High affinity amino acid transport systems. Medical search. Frequent questions

In 1993, Lee et al cloned a human complementary DNA, rBAT (renal basic amino acid transporter) in chromosome 2, encoding a transport protein for cystine and dibasic amino acids. (medscape.com)
Eventually it was discovered that pregabalin is actively transported across the blood-brain barrier by the system L neutral amino acid transporter protein, which usually functions to transport certain amino acids, including leucine, valine and isoleucine, into the brain. (wikipedia.org)
This explained the previous failures, as most alterations to the pregabalin molecule which increase affinity for the α2δ channels and therefore increase apparent potency in the test tube, were found to also dramatically reduce binding to the system L transporter, and with no assisted transport into the brain, blood-brain barrier penetration was minimal and the drugs were inactive in animals. (wikipedia.org)
However, after extensive searching it was discovered that one enantiomer of the relatively simple derivative 4-methylpregabalin, was both 4x higher in binding affinity to α2δ channels than pregabalin, and also retained similar affinity for the system L transporter. (wikipedia.org)
have presented the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 Å resolution. (tcdb.org)
high confidence medium confidence low confidence transporter - transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging. (lbl.gov)
High-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport system permease protein BraE, component of Branched chain amino acid uptake transporter. (lbl.gov)
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. (lbl.gov)
System y + L is a broad-scope amino acid transporter which binds and translocates cationic and neutral amino acids. (uandes.cl)
Na + replacement with K + does not affect lysine transport, but markedly decreases the affinity of the transporter for L-leucine and L-glutamine. (uandes.cl)
A high-affinity carnitine transporter was present in kidney 293 cells, but not in HepG2 liver cells, whose carnitine transporter had a Km in the millimolar range. (qxmd.com)
Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) is an influx transporter expressed widely throughout the body in tissues such as intestine, liver, brain, placenta and skeletal muscle. (helsinki.fi)
Since many clinically used drugs are transported by OATP2B1, changes in the function of the transporter due to genetic polymorphism could lead to altered pharmacokinetics or -dynamics of OATP2B1 substrate drugs. (helsinki.fi)
These diseases are the result of a defect in transport of sialic acid across lysosomal membranes and are associated with mutations in the gene encoding the sialic acid transporter sialin. (stanford.edu)
first, organic anions are transported from the peritubular plasma by basolateral organic anion transporter(s) and subsequently effluxed into the tubular lumen by luminal transporter(s). (aspetjournals.org)
The transport properties of rOAT1 are nearly identical to those of the classic PAH transporter. (aspetjournals.org)
Establishment of a novel microscale thermophoresis ligand-binding assay for characterization of SLC solute carriers using oligopeptide transporter PepT1 (SLC15 family) as a model system. (unibe.ch)
Expression, purification, and structural insights for the human uric acid transporter, GLUT9, using the Xenopus laevis oocytes system. (unibe.ch)
Placental Uric Acid Transport System: Glucose Transporter 9 (SLC2A9). (unibe.ch)
The SLC1 high-affinity glutamate and neutral amino acid transporter family. (unibe.ch)
The sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transporter family SLC23. (unibe.ch)
Our previous studies on the structure and function of the transition-metal ion transporter from Staphylococcus capitis (ScaDMT) have revealed the general architecture of the SLC11/NRAMP family and they provided initial insight into the structural basis of selective transition-metal ion transport 16 . (nature.com)
The most important open questions concern the structure of the transporter in an outward-facing conformation and whether, similar to their eukaryotic counterparts, transport in the prokaryotic transporters would be coupled to H + . To resolve these questions we have investigated the structural and functional properties of the SLC11 transporter from the bacterium Eremococcus coleocola (EcoDMT). (nature.com)
periplasmic binding domain of ATP-binding cassette transporter-like systems that belong to the type 1 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily. (unl.edu)

Hits to curated proteins without experimental data as to their function are never considered high confidence. (lbl.gov)
Cationic amino acid transporters are 14 TM proteins, which mediate pH- and sodium-independent transport of cationic amino acids (system y + ), apparently as an exchange mechanism. (guidetopharmacology.org)
L-Aspartic acid is used as a cell culture media component for the commercial biomanufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. (sigmaaldrich.com)
It belongs to a multimeric complex and is associated with other proteins.The pleiotropic actions of TSPO render this protein an interesting target in the nervous system. (uni-regensburg.de)
Until early 1990s, renal organic anion transport was thought to be carried out by a few carrier proteins that showed wide substrate specificity. (aspetjournals.org)
Research in the A. Mortensen lab focuses on understanding mechanisms that regulate glutamate transporters, crucial proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulate excitatory transmission. (drexel.edu)
The N-terminal amino acid sequence of FBP (ADTSVCLI-) was similar to that of several sugar-binding proteins from other species of bacteria. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Structural prediction of sugar-binding proteins functional in chemotaxis and transport. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Due to the presence of two and three genomes in the tetraploid and hexaploid wheat varieties, respectively, these produce more gluten proteins, which is favorable for the production of high-quality dough. (karger.com)
These proteins are highly conserved across all kingdoms of life and thus likely share a common transport mechanism. (nature.com)
Phenylalanine is an α- amino acid that is found in many proteins (such as hemoglobin ), is essential in the human diet, and normally is readily converted to the amino acid tyrosine in the human body . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In humans, the L-isomer of phenylalanine, which is the only form that is involved in protein synthesis, is one of the 20 standard amino acids common in animal proteins and required for normal functioning in humans. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
These genes were predicted to encode proteins with 14 membrane spanning domains and were from 26 to 53% identical at the amino acid level. (korea.ac.kr)
These systems are comprised of transmembrane domains, nucleotide binding domains, and in most bacterial uptake systems, periplasmic binding proteins (PBPs) which transfer the ligand to the extracellular gate of the transmembrane domains. (unl.edu)
There are two major P450 classes in terms of the native RP systems, namely, the prokaryotic Class I P450 consisting of three stand-alone components (redoxin reductase/redoxin/P450) that are all cytosolically soluble proteins and the two-component eukaryotic Class II P450 comprised of P450 and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), both of which are membrane-bound proteins. (nature.com)
In the interaction with proteins, lead binds with virtually every available functional group, including sulfhydryl, amine, phosphate, and carboxyl groups, with sulfhydryl having the highest affinity. (cdc.gov)
Serum amyloid A and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein are transport proteins, and fibrinogen is a coagulation factor. (msdmanuals.com)
Antibodies recognize specific configurations (epitopes, or antigenic determinants) on the surfaces of antigens (eg, proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids). (msdmanuals.com)
In our present view, these areas are found for systems where several types of macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides or polyelectrolytes) and/or amphiphiles interact to form a functional or destructive unit. (lu.se)

They proposed that Lys158 is central to proton-coupled transport and that the amine group serves the same functional role as the Na2 ion in LeuT, thus demonstrating common principles among proton- and sodium-coupled transporters. (tcdb.org)
SLC7 family members may be divided into two major groups: cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) and glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporters (gpaATs). (guidetopharmacology.org)
Different amino acid transporters at cell membranes work together to facilitate the movement of amino acids into and out of the brain. (edu.au)
In the framework of this thesis, the effects of exogenous administration of several non-essential amino acids and the participation of their specific transporters in brain metabolism were investigated in Guinea pig cortical brain slices and mouse brain tissues using a targeted neuropharmacological and metabolomic strategy. (edu.au)
All the amino acid transporters mentioned in this study were addressed by the existing solute carrier (SLC) gene nomenclature system for amino acid transporters. (edu.au)
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) on the plasma membrane regulate and modulate glutamate neurotransmission by transporting synaptically released glutamate back into cells. (drexel.edu)
ABC-type transporters couple ATP hydrolysis with the uptake and efflux of a wide range of substrates across bacterial membranes, including amino acids, peptides, lipids and sterols, and various drugs. (unl.edu)

Standard assay conditions were used and cells suspended in transport buffer at a concentration of 150 micrograms of total cellular protein per milliliter and the rate of glycine betaine uptake was expressed as nanomoles per minute per milligram of total cellular protein. (readabstracts.com)
Sequence analysis reveals the presence of a protein of 497 amino acids in the Staphylococcus proline permease gene and the protein exhibits 49% homology with the PutP high-affinity proline permease of E. coli. (readabstracts.com)
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system. (dovepress.com)
The amino acid changes could alter the protein charge and stability, inducing distinct physiological functions. (dovepress.com)
The hOAT3 cDNA consisted of 2179 base pairs that encoded a 543-amino-acid residue protein with 12 putative transmembrane domains. (aspetjournals.org)
Rapid method to express and purify human membrane protein using the Xenopus oocyte system for functional and low-resolution structural analysis. (unibe.ch)
Prolonged growth of A. radiobacter in fructose-limited continuous culture led to the selection of a novel strain (AR100) which overproduced a fructose-binding protein (FBP) and showed an increased rate of fructose transport. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The monomeric protein (M r 34200 by SDS-PAGE and 37700 by gel-filtration FPLC) bound D-[U -14 C]-fructose stoichiometrically (1.17 nmol nmol FBP -1 ) and with high affinity (K D 0.49 μM) as shown by equilibrium dialysis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
It is concluded that fructose is transported into A. radiobacter and related organisms via a periplasmic fructose/mannose-binding-protein-dependent active-transport system, in contrast to the phosphotransferase system used by many other species of bacteria. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Binding- protein-dependent glucose transport by Agrobacterium radiobacter grown in continuous culture. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Binding- protein-dependent sugar transport by Agrobacterium radiobacter and A. tumefaciens grown in continuous culture. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This single-chain 535 amino acid long protein causes the symptoms of acute diphtheria infection. (org.ua)
RS_01910 may encode a protein related to creatine transport. (frontiersin.org)
LysM, a small globular domain with approximately 40 amino acids, is a widespread protein module involved in binding peptidoglycan in bacteria and chitin in eukaryotes. (unl.edu)
Hemoglobin, the protein from inside red blood cells, transports oxygen molecules throughout the body. (biologicmodels.com)
Protein and Protein-Amphiphile Systems. (lu.se)
The high mobility of hydration water ensures that all thermally activated processes at the protein-water interface, such as binding, recognition and catalysis, can proceed at high rates. (lu.se)

2] "Transport of cationic amino acids by the mouse ecotropic retrovirus receptor. (tcdb.org)
In K + , the carrier behaved as a cationic amino acid specific carrier, interacting weakly with neutral amino acids. (uandes.cl)

A high-affinity betaine transport system was recorded in the Staphylococcus aureus, and it was seen that this bacterium accumulates proline and glycine betaine when cells are grown at low water activity. (readabstracts.com)
Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. (bvsalud.org)
Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, we unveiled that NdgR also controls ABC transport system of glutamate, branched chain amino acid, phosphate and methionine, carbohydrate uptakes, carbohydrate metabolism in PTS, glycerol metabolism, cell stress response, and tolerance to toxic materials. (snu.ac.kr)

In the presence of Na + , L-leucine was the neutral amino acid that interacted more powerfully. (uandes.cl)
Guanidinium stimulated the interaction of the carrier with neutral amino acids, but the effect was restricted to certain analogues (e.g. (uandes.cl)
Thus, in the presence of guanidinium, the carrier discriminates sharply among different neutral amino acids. (uandes.cl)
This alanine transport system was shown to exhibit a broad substrate specificity and appeared to be capable of transporting most naturally occurring neutral a-amino acids. (docksci.com)
Kinetic studies of the inhibition of L-alanine uptake also indicated the presence of a second neutral amino acid transport system capable of transporting this amino acid. (docksci.com)
have been carried out to determine the characteristics of the active transport of neutral amino acids by either isolated mammalian cells or cells in culture. (docksci.com)
The studies reported in this paper describe the transport characteristics of certain neutral amino acids in monolayer cultures of the baby hamster kidney cell line BHK21-Cl3.Lalanine, which has been previously shown to be transported via the three major neutral amino acid transport systems in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (Christensen, '69) was consequently examined in most detail. (docksci.com)

Cystinuria is an autosomal-recessive defect in reabsorptive transport of cystine and the dibasic amino acids ornithine, arginine, and lysine from the luminal fluid of the renal proximal tubule and small intestine. (medscape.com)
[ 9 ] showed abnormal excretion of the dibasic amino acids lysine, arginine, and ornithine in persons with cystinuria. (medscape.com)

INS R cDNA encodes a type I transmembrane single chain preproprotein with a putative 27 amino acid residues (aa) signal peptide. (rndsystems.com)
The natural receptor of DT, proHB-EGF is a single chain transmembrane glycoprotein of 208 amino acid residues. (org.ua)
Mutants of residues in the transition-metal ion-binding site severely affect transport, whereas a mutation of a conserved histidine located near this site results in metal ion transport that appears uncoupled to proton transport. (nature.com)

Inhibition studies using other amino acids or their analogues provided information about the specificity of this system. (docksci.com)
Our recombinant nontoxic toxin analogues and derivatives were applied in studying of toxin interaction with cell surface, intracellular transport of DT and in determination of proHB-EGF expression level. (org.ua)

APOE is a 299 amino acid plasma glycoprotein associated with LDL, VLDL, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). (dovepress.com)

These PBPs bind their substrates selectively and with high affinity. (unl.edu)

This observation suggests that the specificity of system y + L varies depending on the ionic composition of the medium. (uandes.cl)
In agreement with the prediction, the specificity of system y + L was altered by the monovalent cations. (uandes.cl)
Inhibition of the uptake of L-leucine indicated that this transport system has a similar specificity to the '%''-system initially described for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. (docksci.com)
Considerable progress has been made in the characterisation of the various amino acid transport systems in bacteria and fungi, but the number and specificity of similar transport systems in mammalian cells is less clear. (docksci.com)
This amino acid was demonstrated to be preferentially transported into BHK2l -C13 cells via a relatively low affinity, high capacity active transport system of broad specificity. (docksci.com)
KtrA is the regulatory subunit and plays an important role in the substrate specificity and transport mechanism of the system. (liberumbio.com)

For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. (lbl.gov)
Identification of two fructose transport and phosphorylation pathways in Xanthomonas campestris pv. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Peritoneal stomata constitute the principal pathways for the drainage of intraperitoneal contents from the PERITONEAL CAVITY to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. (bvsalud.org)

68) via uptake systems specific for single amino acids or groups of structurally related amino acids. (docksci.com)
According to the results, single amino acid changes in OATP2B1 can impair OATP2B1 function. (helsinki.fi)

Prior to amino acid transport assay cells were harvested during exponential growth, inoculated into 60 mm petri dishes (Gibco-Biocult) a t a density of 5.3 x lo3 cells/cm' and incubated as above for 48 hours. (docksci.com)
Uptake assay procedure Amino acid uptake was examined using a modification of the method described by Hatanaka et al. (docksci.com)
Previously, NdgR was identified by DNA affinity capture assay (DACA) and mass spectrometric analysis as a global regulator that controls amino acids synthesis, quorum sensing and antibiotics production. (snu.ac.kr)
With the assay, OATP2B1-mediated uptake of variants was compared to the transport activity of OATP2B1 wild type. (helsinki.fi)

lt;p>It is suggested that the tyrosine requirement is caused by the high tyrosinase activity and that the latter, in turn, is caused by the defect in sulfur metabolism. (caltech.edu)
Several APOE isoforms with major structural differences were discovered and shown to influence the brain lipid transport, glucose metabolism, neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function. (dovepress.com)
In cortical tissue slices L-aspartate increased brain metabolism concentration-dependently, L-ornithine significantly slowed it at higher concentrations (100 μmol/L), and the effects of LOLA was largely dependent on the balance of its two constituent amino acids. (edu.au)
As mono or diiron center as well as incorporated into heme or iron-sulfur clusters, this metal is an indispensable cofactor for a variety of cellular processes including electron transport, amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of DNA and sterols. (frontiersin.org)

The deduced amino acid sequence of hOAT3 showed 36 to 51% identity to those of other members of the OAT family. (aspetjournals.org)
Comparing the genomes with globally distributed metagenomes reveals significant fragment recruitment at high sequence identity from brackish waters in North America, but little from lakes or oceans. (biomedcentral.com)
d) Alignment of the principal amino sequence of the phosphorylation sites determined by mass spectrometry with the most well-liked TBK1 substrate consensus sequence. (healthweblognews.info)

For more information, see the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis, the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources, or view the source code . (lbl.gov)

Various authors have studied amino acid transport in cell membranes obtained from the proximal renal tubule of humans, rats, and rabbits. (medscape.com)

An existing strategy helps identify the structural gene encoding the high-affinity proline permease of Staphylococcus aureus. (readabstracts.com)

The formation of lipid rafts and cavioli in biological membranes provides examples of cooperative association of lipids presumably assisted by the presence of cholesterol acting as a lineactant in the two-dimensional system of the membrane. (lu.se)

The high-affinity system mediates uptake of 10% of L-cystine and the dibasic amino acids at the apical membrane of the straight third segment (S3) of the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
OAT1 is a PAH/dicarboxylate exchanger and mediates the high-affinity transport of PAH in a sodium-independent manner. (aspetjournals.org)

We are using molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches to better define the normal function of sialin and to determine how loss of sialin function leads to neurodevelopmental defects and neurodegeneration associated with the lysosomal free sialic acid storage disorders. (stanford.edu)
The exact molecular mechanism of C-domain transport across the lipid bilayer is unknown but it is known that T-domain is strongly involved in this process. (org.ua)
Combined with previous results, our study defines the conformational changes underlying transition-metal ion transport in the SLC11 family and it provides molecular insight to its coupling to protons. (nature.com)
Cellular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
Systems that previously were considered too complex for a molecular characterization now successively become available to fundamental studies. (lu.se)
iii) Molecular transport in complex systems. (lu.se)

A leucine-sensitive amino acid transport system with high affinity for basic amino acids( AMINO ACIDS, BASIC). (musc.edu)
D . M . SCOTT AND J. A. PATEMAN ever, L-alanine also appeared to be capable of transport via a second "leucine preferring" uptake system. (docksci.com)

Placental uric acid transport system. (unibe.ch)

All patients will undergo PET imaging with the high affinity TSPO ligand [18F]GE-180, FET-PET and MRI prior to the neurosurgical intervention. (uni-regensburg.de)

Thus, the stategy of building various hybrid P450 catalytic systems with surrogate redox partner has often adopted to engineer P450 biocatalysts. (nature.com)

Both the A and B isoforms bind insulin with high-affinity, but the A isoform has considerably higher affinity for IGF‑I and IGF-II. (rndsystems.com)
D-aspartate, another isoform of aspartate, produced a range of metabolic impacts, particularly on glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, with varying concentrations. (edu.au)

The transport of L-alanine by the hamster kidney cell line BHK-21-C13. (docksci.com)
However, it is unlikely that this second uptake system contributes greatly to L-alanine uptake. (docksci.com)

After synthesis, the single chain INS R precursor is glycosylated, dimerized and transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is processed at a furin-cleavage site within the middle fibronectin type III domain to generate the mature disulfide-linked alpha 2 beta 2 tetrameric receptor. (rndsystems.com)
Lead interferes with the synthesis of heme, resulting in accumulation of ALA in tissues and elevated excretion of ALA in urine, elevation of zinc protoporphyrin in erythrocyte, reductions in blood hemoglobin, and in a hypochromic, normocytic anemia at higher levels of exposure. (cdc.gov)

When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, hOAT3 mediated the transport of estrone sulfate ( K m = 3.1 μM), p -aminohippurate ( K m = 87.2 μM), methotrexate ( K m = 10.9 μM), and cimetidine ( K m = 57.4 μM) in a sodium-independent manner. (aspetjournals.org)

This kind of RP systems are widely found in bacteria and the mitochondria in plants and animals, which serve many different physiological processes 5 . (nature.com)
The liver is merely body's main detox site, with the highest concentration of cells producing powerful protective enzymes helping to detoxify the blood (it also filters blood from larger impurities and bacteria ). (healthknot.com)

L-Aspartic acid is a non-essential amino acid. (sigmaaldrich.com)

In particular, the organic anion transport pathway has been shown to mediate the elimination of various drugs. (aspetjournals.org)
Analysis of heterologous expression systems of rOAT1 in oocytes and culture cells revealed that rOAT1 has the ability to transport anionic drugs, such as β-lactam antibiotics, NSAIDs, methotrexate, and antiviral drugs, as well as various endogenous organic anions and exogenous substances. (aspetjournals.org)
Because hOAT1 has been suggested to show rather limited capacity for organic anion transport, hOAT3 might play a large role in the human kidney. (aspetjournals.org)
Catecholamines are any of a group of amines (nitrogen-contain organic compounds) derived from the amino acid tyrosine and containing a catechol group (aromatic chemical compound consisting of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in, or problem with the proper activity of, the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which is necessary to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
PKU is one of the few genetic diseases that can be controlled by diet, involving low consumption of phenylalanine and a diet high in tyrosine. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The intricate coordination of systems in the human body is seen in the process, catalyzed by enzymes , by which phenylalanine is degraded into tyrosine, which in turn is converted into the vitally important neurotransmitters and hormones dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
L-phenylalanine can be converted into L- tyrosine , another one of the DNA -encoded amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is fundamental to the process through conversion of amino acid phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Amino acids constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups of compounds commonly concentrated by active transport, and their uptake has been studied in a wide variety of microbial and mammalian systems. (docksci.com)

Among them, we focused on sco4677, an antagonistic regulator of sigma factor F, and sco4228 (phoU), a phosphate transport system regulator. (snu.ac.kr)

Using the combination of sco4677 with afsS (BG4677S) and phoU with afsS (BG4228S), we observed the intracellular actinorhodin production increased in BG4677S by approximately 11-folds higher and BG4228S by approximately 149-folds higher than wild type. (snu.ac.kr)

El receptor GlyA es sensible a la ESTRICNINA y se encuentra en la membrana postsináptica de las neuronas glicinérgicas inhibidoras. (bvsalud.org)

Amino acids are readily filtered by the glomerulus and undergo nearly complete reabsorption by proximal tubular cells. (medscape.com)
Low-affinity system: This system is present in the S1-S2 part of the proximal tubule and is responsible for 90% of L-cystine reabsorption. (medscape.com)

The central dopaminergic system is of interest in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. (jneurosci.org)

Despite countless in vitro and in vivo research on these amino acids' activities, many fundamental concerns about their metabolic function in different brain areas and pathophysiological conditions remain unanswered. (edu.au)

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is located on chromosome 19 and encodes a glycoprotein that is 299 amino acids long. (dovepress.com)

Mutations in the INS R gene have been linked to insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and leprechaunism, an extremely rare disorder characterized by abnormal resistance to insulin that results in a variety of distinguishing characteristics, including growth delays and abnormalities affecting the endocrine system. (rndsystems.com)
The wild-type SLCO1B1-gene encoding the OATP1B1 was virulent with baculovirus into the cells by the Bac-to-Bac® Baculovirus Expression System. (helsinki.fi)

Based on 3-d structures of APC superfamily members, Rudnick ( 2011 ) has proposed the pathway for transport and suggested a 'rocking bundle' mechanism of transport. (tcdb.org)
Despite the advance in the understanding of ion selectivity, important properties of the transport mechanism remained elusive. (nature.com)
By determining the structure of EcoDMT in an outward-facing conformation, we provide a framework that defines the conformational changes underlying transport by the alternate access mechanism 19 . (nature.com)

Furthermore, the aim was to study the effects of six naturally occurring nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants on OATP2B1 transport function in vitro. (helsinki.fi)

In vertebrates like you and I, Hemoglobin is responsible for transporting oxygen molecules from our lungs to the cells of our bodies. (biologicmodels.com)
Every time you take a breathe, Hemoglobin is hard at work transporting oxygen. (biologicmodels.com)

Lead can affect virtually every organ or system in the body through mechanisms that involve fundamental biochemical processes. (cdc.gov)

In animals, lead has been shown to alter a number of neurotransmitter systems including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and gamma- aminobutyric acid systems (ATSDR 1999). (cdc.gov)

[ 10 ] In 1961, Milne et al demonstrated reduced intestinal absorption of dibasic amino acids in persons with cystinuria. (medscape.com)
Gastrointestinal absorption of soluble lead salts in adult humans can be high during fasting (40-50%), but is about 3-15% when ingested with food. (cdc.gov)
On the basis of dietary balance studies, gastrointestinal absorption of lead in children appears to be higher and may account for 40-50% of the ingested dose. (cdc.gov)
Studies in animals also provide evidence that gastrointestinal absorption of lead is much higher in younger organisms. (cdc.gov)
Absorption is strongly affected by nutritional status, with higher absorption of lead in children who are iron deficient. (cdc.gov)

Although TSPO is particularly abundant in steroid producing tissues it can be found substantially also in the brain, liver, heart and the immune system. (uni-regensburg.de)
Although using these technolo- acting on the pathogen in each microenvironment, what gies to analyze pathogens within a host is still in its infancy, bacterial factors are responsible for the host damage, and initial studies indicate that these technologies will be valu- able tools for understanding how the pathogen reacts to the how the immune system is evaded. (cdc.gov)
Thus, pathogens must have specific mecha- clearly complex, and, in many cases, the study of these nisms for mediating colonization, avoiding the host's interactions is limited by the lack of a suitable animal immune system, and acquiring necessary nutrients. (cdc.gov)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
The immune system also has the capacity to recognize and destroy. (msdmanuals.com)
See also Overview of the Immune System. (msdmanuals.com)

Anatomy26

Organisms13

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes55

Information Science4

Health Care1

Transporter24

Proteins19

Transporters7

Protein17

Cationic2

Glycine3

Glutamate1

Neutral7

Lysine2

Residues3

Analogues2

Glycoprotein-associated1

Substrates1

Specificity6

Pathways3

Single amino2

Assay4

Metabolism4

Sequence3

20221

Cell membranes1

Permease1

Membranes1

Mediates2

Molecular6

Leucine2

Uric acid1

Ligand1

Catalytic1

Isoform2

Alanine2

Synthesis2

Sodium-independent1

Bacteria2

Aspartic acid1

Organic4

Tyrosine5

Mammalian1

Phosphate1

Intracellular1

Receptor1

Proximal2

Pathophysiology1

Vivo1

Chromosome1

Gene2

Mechanism3

Vitro1

Hemoglobin2

Fundamental1

Dopamine1

Absorption5

Immune system6