (amegroups.org)
These cells can produce immunosuppressive cytokines and the recruitment of inhibitory and regulatory cell types, decrease expression of antigens, lose expression of MHC class I molecules, have an aberrant antigen processing, cause anergy or deletion of T cells, and generate the dysfunction of dendritic cells (DCs) ( 5 - 8 ). (amegroups.org)
NK cells contribute to cancer immune surveillance not only by their direct natural cytotoxicity which is triggered rapidly upon stimulation through germline-encoded cell surface receptors, but also by modulating T-cell mediated antitumor immune responses through maintaining the quality of dendritic cells and enhancing the presentation of tumor antigens. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, the multispecific antagonist contains at least one binding specificity related to the diseased cell or condition being treated and at least one specificity to a component of the immune system, such as a receptor or antigen of B cells, T cells, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, and dendritic cells, a modulator of coagulation, or a proinflammatory cytokine. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
To understand the mechanisms of the immunosuppressive function of iNKT cells, dendritic cells (DCs) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in WT and iNKT-deficient (iNKT −/− ) mice. (biomedcentral.com)
MHC-II molecules present antigenic peptides internalized by professional antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, or T lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipopeptides act as immunomodulators by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), expressed on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) to activate immune functions [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As cells undergo oncogenesis, neoantigens are released and captured on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/ human leukocyte antigen (HLA) of dendritic cells (DCs) that subsequently mature and migrate to central lymphoid organs. (encyclopedia.pub)

In contrast, T cells see processed antigen in the context of self MHC molecules, thereby providing a basis for self-nonself discrimination [2]. (johnshopkins.edu)
CD4 + helper T cells are activated after binding peptide antigen presented by MHC Class II molecules, and provide cytokine-mediated "help" both to shape the B cell-mediated humoral response, and to maximize the quality and durability of the CD8 + T cell-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response [3]. (johnshopkins.edu)
CTLs are activated after binding antigen presented by MHC Class I molecules, deploying a payload of cytokines and enzymes that can effectively lyse diseased cellular targets. (johnshopkins.edu)
These ~70 kDa transmembrane glycoproteins are homologs of the major histocompatibility complex class I molecules although they lack association with β2 microglobulin. (bdbiosciences.com)
Upon infection many viruses, including Herpesviruses, target T cell function via specific interactions with TCR and HLA-I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
To perform this function, DC are capable of capturing antigens, processing them, and presenting them on the cell surface complexed to major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, for example, human leukocyte antigen- (HLA-) DR. Along with that, context-dependent expression of costimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, and secretion of cytokines occurs. (hindawi.com)
Cell adhesion molecules. (academicinfluence.com)
Cell adhesion molecules: implications for a molecular histology. (academicinfluence.com)
Cell adhesion molecules in the regulation of animal form and tissue pattern. (academicinfluence.com)
Cell adhesion molecules in early chicken embryogenesis. (academicinfluence.com)
Binding of neural cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) to the cellular prion protein. (academicinfluence.com)
Bystander effects are mediated via cell-to-cell gap junctions or through secreted, diffusible signaling molecules into the local milieu. (amegroups.org)
After RT treatment, there is an increase pool of peptides for antigen presentation displayed by MHC-I molecules ( 6 ). (amegroups.org)
The activation of DCs is characterized by the upregulation of cell surface molecules involved in antigen presentation and costimulation (e.g. (amegroups.org)
The major theme will be devoted to describe and analyze the molecules of life, light microscopy, fine cell structure and function, cell membranes structure and function, cell division and staining procedures. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Growing evidence suggests that transcriptional regulators and secreted RNA molecules encapsulated within membrane vesicles modify the phenotype of target cells. (unicyte.ch)
Membrane vesicles, actively released by cells, represent a mechanism of intercellular communication that is conserved evolutionarily and involves the transfer of molecules able to induce epigenetic changes in recipient cells. (unicyte.ch)
On the basis of our results we conclude that formation of this complex is responsible for retention of HLA-I molecules in the ER of the cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Using cellular systems it has been shown that HPV16 E5 expression results in down-regulation of cell surface expression of HLA-I and HLA-II molecules [ 19 - 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Initiation and regulation of immune responses in humans involves recognition of peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen variation in pathogens and tumor antigens, and extensive polymorphism of HLA molecules increase the number of targets for screening studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Full overlapping studies of four antigens identified binding affinity of 103 peptides to seven common HLA-DR molecules (DRB1*0101, 0301, 0401, 0701, 1101, 1301, and 1501). (biomedcentral.com)
CTLs recognize peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on infected cells or cancer cells and kill them. (biomedcentral.com)
B cells produce antibodies that specifically recognize pathogen- or cancer related molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Both these processes are initiated and regulated by T-helper (Th) cells that recognize antigenic peptides presented by MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Immune escape is mainly caused by histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, abnormal antigen signaling mechanism, immunosuppressive components (such as HLA-G), Fas and its ligands to activate apoptosis and overexpression of other immunosuppressive molecules, such as lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) ( Steven and Seliger, 2018 ). (techscience.com)
Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. (edu.au)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
What makes MAIT cells distinct is the fact that in their activity they do not recognize the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules like classic T cells. (joessciencescorner.net)

In 2012, two siblings who were homozygous for a mutation that created a stop codon in the Ras homolog gene family member H ( RHOH ) gene exhibited an epidermodysplasia verruciformis phenotype and their T cells exhibited impaired T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. (medscape.com)
Whereas the B cell antigen receptor directly binds to antigenic determinants present on soluble proteins, carbohydrates, or nucleic acids, the T cell antigen receptor binds most commonly to short fragments of antigens that have been broken down and loaded onto Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. (johnshopkins.edu)
MICA and MICB are ligands for NKG2D (CD314), an activating receptor expressed by natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cells, CD8+ and some CD4+ αβ T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Activation of NK cells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress-inducible MICA. (bdbiosciences.com)
During anti-HCMV responses, NK cells can reshape their receptor repertoire and function, through epigenetic remodeling, and acquire adaptive traits such as longevity and clonal expansion abilities. (frontiersin.org)
γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. (explorationpub.com)
Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
There is an unmet need to develop novel therapies for refractory/relapsed MM. In the past few years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy for MM has shown promising efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a novel immunotherapy which modifies T cells with CAR, an artificial fusion protein that incorporates an extracellular antigen recognition domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain including costimulation and signaling components [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It is closely associated with B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) receptor, transmembrane activator, calcium modulator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a novel therapeutic T-cell engineering option, where T-cells obtained from a patient's blood are engineered ex vivo to express specific tumour antigen receptors. (cambridgemedicine.org)
This review includes the biological basis of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy as a cancer treatment modality, the opportunities and challenges that CAR T-cell therapy offers, and briefly discusses the role of natural killer (NK) cells in cancer management. (cambridgemedicine.org)
Recognition of antigens by T-cells is mediated by T-cell receptor (TCR), which binds to peptides presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (6). (cambridgemedicine.org)
The intracellular domain of the receptor distinguishes the different CAR T-cell generations as shown in Figure 1. (cambridgemedicine.org)
The double and simultaneous molecular interaction between antigen-presentig cells (APC) and T lymphocytes is essential for the optimal activation of the immunological response and requires the participation of two membrane receptor groups. (reumatologiaclinica.org)
This technique has produced a MAb specific to the cell surface of the chick osteOcyte,'6) to the murine PTH receptor,") and to OB-restricted antigens. (docksci.com)
Designer T and NK cells are a modality within immunotherapy that manipulates receptor-ligand interactions to enhance cells of the immune system to destroy cancer more effectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
Here, the peptide neoantigen on the DCs' MHC is presented to the awaiting CD4 + or CD8 + T cell receptor (TCR) complex. (encyclopedia.pub)
Subsequently, binding of the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor to the DCs' CD80/86 receptor fully activates the cytotoxic T cells which then migrate to infiltrate the tumour and kill the cells by locally releasing perforin and granzymes [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
PD-1 is an immunoinhibitory receptor that stymies lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion when bound to its membrane-bound or secreted ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, expressed by both immune and tumour cells [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
In addition, activated T cells can express an inducible co-stimulator (iCOS), a surface receptor that is structurally and functionally similar to CD28 and enhances expression of Th2-related interleukin (IL)-10 rather than immune activating IL-2 [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
DNA sequences encoding the delta chain of the T-cell receptor. (edu.au)
The B-cell receptor consists of an Ig molecule anchored to the cell's surface. (msdmanuals.com)

Macrophages consist of closely linked bone marrow cells, blood monocytes, macrophages of tissues, and a constituent part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. (encyclopedia.pub)
Macrophages primarily have three major vital roles, phagocytosis, presentation of antigens, and in immunomodulation by producing different cytokinesis and growth factors [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Macrophages are components of innate immunity derived from the myeloid progenitor cell namely known as the granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit (GM-CFU) inside bone marrow. (encyclopedia.pub)
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are created by cancerous and stroma cells in the tumor and are enlisted by tumor growth factors and chemokines [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Macrophages contain antigen-presenting cells, immunomodulators, and phagocytosis that play a vital role in the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory functions [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. (lookformedical.com)
Tissue infiltration by activated innate immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, if untreated, leads to rapidly progressive organ injury, that can involve many organ systems. (nature.com)
In today's study, we looked into the immunological function of Kupffer cells/macrophages in CCl4-induced hepatitis in mice. (enmd-2076.com)
The populace of Compact disc11b+ Kupffer cells/macrophages significantly elevated 24 hour (h) after CCl4 administration, in c-lipo-pretreated mice especially. (enmd-2076.com)
Oddly enough, the serum MCP-1 Metoclopramide HCl level elevated and peaked at six h after c-lipo pretreatment quickly, suggesting which the MCP-1 made by c-lipo-phagocytized Compact disc68+ Kupffer cells Metoclopramide HCl may recruit Compact disc11b+ macrophages in the periphery and bone tissue marrow. (enmd-2076.com)
These cells secrete immune inhibitory growth factors and cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is primarily produced by microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). (encyclopedia.pub)

Emens, LA 2008, T cells and antigen recognition . (johnshopkins.edu)
Groh V, Rhinehart R, Secrist H, Bauer S, Grabstein KH, Spies T. Broad tumor-associated expression and recognition by tumor-derived gamma delta T cells of MICA and MICB. (bdbiosciences.com)
NK cells contribute to early defenses against viruses through their inborn abilities that include sensing of PAMPs and inflammatory signals such as cytokines or chemokines, recognition, and killing of infected cells through activating surface receptors engagement. (frontiersin.org)
The major mechanisms of recognition and effector responses employed by NK cells against Herpesviruses, related to their genomic organization will be addressed, including those allowing NK cells to generate memory-like responses. (frontiersin.org)
Surface modulation in cell recognition and cell growth. (academicinfluence.com)
Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
These DCs become active via toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognition, in which endogenous danger signals emitted by dying tumor cells are identified. (amegroups.org)
As part of the system for the self-versus-foreign recognition, the surface membrane protein major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens serve an important role. (justia.com)
The lymphoid system is predicated upon recognition of the presence of such MHC antigens as self. (justia.com)
Furthermore, similar to T cells, specific recognition and elimination of cancer cells by NK cells can be markedly enhanced through expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which provides an opportunity to generate NK-cell therapeutics of defined specificity for cancer immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
EBV miRNAs also inhibit the expression of viral antigens, thereby enabling infected cells to escape immune recognition. (ijbs.com)
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are CD1d-restricted T cells, which respond rapidly to antigen recognition and promote development of anti-tumor immunity in many tumor models. (biomedcentral.com)
The antibody selection procedure employed utilized a differential screening assay involving positive recognition of ROS 17/2.8 cells but not ROS 25/1 cells. (docksci.com)
The receptors appear to be preferentially located in epithelial sites and probably play a role in the recognition of bacterial antigens. (edu.au)

DC are professional antigen-presenting cells with the unique capacity to polarize the differentiation of T cells, thereby regulating the balance between inflammation and tolerance [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)

These cells express a comprehensive repertoire of antigen-specific receptors (cell surface immunoglobulin receptors for B cells, and cell surface T cell receptors (TCR) for T cells) that can recognize over one million distinct antigens [1]. (johnshopkins.edu)
In response, CAR T-cells have been designed with receptors that can proliferate and retain their function following antigen exposure (6). (cambridgemedicine.org)
CAR T-cells are T-cells that have been engineered to express receptors that specifically target tumour-associated antigens (8). (cambridgemedicine.org)
Although initially identified by co-expression of conventional αβ T-cell receptors (TCR) and markers typically associated with natural killer (NK) cells [ 3 ], NKT are currently distinguished on the basis of CD1d restriction as well as specific usage of TCRα chains [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this way, the drug inhibits T cell activation, selectively blocking the specific interaction of CD80/CD86 receptors to CD28 and, therefore, inhibiting T cell proliferation and B cell immunological response. (reumatologiaclinica.org)
These cells exhibit elevated AP activity modulated by PTH and dexamethasone, receptors for ~ Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TH, England. (docksci.com)
Surface receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and nuclear transcription factors attenuate T cell responses, where CTLA-4 competes with CD28 for binding to CD80/86, resulting in inhibitory downstream signalling [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (CD3 COMPLEX). (edu.au)
T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated gamma and delta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4-/CD8- T-cells. (edu.au)
DNA sequences, in cells of the T-lymphocyte lineage, that code for T-cell receptors. (edu.au)

citation needed] JSRV is transmitted by the respiratory route and may also infect lymphocytes and myeloid cells, in addition to the lung epithelia. (wikipedia.org)
The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. (lookformedical.com)
Natural killer T (NKT) cells comprise a subset of lymphocytes originating from a distinct developmental lineage [ 1 ] which bridge innate and adaptive immunity and modulate immune responses in autoimmunity, malignancies and infections [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES , and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways. (lookformedical.com)
The goal of vaccination is to induce immunity against pathogens and cancer cells by stimulating antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
These lymphocytes successfully eliminate the genetically unstable tumour cells with intrinsically high immunogenicity [ 4 ] through a series of successive stages [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Rapid and comprehensive analysis of putative proteinous allergens ( allergenome ) by applying such a proteomic strategy … With allergenomics, we can not only detect and assign the putative allergens (proteins specifically interacting with IgE antibodies in a patient's blood) in a short time, but also analyze the quantitative and qualitative change of the antigens, depending on the surroundings and environmental conditions of an allergenic causative. (genomicglossaries.com)
Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS . (lookformedical.com)
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus. (lookformedical.com)
When the multispecific antagonist comprises a combination of separate antibodies, combinations are excluded where one of said antibodies targets a B-cell antigen and the other antibody targets a T-cell, plasma cell, macrophage or inflammatory cytokine and combinations are also excluded where one of said antibodies targets CD20 and the other antibody targets C3b or CD40. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Among vertebrates it was shown that amphibians are capable of forming antibodies against a variety of antigens, causing several responses such as anaphylactic response and rejecting grafts. (scielo.org.ar)
In this study, the production of antibodies was assessed against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in the anuran Bufo arenarum after six weekly injections of sublethal doses of lead (50 mg.kg -1 , as lead acetate). (scielo.org.ar)
It was thus concluded that the changes due to the assayed doses of Pb in the levels of antibodies cannot be explained on the basis of only one single action mechanism of the metal, but as the result of a conjunction of effects over different immunocompetent cell subpopulations. (scielo.org.ar)
At present, the most widely used ICIs in clinical immunotherapy for a variety of solid tumors are monoclonal antibodies against cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and their ligand PD-L1. (biomedcentral.com)
ABSTRACT We have raised a panel of 15 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing cell surface antigens of the rat osteoblast-like cell line ROS 17/2.8. (docksci.com)
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been used successfully to characterize the cell surface of T other cell types, such as o s t e o ~ l a s t s (and ~ ~ ~lymphoid ) and myeloid cells, and to study the lineage of cells of the hematopoietic system. (docksci.com)
In this way it was hoped to select antibodies to antigens associated specifically with the OB phenotype and eliminate those of housekeeping or transformation antigens. (docksci.com)
Antibodies recognize specific configurations (epitopes, or antigenic determinants) on the surfaces of antigens (eg, proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids). (msdmanuals.com)
Antibodies and antigens fit tightly together because their shape and other surface properties (eg, charge) are complementary. (msdmanuals.com)

The pathophysiology of epidermodysplasia verruciformis is linked to defective cell-mediated immunity, with elucidation of mutations in EVER1 ( TMC6 ) and EVER2 ( TMC8 ) genes (band 17q25). (medscape.com)
Cancer progression is mainly driven by the expansion of tumor cells, but tumor microenvironment and anti-tumor immunity may also play a role. (amegroups.org)
As a consequence, they cannot directly activate the specific CD4+ T cell-mediated tumor immunity, which is essential for the development of adaptive immune responses. (amegroups.org)
Intriguingly, EBV miRNAs directly suppress host antiviral immunity by interfering with antigen presentation and immune cell activation. (ijbs.com)
Immunotherapy utilizing T cell immunity has become a new treatment to eliminate cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
Therefore, an in-depth understanding of γδ T cells that play conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment is necessary. (explorationpub.com)
The targeted intraoperative radiotherapy (TARGIT) method, using INTRABEAM ® , could reduce tumor recurrence, modifying the wound microenvironment, and eradicating residual tumor cells when applied immediately after surgery procedure. (amegroups.org)
Besides the direct effects of radiation in reducing viable cancer cells, RT may induce modifications on the local microenvironment that can affect tumor development ( 5 ). (amegroups.org)
While GB tumors are frequently infiltrated by natural killer (NK) cells, these are actively suppressed by the GB cells and the GB tumor microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we discuss effects of the GB tumor microenvironment on NK-cell functionality, summarize early treatment attempts with ex vivo activated NK cells, and describe relevant CAR target antigens validated with CAR-T cells. (frontiersin.org)
However, the tumour may evade immune responses through regulatory T-cell-mediated immune suppression in the tumour microenvironment, defective antigen presentation, and production of immunosuppressive cytokines (5). (cambridgemedicine.org)
The cell phenotype is therefore determined by signals that target the cells received within a defined microenvironment. (unicyte.ch)

The tumor-associated derived antigens (TAAs) released to the tumor periphery can be captured by DCs. (amegroups.org)

CAR T-cells consist of an antigen-binding extracellular domain derived from a single chain variable segment (ScFv) of an immunoglobulin, a spacer domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain (8, 9). (cambridgemedicine.org)
Role of extracellular RNA-carrying vesicles in cell differentiation and reprogramming. (unicyte.ch)
In the present review we focus on the extracellular vesicle-induced epigenetic changes in recipient cells that may lead to phenotypic and functional modifications. (unicyte.ch)
In particular, stem cells are highly sensitive to extracellular signals that play a critical role in mainten- ance of stem cell characteristics, differentiation, and interplay with somatic cells. (unicyte.ch)
Similarly, reprogramming of somatic cells involves a complex interaction among intracellular and extracellular signals leading to epigenetic remodeling [6]. (unicyte.ch)

Develop a biological knowledge base common to contemporary biologists, encompassing microscopy, cell structure, cellular membranes, and nucleic acids biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)

There are 4 genes that encode the viral structural proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The viral proteins are synthesized initially as large precursors and are later processed into the mature proteins by proteolytic cleavage. (wikipedia.org)
Many cell membrane proteins (see Chapter 40 ) contain substantial amounts of carbohydrate, and many are anchored to the lipid bilayer by a glycan chain. (mhmedical.com)
DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. (lookformedical.com)
E5 impairs ligand-mediated apoptosis by reducing the amount of surface CD95 proteins or inhibiting the formation of the DISC complex [ 12 ], and affects the normal functioning of a number of membrane associated proteins, probably by modifying the composition and the interactions in the cell membranes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. (lookformedical.com)
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. (lookformedical.com)

Murine cytotoxic T cells specific to respiratory syncytial virus recognize different antigenic subtypes of the virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The immune system which results from cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages is developed in vivo, so as to recognize self from non-self. (justia.com)
The protective mechanism which protects the host from disease, as a result of invasion of viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens, is also able to recognize cells which come from a different mammalian host, even an allogeneic host. (justia.com)
2.8 cells recognize antigens, some of which are restricted to osteoblasts and chondrocytes. (docksci.com)
Immunohistochemical studies of antigen localization on cryostat sections of rat calvaria, long bone, and soft tissues demonstrated that five of these MAbs, UBIM 1,2,3,12, and 17, recognize antigens that are restricted to normal rat osteoblasts and chondrocytes. (docksci.com)
In vitro, these MAbs recognize cell surface antigens present on two additional cell lines, ROS 24/1 and Rat 2 cells, and on the adherent cell population cultured from rat long bone marrow. (docksci.com)
We have generated a panel of 15 MAbs to ROS 17/2.8 cells, 5 of which recognize antigens restricted to normal rat OBs and chondrocytes in vivo. (docksci.com)
Immune function refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy foreign invading foreign bodies (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) and to remove senescent, damaged, dead and mutated cells as a mechanism of resistance to disease. (biomedcentral.com)
These are referred to as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and that these MAIT cells recognize and react to metabolites that are that are a byproduct of microbial metabolism. (joessciencescorner.net)

Expression of the JSRV Envelope protein activates signalling cascades that promote cellular proliferation and malignant transformation of the cells. (wikipedia.org)
Increasing evidence indicates that EBV miRNAs target the host mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and transformation. (ijbs.com)
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the proliferation of transformed monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During evolution the arms race between papillomaviruses (PVes) and their hosts has resulted in parallel selection of cellular mechanisms aiming to clear viral infection, such as inhibition of cellular apoptosis or uncoupling of the normal proliferation/differentiation program of the epithelium on the one hand, and in selection of viral mechanisms aiming to hamper cellular reaction directed to clear infection on the other. (biomedcentral.com)
They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. (lookformedical.com)
We hypothesized that, in CBD, failure of IL-10 to modulate the beryllium-specific, cell-mediated immune response would result in persistent, maximal cytokine production and T lymphocyte proliferation, thus contributing to the development of granulomatous lung disease. (cdc.gov)
bronchoalveolar lavage cells from control and CBD subjects to evaluate the beryllium salt-specific production of endogenous IL-10 and the effects of exogenous human rIL-10 (rhIL-10) on HLA expression, on the production of IL-2, IFN- , and TNF- , and on T lymphocyte proliferation. (cdc.gov)
We of both mitogen- and Ag-induced accessory cell-dependent T lym- phocyte proliferation. (cdc.gov)
The T cells also effectively terminate their activation and proliferation as a means of avoiding autoimmunity, resulting in different phenotypes that either further activate Th1 immune responses or suppress via Th2-driven responses. (encyclopedia.pub)
Drs Constantinides Legoux and their colleagues have reported that commensal bacteria exert control of the development of MAIT cells in the thymus (the organ involved in the development and proliferation of T cells) and their subsequent expansion within mucosal tissue. (joessciencescorner.net)
Several recent studies point to an even broader range of activity for MAIT cells including: the control of bacterial, fungal and viral infections, a role in autoimmune disease and possible involvement in the immune processes involved in attacking the proliferation of tumor cells. (joessciencescorner.net)

The 6D4 antibody reportedly blocks NKG2D-positive NK cell- and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against MICA/B-positive target cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Systemic cell-mediated and antibody responses in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In other preferred embodiments, the F-18 labeled moiety may comprise a targetable conjugate that may be used in combination with a bispecific or multispecific antibody to target the F-18 to an antigen expressed on a cell or tissue associated with a disease, medical condition, or pathogen. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
The effect of antilymphocyte antibody on lymphocyte transformation. (eurekamag.com)
Surprisingly, we previously found that mice deficient in iNKT cells developed spontaneous CD8 + T cells responses partially effective at inhibiting metastases in mice bearing the 4T1 mammary carcinoma, and showed a markedly improved response to treatment with local radiotherapy and anti-CTLA-4 antibody compared to wild type (WT) mice. (biomedcentral.com)
The effects of antibody-mediated blockade of CD1d on DC number and phenotype, priming of anti-tumor T cells, and tumor response to treatment with local radiotherapy and anti-CTLA-4 antibody were evaluated. (biomedcentral.com)
To determine if the improved response to treatment in the absence of iNKT cells was independent from the immunotherapy employed, 4T1-tumor bearing WT and iNKT −/− mice were treated with local radiotherapy in combination with antibody-mediated CD137 co-stimulation. (biomedcentral.com)
A mouse monoclonal antibody to rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 antigens, MRC 0 x 1 8 , was purchased from Serotec (Oxfordshire, UK). (docksci.com)
Clinical manifestation coincides with the employment of humoral immune mechanisms, enrolling plasma cell recruitment, deposition of myelin-bound IgG and antibody-dependent macrophageal myelin-stripping. (biomedcentral.com)
The same antibody molecule can cross-react with related antigens if their epitopes are similar enough to those of the original antigen. (msdmanuals.com)

PHOSPHORYLATION of IRF-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the CYTOPLASM to CELL NUCLEUS where it binds DNA , and activates transcription. (lookformedical.com)

After the binding of the MHC/peptide complex to the TCR, the TCR heterodimer interacts with the antigen and facilitates clustering of the CD3 complex, which mediates further signalling that initiates T-cell activation (6). (cambridgemedicine.org)
HLA-II peptide binding studies involve multiple overlapping peptides spanning individual antigens, as well as complete viral proteomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Two major subsets of T cells collaborate to mediate an effective immune response. (johnshopkins.edu)
Groh V, Bahram S, Bauer S, Herman A, Beauchamp M, Spies T. Cell stress-regulated human major histocompatibility complex class I gene expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium. (bdbiosciences.com)
Infection was found to elicit a pulmonary major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response which was first detectable 6 days after infection and optimal 7 to 9 days after infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Most tumor cells do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. (amegroups.org)
The field of the subject invention is the use of major histocompatibility complex antigen lacking cells and organs which may serve as universal donors in cellular and organ therapies including transplantation and to produce chimeric non-human mammals. (justia.com)
A wide variety of hematopoietic cells exist, with the major protective lineages being lymphoid and myeloid. (justia.com)
Genetic studies of patients with autoimmune diseases have shown that one of the most important roles in the developing of these diseases is played by a cluster of genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), as compared with other genome areas. (actanaturae.ru)

The process is activated and deactivated by inflammatory processes such as activating signals i.e., cytokinesis and TNF-α are deactivated by removing mediators and inflammatory effector cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Thus, it is CD8 + effector T cells that are critical for destroying host cells altered by either viral infection or oncogenic transformation. (johnshopkins.edu)
MICA engagement by human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells enhances their antigen-dependent effector function. (bdbiosciences.com)

Nevertheless, ex vivo activation with cytokines can restore cytolytic activity of NK cells against GB, indicating that NK cells have potential for adoptive immunotherapy of GB if potent cytotoxicity can be maintained in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
We then outline preclinical approaches that employ CAR-NK cells for GB immunotherapy, and give an overview on the ongoing clinical development of ErbB2 (HER2)-specific CAR-NK cells currently applied in a phase I clinical trial in glioblastoma patients. (frontiersin.org)

Repurposing drugs that target inflammatory cytokines has confirmed the prominent roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, Type-I IFN, and TNF in the disease pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases, and identified the inflammasome and viral sensors as novel targets for drug development 2 . (nature.com)
Generally, CD8 + cytotoxic T-cells and CD4 + helper T-cells, which belong to the adaptive immune system, control the development of cancer via mechanisms like the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg. (cambridgemedicine.org)
iNKT cells can promote the polarization of adaptive immune responses towards both Th1 and Th2 and can secrete immunosuppressive cytokines [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result, these liver organ immune system cells, including B cells and their cytokines, mainly become innate immune effectors against tumors and infections simply by their T helper-1 immune response in the liver organ. (enmd-2076.com)
Such as excessive activation of autoreactive T cells, excessive release of inflammatory cytokines, elevated levels of autoantibodies, and common antigens between tumors and normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of IL-37 suppresses inflammation, resulting in the suppression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which in turn prevents infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells, mainly eosinophils and neutrophils. (actanaturae.ru)

Homologous recombination is employed to inactivate genes, particularly genes associated with MHC antigens. (justia.com)
Studies are underway to improve the safety of CAR T-cell therapy by limiting their expression, producing switchable CAR T-cells, and producing genetically engineered T-cells that are equipped with genes to reduce adverse effects. (cambridgemedicine.org)
Upon upwards migration towards more superficial layers and concomitant differentiation of the infected keratinocyte, the late genes of the virus are expressed leading to the formation of viral particles and their release upon cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. (edu.au)

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare, inherited disorder that predisposes patients to widespread human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas . (medscape.com)
Malignant skin tumors (carcinomas), especially squamous cell carcinoma (in situ or invasive), develop frequently in these patients (30-70%), most commonly in sun-exposed areas starting between the ages of 20 and 40 years, which reflects the high-risk nature of the HPV infection. (medscape.com)
This local CTL response was preceded by a rapid transient virus-specific lymphocyte transformation response which was detectable only 3 days after intranasal infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In addition, infection induced rapid interferon production within the lungs which was accompanied by an equally rapid rise in pulmonary natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity could be detected after only 1 day post-infection and continued to rise to maximum levels on day 3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
A pure viral or bacterial infection, an autoimmune inflammation, or a combination of these can be the etiology. (medscape.com)
Remarkably, EBV-encoded miRNAs are abundantly expressed in latently-infected cells and serve important function in viral infection and pathogenesis. (ijbs.com)
EBV can not be completely cleared once entry into the host cells and ultimately establishes life-long latent infection in host, indicating that EBV has developed elaborate strategies to evade host immune surveillance [ 4 ]. (ijbs.com)
An interferon regulatory factor that is expressed constitutively and undergoes POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION following viral infection. (lookformedical.com)

[ 12 ] A report also described a 19-year-old with an autosomal recessive MST1 (or STK4, serine/threonine kinase 4) deficiency who exhibited the epidermodysplasia verruciformis phenotype as well as a global immune deficiency with susceptibility to other bacterial and viral infections. (medscape.com)
The review focuses on the role of APC-derived EVs in regulating the transformation of macrophage phenotype, shaping foam cells, driving autophagy and/or inhibiting apoptosis of Th4 + cells, T regulatory cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as well as in facilitating oxidative stress in vasculature. (bmrat.org)
Growth factors may act either in an autocrine or a paracrine fashion and their temporal and spatial concentration modulates the cell phenotype and function. (unicyte.ch)
4.5)The object of our study was to raise MAbs to antigens restricted to the plasma membrane of the normal rat OB and to use these MAbs to further characterize the cell surface phenotype of the OB. (docksci.com)
This immunosuppressive helper T cell phenotype can be further induced by the zinc-finger transcription factor GATA3, which regulates Th2 cytokine expression [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Following transcription and translation of the viral genome, the new progeny virus gets assembled at the plasma membrane and bud off from the host cell acquiring a lipid envelope and their "env" glycoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
Evidence is accumulating that alterations in the structures of glycoproteins and other glycoconjugates on the surface of cancer cells are important in metastasis. (mhmedical.com)
Many viruses also contain glycoproteins, some of which play key roles in viral attachment to host cells. (mhmedical.com)
The glycan structures of glycoproteins change in response to signals involved in cell differentiation, normal physiology, and neoplastic transformation. (mhmedical.com)
Sendai virus-induced cell mediated cytotoxicity in vitro: the role of viral glycoproteins in cell mediated cytotoxicity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease. (lookformedical.com)

MICA and MICB expression by other epithelial cells and cell types, including fibroblasts and endothelial cells, is induced by stress, eg, stress caused by bacterial and viral infections, autoimmunity or cellular transformation. (bdbiosciences.com)

Tumor cell invasion, migration, and intravasation at primary sites JAM, and they act on endothelial cells, further promoting the tumor's neovascularization [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
They are secreted by a wide array of cells, including cardiac myocytes, mature and progenitor endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells like antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and malignant cells 5 , 6 . (bmrat.org)
Functional studies revealed increased expression of ICAM-1 on induced patient-derived endothelial cells (iECs) and of β2-integrins on patient neutrophils that increase neutrophil adhesion and vascular transendothelial migration (TEM). (nature.com)
We characterize the role of increased Lyn kinase activity in neutrophils, endothelial cells and lesional liver biopsies and utilized an iPSC-derived endothelial cell platform for disease modeling of neutrophilic vasculitis and to screen and evaluate drug efficacy. (nature.com)

It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. (lookformedical.com)

Inflammatory Factors Involved in Cancer Transformation" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46606 (accessed December 11, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
Inflammation, when it became chronic, settles down the body's normal inflammatory process, creating a favorable environment for the development of cancerous cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Based on previous efforts focusing on the role of the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of MS, it is currently well established that autoreactive T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells mediate the inflammatory processes in the CNS [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition to the direct effects of radiation, the ensuing immune response promotes the expression of inflammatory and immunostimulatory mediators, which act on neighboring, non-irradiated, cells. (amegroups.org)
These include macrophage and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching and various inflammatory signaling, such as IL-33/suppression of tumorigenesis 2 (ST2), Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathways, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . (bmrat.org)
This implies that inflammatory cells are reacting against an antigen located in the central nervous system (CNS) to which they have become sensitised. (biomedcentral.com)
Spontaneous paresis of White Leghorns is caused by cell-mediated, inflammatory demyelination affecting multiple cranial and spinal nerves and nerve roots with a proximodistal tapering. (biomedcentral.com)

Cells can communicate via physical interactions, in- cluding membrane bridge formation, such as tunneling nanotubes and cytonemes, and/or through the release of soluble factors [1-3]. (unicyte.ch)
And so this is why most bacterial cells have a cell wall and a cell wall can be defined as a semi rigid structural layer located on the outside of the membrane located on the outside of the cell membrane. (pearson.com)
Um it's a collection of the cell wall, the cell membrane and an outer membrane as well if that outer membrane is present. (pearson.com)
Now you'll also see that part of the cell envelope that the peptidoglycan cell wall is part of the cell envelope and the cell envelope also includes an outer membrane if it's present or capsule. (pearson.com)
And then on the inside here, what you have is the inner membrane also known as the cell membrane. (pearson.com)
Well, just label here is the cell membrane. (pearson.com)
And so the cell membrane, it would be this layer. (pearson.com)

Moreover, BCMA plays an essential role in regulating B cell maturation and differentiation into plasma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Several other environmental factors including oxy- gen concentration and mechanical, metabolic, and bio- chemical conditions have been shown relevant in cell differentiation and have been reviewed extensively (Fig. 1) [3]. (unicyte.ch)

Even though a possibility of a viral cause has been eliminated in bronchoalveolar cancer, understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to the transformation of lung epithelia by JSRV may be of interest in the context of therapeutic approaches in human lung cancers in general and bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma (BAC) in particular. (wikipedia.org)
This lifelong challenge has contributed to the development of numerous evasion mechanisms by Herpesviruses, many of which devoted to elude NK cell surveillance from viral reactivations rather than primary infections. (frontiersin.org)
First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)
Tumor cells develop multiple and complex mechanisms to fully escape immune surveillance. (amegroups.org)
In mammals, the immune systems serves as the primary defense with many different types of cells and mechanisms to protect the host. (justia.com)
The immune system interacts closely with tumour cells via complex mechanisms and can result in either eradication of the tumour or immune evasion by the tumour (5). (cambridgemedicine.org)

Further, they are involved in the repair of tissues/cells and the healing of wounds at the time of inflammation [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
pathomechanisms that regulate extravasation of damaging immune cells into surrounding tissues are poorly understood. (nature.com)
BCMA is not present in other hematological cells like hematopoietic stem cells or other tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Another four MAbs (UBIM 10, 11, 14, and 22) bind to a variety of cells and tissues both in vitro and in vivo. (docksci.com)
Studies of the interactions of this panel of MAbs with osteogenic tissues and cell lines may have an important impact on the understanding of osteoblast physiology. (docksci.com)
The results of extensive study of MAIT cells coming from the laboratories of Constantinides and Legoux have established that MAIT cells require a community of microbiota to enable their development in the thymus and insure their expansion into specific tissues. (joessciencescorner.net)
In summary, the diagram below illustrates the intimate relationship that exists between the development and function of MAIT cells and the resident commensal microbiota on barrier tissues such as the skin. (joessciencescorner.net)

Here we describe a novel mechanism of tumor immune escape mediated by iNKT cells that limit priming of anti-tumor T cells by controlling DC in tumors and draining lymph nodes. (biomedcentral.com)

Clearance of persistent RSV infections in immunodeficient mice following transfer of primed T cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Their fundamental role in anti-viral responses has been unveiled in patients with NK cell deficiencies suffering from severe Herpesvirus infections. (frontiersin.org)
Notably, these infections, often occurring as primary infections early in life, can be efficiently cleared by NK, T, and B cells in healthy hosts. (frontiersin.org)
There is growing evidence that host cells try to control Herpesvirus infections by activating the autophagic machinery. (mdpi.com)

Our data demonstrate that beryllium-stimulated bronchoalveolar lavage cells produce IL-10, and the neutralization of endogenous IL-10 does not increase significantly cytokine production, HLA expression, or T lymphocyte pro- liferation. (cdc.gov)

A vaccine must at minimum contain two antigenic epitopes: one to induce specific B-cell or CTL responses and another to induce specific Th cells that regulate (initiate, enhance, or suppress) immune responses [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Following this, in 1971, Sir Frank Mac Farlane Burnet hypothesised that tumour cell antigens induced immunological reaction against cancer and postulated the "immune surveillance theory" (4). (cambridgemedicine.org)

Information exchange between cells coordinates devel- opment and functional interplay in complex organisms. (unicyte.ch)

The immune response is broadly classified into either the innate, antigen-nonspecific response, or the adaptive, antigen-specific response. (johnshopkins.edu)

Groh V, Bruhl A, El-Gabalawy H, Nelson JL, Spies T. Stimulation of T cell autoreactivity by anomalous expression of NKG2D and its MIC ligands in rheumatoid arthritis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Constant stimulation of T-cells can lead to T-cell exhaustion, loss of T-cell function and reduced ability to proliferate, impaired cytotoxicity as well as decreased cytokine production (7). (cambridgemedicine.org)

Neural cell adhesion molecule: structure, immunoglobulin-like domains, cell surface modulation, and alternative RNA splicing. (academicinfluence.com)
In 1959, Lewis Thomas suggested that the human immune system can recognise tumour-specific antigens on the surface of newly developing tumour cells as 'foreign' and eliminate them (3). (cambridgemedicine.org)
The Compact disc11b+ Kupffer cells portrayed intracellular TNF and surface area Fas-ligand (FasL). (enmd-2076.com)
Here we show that HPV16 E5 down-regulates HLA-I surface expression in calnexin-containing but not in calnexin-deficient cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The antigens appear to be localized to the cell surface of the osteoblast, with no apparent staining of bone matrix in either undecalcified or decalcified sections. (docksci.com)
This study has also identified cell surface antigens of ROS 17/2.8 cells that are not expressed by osteoblasts in vivo. (docksci.com)
The availability of specific markers of the cell surface of the OB would be of great value in this task. (docksci.com)

Epithelial cell expression of MICA and MICB has also been detected in transplanted kidneys and pancreas that show histological signs of rejection and or cellular injury. (bdbiosciences.com)
It includes cellular functioning and organization and the transformation of energy. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Cellular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

At present, the phenotypic heterogeneity and functional variation of human γδ T cells are increasing. (explorationpub.com)

First-generation CAR T-cells consist only of the TCR-derived CD3ζ intracellular signalling domain, which induces T-cell activation as illustrated in Figure 1 (6, 8). (cambridgemedicine.org)
The second-generation CAR T-cells consist of one additional co-stimulatory component (mainly CD28, CD137 or CD134) in the intracellular domain, which amplifies anti-tumour responses in vivo (8). (cambridgemedicine.org)
The third-generation CAR T-cells consist of two co-stimulatory components in the intracellular domain (8). (cambridgemedicine.org)

Although an effective treatment for HD has remained elusive, current studies using transplants of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells provides considerable promise. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the bone-marrow of mice (BM MSCs), were labeled with Hoechst after low (3 to 8) or high (40 to 50) numbers of passages and then transplanted intrastriatally into 5-week-old R6/2 mice, which carries the N-terminal fragment of the human HD gene (145 to 155 repeats) and rapidly develops symptoms analogous to the human form of the disease. (biomedcentral.com)

Initially, the tumour cells grow along the alveolar walls in a pattern reminiscent of human BAC, but subsequently become more invasive and metastasize to the local lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)
Consequently, immune cells fail to recognise and kill tumour cells. (cambridgemedicine.org)
Cancer cells also recruit and alter nearby stromal cells to aid the tumour cells in avoiding immune detection and destruction [ 16 ] [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

These peptides (HLA-II T-cell epitopes) are increasingly important as research targets for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies. (biomedcentral.com)
Current predictive capabilities allow prediction of only 50% of actual T-cell epitopes using practical thresholds. (biomedcentral.com)

Following integration, expression of JSRV RNA from the viral promoter in the LTR is controlled by the host transcriptional machine. (wikipedia.org)

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce and release a broad spectrum of EVs involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (bmrat.org)

Kinetics of homophilic binding by embryonic and adult forms of the neural cell adhesion molecule. (academicinfluence.com)
Chemical characterization of a neural cell adhesion molecule purified from embryonic brain membranes. (academicinfluence.com)
In addition, embryonic stem cells may be modified by homologous recombination for use in producing chimeric or transgenic mammalian hosts, which may be used as source of universal donor organs. (justia.com)

Anatomy31

Organisms19

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs105

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes62

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care1

Dendritic cells10

Molecules29

Receptor23

Macrophages11

Recognition14

Professional antigen-prese1

Receptors10

Lymphocytes6

Antibodies13

Immunity5

Microenvironment8

TAAs1

Extracellular5

Nucleic acids1

Proteins7

Recognize9

Proliferation11

Antibody10

Binds1

Peptide2

Major7

Effector3

Immunotherapy2

Cytokines6

Genes4

Infection9

Phenotype5

Glycoproteins6

Bacterial and viral infections1

Endothelial cells4

Autoimmune1

Inflammatory7

Membrane7

Differentiation2

Mechanisms6

Tissues7

Tumors1

Infections4

Lymphocyte1

Antigenic1

Immunological1

Complex1

Immune response1

Stimulation2

Surface7

Cellular3

Heterogeneity1

Intracellular3

Mesenchymal stem2

Tumour cells3

Epitopes2

Expression1

Pathogenesis1

Embryonic3