IschemiaForelimb and hindlimbLimbMusclesLamenessInitiationHindlimbsTbx4DisuseEndothelialUnilateralTendonAnatomyDevelopmentModelStudyAnalysisLossExpressionComplexFunctionsPresentIschemicForelimb lamenessMorphologyRight forelimbMusclesIpsilateralSprague-DawleyRatsMiceGeneAxonsCanineVascularSuspensionBonesPitx1OrganizationBloodEvaluateControlEffectBackMotor
Ischemia3
- In this study, we use a well-established, severe femoral-saphenous artery-vein pair resection model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia to test the relevance of Cx37 and Cx40 to postischemic tissue survival and recovery of limb perfusion. (figshare.com)
- Increased Perfusion and Angiogenesis in a Hindlimb Ischemia Model with" by B. Ferraro, Y. L. Cruz et al. (odu.edu)
- We sought to determine if intradermal injection of plasmid DNA encoding FGF-2 (pFGF) followed by noninvasive cutaneous electroporation (pFGFE+) could increase blood flow and angiogenesis in a rat model of hindlimb ischemia. (odu.edu)
Forelimb and hindlimb2
- Importantly, in contrast to the analysis of morphological integration using morphometric approaches, network analyses do not support the prediction that forelimb and hindlimb are more dissimilar in species with functionally divergent limbs such as bipedal humans. (nature.com)
- Hayashi, N , Hayes, SG & Kaufman, MP 2001, ' Comparison of the exercise pressor reflex between forelimb and hindlimb muscles in cats ', American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology , vol. 281, no. 4 50-4, pp. (elsevierpure.com)
Limb8
- A hindlimb or back limb is one of the paired articulated appendages (limbs) attached on the caudal (posterior) end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's torso. (wikipedia.org)
- Frogs have 4 digits in fore limb while hindlimb have 5 digits. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast, in species where the limbs have become specialized (e.g., humans, gibbons), co-variation among topologically similar elements of the fore- and hindlimb is substantially lower, i.e., these limbs have a lower inter-limb integration. (nature.com)
- Pathways through which reticulospinal neurons can influence contralateral limb movements were investigated by recording from motoneurons innervating hindlimb muscles. (jneurosci.org)
- In the afternoons, 7 hours of practical and case-based sessions will give attendees plenty of opportunity to put theory into practice on live horses and limb specimens in small groups (2 4 people per ultrasound machine) and to discuss all aspects of Hindlimb Lameness diagnostics and therapeutics with the specialists. (dvm360.com)
- We examined the bioelectric properties (resting potential gradients in the epidermis) of Xenopus laevis froglets undergoing hindlimb amputation and observed that the contralateral (undamaged) limb exhibits apparent depolarization signals immediately after the opposite hindlimb is amputated. (biologists.com)
- Scholars@Duke publication: Alterations in inorganic phosphate in mouse hindlimb muscles during limb disuse. (duke.edu)
- The contribution of Isl1-lineages to a large portion, but not the entire hindlimb mesenchyme, too because the requirement of -catenin in Isl1-lineages, PLD medchemexpress indicated that the seemingly homogenous nascent limb bud mesenchyme is in actual fact heterogeneous from the onset of hindlimb development. (hivinhibitor.com)
Muscles2
- Different fore- vs hindlimb patterns are also seen for anatomical network complexity (i.e., complexity in the arrangement of bones and muscles). (nature.com)
- Our results suggest that in the anesthetized cat the cardiovascular responses to both static contraction and tendon stretch are greater when arising from forelimb muscles than from hindlimb muscles. (elsevierpure.com)
Lameness3
- Hindlimb Lameness Diagnostics (incl. (dvm360.com)
- This two-day practical course has been developed for equine veterinarians who have experience with lameness investigations and provides a critical overview of possible causes of hindlimb lameness, diagnostic anaesthetic strategies and how to interpret nerve and joint block results, via a regio-anatomic approach. (dvm360.com)
- Discussions on the upper hindlimb as a cause of lameness (hip joint, pelvic and sacroiliac problems), objective gait analysis and on systemic and intra-articular joint therapies will round the course off. (dvm360.com)
Initiation5
- By combining histological, genetic, and cellular approaches we show that the hindlimb initiation gene tbx4 has an evolutionarily conserved, essential role in pelvic fin development. (monash.edu)
- At Isl1 acts upstream on the -catenin pathway throughout hindlimb initiation (Kawakami et al. (hivinhibitor.com)
- 2011). Nevertheless, ISL1-positive cells and nuclear -cateninpositive cells barely overlap just before hindlimb initiation. (hivinhibitor.com)
- For instance, early inactivation of -catenin in LPM before initiation of hindlimb bud outgrowth by Hoxb6Cre caused cell death broadly in hindlimb progenitor cells at the same time because the comprehensive failure to activate the Fgf10-Fgf8 feedback loop (Kawakami et al. (hivinhibitor.com)
- Pitx1 is necessary for normal initiation of hindlimb outgrowth through regulation of Tbx4 expression and shapes hindlimb morphologies via targeted growth control. (medlineplus.gov)
Hindlimbs2
- Similarly, species in which the hindlimb takes on a major role in propulsion, such as leapers (e.g., lemurs, tarsiers) and bipedally-committed humans, have relatively longer hindlimbs. (nature.com)
- Here we genetically characterise pelvic finless, a naturally occurring model of hindlimb loss in zebrafish that lacks pelvic fin structures, which are homologous to tetrapod hindlimbs, but displays no other abnormalities. (monash.edu)
Tbx41
- In addition, our novel viable model of hindlimb deficiency is likely to facilitate the elucidation of the detailed molecular mechanisms through which Tbx4 functions during pelvic fin and hindlimb development. (monash.edu)
Disuse2
- Differential bone remodeling mechanism in hindlimb unloaded and hibernating Daurian ground squirrels: a comparison between artificial and natural disuse within the same species. (bvsalud.org)
- The present study assesses the bone remodeling mechanisms present in Daurian ground squirrels ( Spermophilus dauricus) during hibernation as compared with a model of hindlimb disuse. (bvsalud.org)
Endothelial1
- The surgical procedure for delivery of embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells to the ischemic hindlimb is demonstrated, with non-invasive tracking by bioluminescence imaging. (jove.com)
Unilateral1
- Hindlimb postural asymmetry induced by unilateral brain injury: evidence for extra spinal mechanism. (lu.se)
Tendon2
- In thirteen cats anesthetized with α-chloralose, we compared the cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to both static contraction and tendon stretch of a hindlimb muscle group, the triceps surae, with those to contraction and stretch of a forelimb muscle group, the triceps brachii. (elsevierpure.com)
- DeLaurier A, Schweitzer R, Logan M. Pitx1 determines the morphology of muscle, tendon, and bones of the hindlimb. (medlineplus.gov)
Anatomy2
- Hindlimb anatomy suggests Dasypus is the better burrower. (umass.edu)
- Available from: [https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Vet-Anatomical-Part/Biceps-muscle-of-thigh-Biceps-femoris-muscle Ahttps://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Vet-Anatomical-Part/Biceps-muscle-of-thigh-Biceps-femoris-muscle] (last accessed 30/5/2021). (physio-pedia.com)
Development1
- In this study, we used immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, and Northern blot analyses to examine the time course and spatial characteristics of expression of myoglobin protein and mRNA during development of the distal hindlimb in the mouse. (elsevierpure.com)
Model1
- A neuromechanical model of the rat hindlimb and locomotor circuitry built and run in AnimatLab v1. (yale.edu)
Study1
- A genetic strategy in this study working with Isl1Cre to inactivate catenin provided proof that -catenin was expected in Isl1-lineages, but this requirement was limited to a portion from the hindlimb bud mesenchyme progenitors, which contributes to the posterior region of nascent hindlimb buds. (hivinhibitor.com)
Analysis1
- Extending the hindlimb analysis to a controversial fossil armadillo, †Peltephilus, suggests it was not a burrower. (umass.edu)
Loss1
- Contrary to the heart where -catenin regulates proliferative expansion of cardiac progenitors, our evaluation in nascent hindlimb buds indicated that a loss of -catenin didn't bring about defects in proliferation in Isl1-lineages (Fig. 2). (hivinhibitor.com)
Expression1
- We observed only minimal expression of myoglobin in the hindlimb prior to the second day after birth, but a rapid and large (50- fold) induction of this gene in the ensuing neonatal period. (elsevierpure.com)
Complex1
- For instance, the human hindlimb is as complex as that of chimpanzees but the human forelimb is less complex than in Pan . (nature.com)
Functions1
- 2011) recommend that Isl1 functions upstream of -catenin in hindlimb and BA1. (hivinhibitor.com)
Present1
- Dramatic differences were present in both the osteology and myology of the hindlimb. (umass.edu)
Ischemic4
- In a second study [32], in vivo two-photon calcium imaging was used to examine how response properties of individual neurons and glial cells in reorganized forelimb and hindlimb functional somatosensory maps modified during the recovery period from ischemic damage in the sensory cortex. (consulmedia.tv)
- These findings indicate that unilateral ES of the forelimb induced an asymmetrical SBF response in hindlimb, and that ES-induced enhancement in SBF in the ischemic hindlimb was frequency-dependent. (atlasofscience.org)
- Background and Objectives: Experimental protocols for remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) utilize models in which a tourniquet is placed around the hindlimb or efuent is collected from an isolated heart. (elsevierpure.com)
- We investigated whether treatment with a few micrometers of CO2 molecules atomized via two fluidnozzles (CO2 mist) exerts an angiogenic effect in a mouse ischemic hindlimb model. (elsevierpure.com)
Forelimb lameness1
- Hindlimb and forelimb lameness in many horses will be accentuated when the horse is worked in a circle with the affected limb on the inside. (consulmedia.tv)
Morphology2
- DeLaurier A, Schweitzer R, Logan M. Pitx1 determines the morphology of muscle, tendon, and bones of the hindlimb. (medlineplus.gov)
- These results show how changes in expression of regional patterning genes can generate localized changes in organ fate and morphology, and provide viable molecular mechanisms for diversity in hindlimb scale and feather distribution. (elifesciences.org)
Right forelimb4
- both indicating right forelimb), while for hindlimb lameness, the head and withers will show movement asymmetries of opposite directions (e.g. (consulmedia.tv)
- In our study, we found that application of 125-Hz ES to the right forelimb (R125) led to a rapid increase in SBF in the right hindlimb within 3 min, and showed significantly higher levels of SBF in the right hindlimb compared to the control group. (atlasofscience.org)
- No changes in SBF were seen in either hindlimb when ES was applied to the left or right forelimb at 3 Hz (Fig. 2). (atlasofscience.org)
- Following ES of 125 Hz to the right forelimb, SBF increased significantly in the right hindlimb compared to the control group. (atlasofscience.org)
Muscles1
- Fatigability of rat hindlimb muscles after acute irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition. (concordia.ca)
Ipsilateral4
- Descending propriospinal axons were recorded extracellularly from the hindlimb enlargement on one side of the body, while the ipsilateral or contralateral body surface was stimulated. (jneurosci.org)
- Concurrent recordings were made from ipsilateral and contralateral hindlimb muscle nerves to monitor fictive scratch motor patterns. (jneurosci.org)
- In addition, these results suggest that a certain area in the forelimb is functionally correlated with a specific area of the ipsilateral hindlimb. (atlasofscience.org)
- Therefore, the physiological function of a specific area in the hindlimb may be influenced by the stimulation of a specific area of the ipsilateral forelimb. (atlasofscience.org)
Sprague-Dawley1
- 11. Effects of diet and exposure to hindlimb suspension on estrous cycling in Sprague-Dawley rats. (nih.gov)
Rats6
- Forelimb-hindlimb coordination in adult rats moving freely along 2 m long runway was investigated using the method of footprint recording. (consulmedia.tv)
- 2018). Finally, otherauthors have previously demonstrated that the inhibition of bone formation, induced by unloading, can be a consequence of your hindlimb elevation independently with the glucocorticoids since plasma corticosterone levels are not considerably distinctive in between usually loaded and unloaded rats and adrenalectomy had no protective effect on bone loss in unloaded animals (Halloran et al. (epigenetics-modulation-frontier.com)
- At the end of the treatment period, the rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg) and mean arterial pressure, heart rate and hindlimb blood flow were monitored. (elsevierpure.com)
- Acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside induced dose-dependent increases in hindlimb vascular conductance in control normoglycemic rats which were attenuated in diabetic control rats. (elsevierpure.com)
- In conclusion, chronic administration of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, nimesulide improved endothelial dysfunction in the hindlimb vasculature of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. (elsevierpure.com)
- Abdelrahman, AM & Al Suleimani, YM 2008, ' Four-week administration of nimesulide, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, improves endothelial dysfunction in the hindlimb vasculature of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats ', Archives of Pharmacal Research , vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 1584-1589. (elsevierpure.com)
Mice1
- The similarly sized tibia and fibula of mutant hindlimbs may be taken to resemble forelimb bones: however, the mutant limb buds appear to have retained their molecular identity as assessed by forelimb expression of Tbx5 and by hindlimb expression of Tbx4, even though Tbx4 expression is decreased in Ptx1 null mice. (nih.gov)
Gene3
- The restricted expression of the Ptx1 (Pitx1) gene in the posterior half of the lateral plate mesoderm has suggested that it may play a role in specification of posterior structures, in particular, specification of hindlimb identity. (nih.gov)
- We now show that targeted inactivation of the mouse Ptx1 gene severely impairs hindlimb development: the ilium and knee cartilage are absent and the long bones are underdeveloped. (nih.gov)
- found that a gene called Pitx1, which is typically considered a hindlimb gene, is expressed at lower levels in the developing legs of breeds with feathered feet than in a breed with scaled feet. (elifesciences.org)
Axons1
- The centroid coordinates for the forelimb and hindlimb axons are shown in the Table. (consulmedia.tv)
Canine2
- The hindlimb skeleton of the canine includes the pelvic girdle, consisting of the fused ilium, ischium, and pubis, and the bones of the hindlimb. (physio-pedia.com)
- The canine hindlimb is known also as the pelvic limb or rear limb, but we use the term hindlimb. (consulmedia.tv)
Vascular2
- Mean arterial pressure was significantly reduced and hindlimb vascular conductance was not significantly affected in the control diabetic group when compared to the normoglycemic control group. (elsevierpure.com)
- Nimesulide reversed the attenuation of acetylcholine-induced increase in hindlimb vascular conductance. (elsevierpure.com)
Suspension5
- The EDL muscle was unloaded for 14 days by hindlimb suspension (HS) in aged (34-36 mo. (hindawi.com)
- Hindlimb suspension (HS) has been used widely as a preclinical model of atrophy to study a variety of skeletal muscle adaptations including reduced gravity, disuse, and reloading (R) following disuse [ 30 - 35 ]. (hindawi.com)
- 1. Hindlimb-suspension and spaceflight both alter cGMP levels in rat choroid plexus. (nih.gov)
- SLS-1, SLS-2 and hindlimb-suspension experiments). (nih.gov)
- 12. Effects of hindlimb suspension and elevated ambient CO2 on rat growth and renal function. (nih.gov)
Bones2
- The bones of the hindlimb are the femur, patella, fabellae (sesamoid bones), tibia, fibula, tarsus and meta-tarsus and the digital bones. (physio-pedia.com)
- The size of hindlimb bones varies due to the significant variation in size for breeds of dogs. (physio-pedia.com)
Pitx11
- We found that feathered feet in pigeons result from a partial transformation from hindlimb to forelimb identity mediated by cis -regulatory changes in the genes encoding the hindlimb-specific transcription factor Pitx1 and forelimb-specific transcription factor Tbx5. (elifesciences.org)
Organization2
- To fully capture the anatomic organization of forelimb and hindlimb tracts within the IC, we reconstructed the axon fiber distributions in 3 dimensions within this area. (consulmedia.tv)
- A modification with the reflex organization in hindlimb muscle groups (D'Amelio et al. (epigenetics-modulation-frontier.com)
Blood2
- What response of skin blood flow in hindlimb does electrical stimulation of forelimb induce? (atlasofscience.org)
- In analyzing the humoral factors that act as signal transducers in these models, sampled blood can be influenced by systemic responses, while the efuent from an isolated heart might differ from that of the hindlimb. (elsevierpure.com)
Evaluate2
- For linear sports like Flyball, strong adductors and abductors will help keep limbs moving … OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate angle-of-motion values for the forelimb and hindlimb in clinically healthy adult Santa Ines sheep by means of a standard goniometer. (consulmedia.tv)
- The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a beta-1 adrenergic (Adrb1) agonist, dobutamine (DOB), on disuse-induced changes in bone integrity during 28 d of hindlimb unloading (HU). (medscape.com)
Control2
- Since the most affected structures derive from the dorsal side of hindlimb buds, the data suggest that Ptx1 is responsible for patterning of these dorsal structures and that as such it may control development of hindlimb-specific features. (nih.gov)
- However, there were no significant differences in SBF in the left hindlimb between R125 and control groups. (atlasofscience.org)
Effect1
- In contrast, the same ES that was applied to the left forelimb in L125 group had no effect on SBF in either hindlimb. (atlasofscience.org)
Back1
- A hindlimb or back limb is one of the paired articulated appendages (limbs) attached on the caudal (posterior) end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's torso. (wikipedia.org)
Motor1
- The other is the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord containing the hindlimb motor circuits. (nature.com)